Market Entry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics

Although vaccination is one of the most cost-effective health care interventions, under-vaccination and variation in coverage rates lower than policy targets is rising in developed countries, partly due to concerns about vaccination value and benefits. By merging various antigens into a single product, combination vaccines represent a valuable tool to mitigate the burden associated with the numerous injections needed to protect against vaccine preventable infectious diseases and increase coverage rate, possibly through various behavioural mechanisms which have yet to be fully explored. Beyond their cost-effectiveness in protecting against more diseases with fewer injections, combination vaccines also have several other benefits, for children, their parents/carers, as well as for the health system and the population as a whole. The objectives of this review are to identify and illustrate the value of combination vaccines for childhood immunisation. Evidence was classified into two gr...

2025, International Journal of Science and Research Archive

The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has catalyzed a significant transformation in organizational leadership paradigms. Traditional leadership theories, although foundational, must evolve to address the challenges and opportunities presented by AI integration. This paper critically examines how leadership roles and competencies are reshaped by AI, emphasizing four key dimensions: ethical leadership, adaptive agility, human-AI collaboration, and data-driven decision-making. Ethical leadership underscores the imperative for fairness, transparency, and accountability amidst algorithmic decision-making. Adaptive agility highlights the necessity for leaders to foster continuous learning and organizational flexibility, exemplified by successful digital transformations. The exploration of human-AI collaboration discusses managing hybrid teams, redefining roles, and building trust between human and artificial team members. Additionally, the integration of AI into decision-making processes accentuates the importance of balancing data-driven insights with strategic vision and human judgment. This synthesis indicates a paradigm shift towards augmented leadership, wherein leaders effectively merge technological prowess with enduring human values. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for practitioners, educators, and policymakers and identifies areas for future research, thereby guiding leaders to harness AI responsibly and innovatively for organizational and societal benefit.

2025, World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development

This paper examines the influence that marketing capabilities developed in international new ventures can have on their international performance and international geographical diversification. Rapid entry in foreign markets is also highlighted as a factor contributing to the development of marketing capabilities in international new ventures. The central concept advanced in the paper is that international new ventures generate competitive advantages associated with early internationalisation that derive from their influence on the development of marketing capabilities in these firms. The study's conclusions provide new keys for the literature on entrepreneurship and marketing, and will contribute to improve our understanding of how new international ventures behave.

2025, Journal of farm science

The marine fisheries sector in Karnataka plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of coastal communities, where women contribute significantly in post-harvest activities. Despite their vital role, fisherwomen face numerous challenges that hinder their socioeconomic advancement. The study aims to identify the constraints faced by fisherwomen involved in marine fisheries in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka. A sample of 120 respondents were selected through random sampling method. Study revealed the general, employment-related, and marketing constraints faced by the fisherwomen. High debt, lack of infrastructure, seasonal employment exploitation by middlemen, educational illiteracy, lack of storage and transportation facilities were the major constraints faced by the fisherwomen. The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and policies to address these challenges, thereby enhancing the economic empowerment and wellbeing of fisherwomen in the region.

2025

This paper explores a new channel for the transmission of monetary policy through the extensive margin. In this paper, a shock to money induces firms to enter by affecting a measure of Tobin's Q: the ratio of expected future profits to entry costs. In a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium setting, though, optimal consumption smoothing limits the flow of entering firms. As a result, the model generates positively correlated, persistent and hump-shaped responses of output, consumption and firm entry to monetary shocks, as observed in the data. This is obtained via an endogenous source of inertia and despite minimal nominal rigidities, as only one-time entry costs -as opposed to goods prices or wages -are assumed to be sticky. * Thanks first and foremost to Cédric Tille for his guidance, insights and encouragements. Sincere thanks also to Richard Baldwin,

2025

With the introduction of emission standards automobile manufacturers have been using electronic control units (ECUs) to affect dynamic engine control to achieve higher efficiency. This trend has been expanded to all other facets of the automobile including in-car entertainment. Further, all these modules are tied together through a common communicating medium so that they can be controlled by a single input from the user or another module. However with usage, the components of the modules wear out or malfunction. While the offending module may be isolated using On-board Diagnostics, the exact cause of the malfunction is not easy to isolate without specialized testing; hence, the module is usually replaced at considerable cost to the user/original equipment manufacturer (OEM). These units may be effectively remanufactured at a fraction of the cost of a new module by replacing the failed electronic components. To determine the exact point of failure and ensure they are fully functiona...

2025, Research in Transportation Economics

While the demand for low-cost air transportation is potentially huge in Asia, development of low-cost carriers (LCCs) lags behind the region's overall aviation development, and certainly lags behind the LCC development in North America and Europe. It has been noted that market conditions and the regulatory environment of Asia are different from those of North America and Europe. What are the main differences here; and how do these differences impact market entry and success of Asian LCCs? This paper describes salient features of Asian LCCs and their developments. It examines the impact of Asia's domestic and international airline regulations and airport infrastructure on the performance of its LCCs. We find that the ''Southwest effect'' may also exist in Asia and that the development of low-cost terminals may compensate, at least partly, the scarcity of secondary airports in the region. The experiences of Thailand and China are investigated as case studies.

2025

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how firms relate to the phenomenon of internationalization, in order to answer the questions of How do firms act when internationalizing? and what kind of barriers/deterrence do they perceive? and is culture considered a barrier? In terms of theory, a framework was constructed consisting of the internationalization phenomenon in combination with the industrial organization approach to entry deterrence and barriers (strategic and static entry barriers). Data was collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews in the context of a multiple-case study encompassing two firms. One of the firms was a virtual advisory firm, while the other a large packaging manufacturing MNC. We conclude that internationalization is not necessarily a rational process (especially for SMEs) and that deterrence from incumbent firms might not be a normal state. When it comes to barriers, it might be possible to become so big that you transcend barriers, while for SMEs recruiting the right representative in a country could constitute the main barrier. Culture was not seen as a major factor nor a barrier to internationalization, though it did hold greater influence on SMEs compared to large MNCs.

2025

2025, Asia Pacific Journal of Management

This paper analyzes the market penetration and expansion strategy of cosmetics and toiletries multinational enterprises (MNEs) in South Korea from the perspective of regional strategy as developed recently by Rugman. We find that MNEs have different market entry and expansion strategies in the home region and in the foreign region. Home region MNEs (Japanese MNEs in this case), in general, utilize their firm-specific advantages (FSAs) better than foreign region MNEs (European and MNEs from the Americas in this case). Due to differences in transaction costs, home region MNEs exploit downstream FSAs while foreign region MNEs develop upstream FSAs. Market similarity also leads to a greater incentive to operate in the home region rather than in foreign regions. The home region effect significantly increases the likelihood of entry into foreign markets as the host country's "diamond" significantly affects the market entry strategies of MNEs.

2025

Supporting the revival of domestic films in the Japanese market in the 2000s, we find the dynamic emergence of promotional alliances or “production consortia, ” led by mainly television broadcasters with several media companies. In making local films, they make new conditions that partner organizations may not only share cost, risk and resources but also collaborate for short-term media mix demonstration, which attract Japanese audience again. The aim of this paper is to explore the development of alliance networks of the production consortium in the Japanese film industry and examine the characteristics that facilitate a high rate of performance through knowledge transfer and resources, from the viewpoint of organizational network analysis. Analyzing interfirm promotional alliances in the 2000s, we find that cohesive ties within an animation film consortium contributed to a high rate of performance.

2025

We analyze the spatial diffusion of laser-technology in Germany during the early phase of development, between 1960 and 2005. Research in this new technological field began in a few larger centers and then spread to other regions. In the early years, a large firm of the electronics industry located in Munich played a dominating role. The intraregional diffusion of the

2025, Journal of Business Economics and Management

Knowing the factors that affect the export performance has become one of the most recent research lines in the literature relative to business internationalisation. In this sense, several works based on the meta-analysis technique have come up in the two last decades in order to recapitulate the set of studies which have analysed such a topic. Taking these reviews as a starting point, we may establish that there is not a clear relationship between the entry mode and export performance variables. With a study on a sample of 122 Spanish hotels all over the world, we have the intention of analysing the existence and sense of the relationship between both variables. As a conclusion, we may state that the market entry mode has a positive and significant influence on export performance. Santrauka Veiksniai, turintys įtakos eksportui ir jo skatinimui, buvo vienas svarbiausių aspektų atliekant mokslinės literatūros analizę verslo internacionalizacijos tematika. Remdamiesi atliktais mokslini...

2025

En este trabajo pretendemos realizar una aportación sobre los distintos modos de entrada utilizados por las cadenas hoteleras españolas en su proceso de internacionalización. Partimos de la clasificación aportada por Contractor y Kundu (1998) para la industria hotelera internacional, y mediante un Análisis Discriminante realizado a 122 establecimientos hoteleros españoles que operan fuera de nuestras fronteras, hemos comprobado la validez y robustez de dicha clasificación y la idoneidad para su aplicación para la industria hotelera española. En este sentido, la división en Inversión Directa (tanto de plena propiedad como propiedad compartida), los Contratos de Gestión y las Franquicias conforman las principales formas de operar en mercados exteriores. PALABRAS CLAVES: internacionalización, modos de entrada, industria hotelera.

2025, Journal of Technology Management in China

PurposeThe aims of this research are to identify the opportunities and risks and develop effective business strategies for foreign design and construction management companies to penetrate into the Chinese market.Design/methodology/approachTen interviews with directors of design, construction and engineering firms who are operating in China were carried out. It also include a literature review.FindingsThe results show that the interviewees were very optimistic about the China market and believed that establishing wholly foreign‐owned enterprises was the most effective entry mode. The research also found that “differentiation strategy by providing niche or superior products or services” is the fundamental and best strategy for penetrating into China market. In addition, the research found that the foreign companies must cultivate a network of contacts (i.e. Guanxi) and be culturally adaptive to have a competitive advantage in China.Originality/valuethis paper is original in that it p...

2025, Journal of Air Transport Management

The wave of airline deregulation has brought out a worldwide phenomenon: low-cost carriers. A recent case is that of Brazil where after 3 years of operation Gol has 20% of the domestic market. The paper investigates whether there is a significant distinction between the market segment of business travelers using the low-cost entrant and those using the full-service carriers, and also looks at the perception of these travelers regarding the key attributes of the services offered. The findings indicate that there is segmentation in the business travel market, suggesting that the preference for traditional airlines is largely a matter of culture of larger organizations, rather than reflecting any type of prejudice concerning the low-cost model. The results are compared to similar studies conducted with UK business travelers.

2025, ODAD

This paper explores the intricate relationship between organizational behavior and international relations, emphasizing leadership, culture, and global strategy. As organizations expand globally, understanding cultural dynamics and strategic decision-making becomes critical to effective leadership. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating organizational behavior theories with international relations frameworks to analyze leadership adaptability, cultural intelligence, and strategic planning. Using comparative analysis and case studies, it examines the impact of leadership styles on organizational effectiveness in diverse cultural settings. Findings highlight the importance of balancing local cultural norms with global strategic goals, demonstrating that leadership flexibility enhances both organizational performance and international cooperation. Additionally, the research underscores the role of cultural intelligence in negotiation styles, cross-cultural leadership, and multinational corporate strategy. The Value-Chain, Culture, and Product (VCCP) matrix is introduced as a tool for aligning business processes with cultural contexts, fostering global competitiveness. Ultimately, this study concludes that successful leadership in a globalized world requires an integrated approach, where organizational behavior aligns with international strategies. By fostering adaptability, cultural awareness, and strategic communication, organizations can enhance leadership effectiveness and drive sustainable global success. Future research should further investigate the evolving intersections between leadership, culture, and international relations to refine best practices in multinational management.

2025, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

This study aims to examine how career mobility in the hotel industry shapes individuals' careers toward general manager roles. In this exploratory qualitative research, the authors draw on 45 interviews with general managers from 16 countries. Using abductive reasoning and thematic analysis, the authors adopt a career mobility lens. Evolving openness toward career mobility and structural transformation in the industry are catalysts for inter-brand mobility. The authors identify constraints on and enablers of inter-brand mobility. Specifically, the study findings highlight low perceived permeability in upward mobility from four-star to five-star hotels. Organizations should adopt a talent management culture, working toward reducing constraints on inter-brand mobility. This entails changing long-held, archaic perceptions and investing in employees' transferable skills. The authors conceptualize and highlight a novel form of career mobility - inter-brand mobility - which differs from traditional organizational and geographical forms of mobility. Further, the authors add to the discourse on the boundaries of career mobility, theorizing the complexities of inter-brand mobility in the hospitality context.

2025, International Journal of Management Research and Economics

Consumer behavior is shaped by cultural contexts, influencing how individuals perceive, purchase, and engage with products and services. While traditional market research primarily relies on quantitative methods, this study highlights the importance of qualitative insights in understanding cultural influences. Through a case study approach, the research examines how cultural values, norms, and traditions impact consumer preferences and brand interactions across various markets. Key findings reveal that collectivist cultures prioritize community and social harmony in purchasing decisions, whereas individualistic cultures focus on personal achievement and self-expression. Additionally, high uncertainty-avoidance societies tend to favor well-established and reputable brands, whereas low uncertainty-avoidance cultures show openness to innovation. Digital globalization has also transformed consumer behavior, with AI-driven marketing and e-commerce platforms fostering hybrid consumer identities that integrate global and local influences. This study provides actionable recommendations for businesses, including adopting culturally adaptive marketing strategies, leveraging AI-driven consumer analytics, and enhancing localized branding efforts. The research contributes to the broader discourse on cultural influences in marketing and consumer engagement, emphasizing the need for businesses to adapt to evolving cultural dynamics in a digitally interconnected world. Future research should further explore the intersection of AI, digital globalization, and cultural adaptation in shaping cross-cultural marketing strategies to enhance business effectiveness in global markets.

2025

Post-harvest residues provide a critical source of soil carbon, protection to the soil surface against water and wind erosion, and assist in improvement of soil quality. Corn stover harvested for ethanol production reduces the amount of residue returned to the soil. The removal of corn residue from both tilled and no-till soils can lead to surface water runoff and sediment loss. Sustainable stover removal rates depend on several factors that include soil erodibility, surface slope, cultural practices, and climate conditions. Recent studies suggest that only 20 to 30 percent of the total stover production could be removed for biofuel, based on ground cover requirements to control soil erosion.

2025, Management International Review

2025, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics

We analyze the determinants of the choice between greenfield joint ventures, full acquisitions, and partial acquisitions in the internationalizationexpansion of a firm through foreign direct investments. Our results show that this choice is conditioned by transaction-cost factors (particularly the cultural distance between the home and host countries), as well as by the previous experience and internationalization path of the foreign investor, as suggested by the knowledge-based theories of the firm. (JEL: F 21, F 23, L 14) * We thank two anonymous referees and the editor Elmar Wolfstetter for their guidance through the evaluation of this paper. We also thank Geert Hofstede for providing us with updated information to calculate cultural distance. Financial support from Spain's Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Project SEC 2000-0587) is gratefully acknowledged. 1 Like, for instance, the knowledge related to the structure of distribution networks or the specific needs of the local customers.

2025

Doing research and writing a thesis can become lonely tasks. Finding and building a support network has been crucial throughout these years, in which abandoning the process altogether was an ever-latent ghost. First, I want to thank my closest family, Susana and Sandra, for pushing me into this adventure, for always challenging me, for the revealing conversations, and for the everenlightening questions. Thanks to the extended family, Aline, for all the conversations on philosophy and methodology, always generous and approachable. Thanks, César, for opening me your door whenever necessary. Thanks, Irantzu, for being there whenever needed, whenever wanted: always ready to meet up, distract me, and encourage me. Thank you for the endless hours of summer conversations on the balcony on how to face life and, above all, on how to be kind to oneself. Thanks, Nat, for the ability to listen and truly care about me and my work. Thank you for your political awareness and generosity when critiquing my own political approaches. Thanks, Rafa and Rémi, for taking me to Monta to breathe some fresh air and getting me out of design literature. Thanks, Núria, my therapist, for helping me understand myself, for believing in me, and for making me believe in myself, too. Your words rescued me again and again when I felt I couldn't climb yet another mountain of academic unknowns. This thesis wouldn't be possible without the people at Mango, who believed in me and supported my professional and academic work. First and foremost, Anabel, the best leader and colleague one can wish for, thank you for your deepest support over the years and for the endless hours of conversation. Thanks, Emilio and Diego, for making it easier for me to adapt my work hours to my academic needs whenever necessary. iii I would also like to thank all the participants in the research process, for their precious time. A special mention to Marzia, who kindly gave me the most valuable feedback on my work, encouraged me to keep going and made me feel understood. Besides, I would like to thank my supervisors for their contributions to this work. Thank you, Daniela, for helping me become more rigorous and for guiding me through a whole new world. Thank you, Rita, for your prompt feedback and your (apparently) surgical suggestions, which became pivotal and paved the way for the course of this research project. Lastly, thanks, Iggy, for your most patient support, for your most loving smile whenever I was drowning in frustration. Thanks for taking my hand and making this lonely journey the most accompanied of journeys.

2025, Journal of Population and Social Studies (JPSS)

Arabs of Hadhramaut are a subethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia's eastern Yemeni province. They are renowned for their reputation as successful businesspeople in Arabic countries and Southeast Asia, including Indonesia and Malaysia. This study investigates and unfolds what factors contribute to the success of Hadhrami entrepreneurs and how they are firmly embedded and merged to create a vibrant and competitive business. A score of Hadhrami entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Johor, and Penang were interviewed to get valuable information on the aim of the study. According to the study's results based on a thematic analysis, familial education and environment play a significant role in fostering interest and encouraging Hadhramis to be involved in business. This factor was bolstered by personality traits such as self-reliance, the ability to recognize opportunities, tenacity, and self-assurance, as well as religious factors such as faith in the provision of sustenance, adherence to spiritual values such as honesty, trust, and responsibility as a Muslim entrepreneur. As far as Hadhrami entrepreneurs were concerned, the study concluded that a nexus of family upbringing factors, the right personality, and strong religious beliefs are paramount for their success.

2025

This paper uses estimates of total factor productivity of small and cottage enterprises located in Punjab province of Pakistan, to identify the reasons behind idiosyncratic variations. As the firm level productivity distribution indicate considerable differences, even within the same industry defined at 3-digit ISIC level, empirical analysis is required to identify the external and internal determinants as detailed in Syverson (2011) framework. The firm level data used for the study comes from a novel dataset developed through a census of cottage and small industries of Punjab Province. The universe of the census comprises of entire rural and urban areas of Punjab. As the robustness of empirical analysis hinges on reliable estimation of productivity, we correct the baseline OLS estimates for the simultaneity bias using instrumental variables and selectivity bias through Heckman correction as suggested in Wooldridge (2002). The productivity distributions for the cottage industry, sma...

2025, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Purpose The purpose of this research is (1) to describe the characteristics of a pop-up store in an international context, (2) to investigate the motives for its choice and (3) to analyse how it is managed. Design/methodology/approach A multiple-case study was adopted. Research was carried out through secondary data sources, social media observation and semi-structured interviews with senior managers in charge of developing and managing pop-up stores internationally. A conceptualizing content analysis was carried out manually and using NVivo software. The main results concern: • the characteristics of an international pop-up store: location, design and architecture, merchandise mix and events associated to the store are key characteristics that exhibit differences; • the three motives for its choice: testing and adapting the concept to foreign consumers who are unfamiliar with; raising and sustaining the international profile of a retail brand; developing relationships networks with stakeholders in foreign markets; • its management: the management of pop-up stores as foreign operation modes is dynamic. It varies from mode switch at the entry stage to mode combination at the further expansion stage. The research results suggest avenues for future research, especially about how the concept of international pop-up store will evolve over time. The research provides guidelines to international retail managers in order to choose a pop-up store as a FOM in appropriate situations. The research brings new understanding into the characteristics, the motives for the choice and the management of a pop-up store in an international context.

2025, SSRN Electronic Journal

We develop a small, open economy, two-sector model with heterogeneous agents and endogenous participation in a labor matching market. We analyze the implications of asymmetric market entry costs for the patterns of international trade and underemployment. Furthermore, we examine the welfare implications of trade liberalization and find that under certain conditions the patterns of trade are not optimal. We also examine the robustness of our results when we allow for complementarities in the production function and for alternative matching mechanisms. JEL-Code: F16.

2025, Review of World Economics

The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

2025, Scandinavian Journal of Management Volume 40, Issue 4, December 2024, 101369

Despite the increasing interest in business model innovation (BMI) as a way to improve the performance of firms, and the predominance of family firms (FFs) in modern economy, these two topics have so far not been combined. Drawing on socioemotional wealth (SEW) theory and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept, and on insights from research into BMI, we conduct a qualitative analysis using data from fifteen European FFs, examining the strategic and BM focus, the nature of the BM renewal, and the process and outcomes of BMI on their business models (BMs). Our results identify several BM configurations, with a focus on (1) growth by internationalization in combination with attention to increased quality in value creation, and (2) profit orientation based on increased efficiency, enabled by digitalization, mainly in the value delivery components of a BM. The latter reflects distinctive, innovative capabilities found in FFs, that contribute to the preservation of family objectives, as suggested by SEW theory and business orientation on CSR. Furthermore, there is a link between family involvement and limited, but specific, knowledge-related resources, and the way the dynamic BMI process is governed and executed.

2025, Review of Industrial Organization

Competition policy attempts to address the potential for market failure by encouraging competition in service markets. Often, in wireless communication service markets, national regulatory authorities seek to encourage entry via the spectrum assignment process. Instruments used include the assignment mode (auction or beauty contest), setting aside licenses and providing bidding (price and quantity) credits for potential entrants, and making more licenses (spectrum blocks) available than incumbent firms (excess licenses). The empirical analysis assesses the effectiveness of these policy instruments on encouraging entry. The econometric results show that the probability of entry is enhanced by using auction assignments and excess licenses. Furthermore, quantity, but not price, concessions encourage entry.

2025, Review of Industrial Organization

2025

This paper explores the key causal factors behind agricultural supply response and farmers' market participation decisions in Cambodia. A stylized farm household model with market imperfections is considered and a two-step decision... more

2025, Columbia University

We consider the problem of pricing and scheduling the customers arriving at a service facility, with the objective of maximizing the profits of the facility, when the value of service and time-sensitivity of a customer are his private... more

2025, Journal of Internet Business

Author: Anura Amarasena This paper examines the role of the Internet in the performance of small firms exporting in the context of a developed to developing country market. In particular, it focuses to assess the impact of the Internet... more

2025, Der Aufbruch ins Dritte Jahrtausend - Die Jahre 1994 - 1999 aus der Sicht des Instituts für Handel, Absatz und Marketing - Studie NF (5) ISBN: 3 85487 112 0

2025, International Business Research

The purpose of this study is to explore the post-pandemic internationalization behavior of Paraguayan firms using a comparative multiple-case study design as research methodology. Data was collected through qualitative, in-depth interviews with senior managers of Paraguayan case study firms and other sources of evidence in 2022. The findings of this study suggest that the post-pandemic internationalization behavior differs from the pre-pandemic behavior. The data reveals that Paraguayan firms seem to have digitized their internationalization processes to connect with customers and distributors, to increase the productivity of internationalization, to manage internationalization cost, and to develop online distribution and marketing channels to acquire international customers directly. The "working from home" trend allows them to recruit more experts from abroad and with their global exporter business model, they may flexibly respond to business opportunities and to a growing geopolitical risk. The findings of this study have implications for practice and theory. Managers may use the results to improve their internationalization processes. Researchers may continue this research with quantitative research methods and in other countries to strengthen and verify the results.

2024

This study investigates strategic options for telecom service providers
(TSPs) to compete in the digital platform economy. It addresses the
research question: How can TSPs compete in the digital platform
economy? Using a single case study methodology, data was
triangulated from archival documents, observations, and expert
opinions. The findings contribute to the dynamic capability literature by
offering empirical evidence and proposing strategic options for TSPs.
These options include partnering with hyperscalers and fostering a
product mindset within the organisation to develop higher-value digital
products and services. The study highlights the importance of these
strategies in enabling TSPs to navigate the competitive landscape of
digital platforms effectively.

2024, Managerial and Decision Economics

Patents for several blockbuster biological products are expected to expire soon. The Food and Drug Administration is examining whether biologics can and should be treated like pharmaceuticals with regard to generics. In contrast with pharmaceuticals, which are manufactured through chemical synthesis, biologics are manufactured through fermentation, a process that is more variable and costly. Regulators might require extensive clinical testing of generic biologics to demonstrate equivalence to the branded product. The focus of the debate on generic biologics has been on legal and health concerns, but there are important economic implications. We combine a theoretical model of generic biologics with regression estimates from generic pharmaceuticals to estimate market entry and prices in the generic biologic market. We find that generic biologics will have high fixed costs from clinical testing and from manufacturing, so there will be less entry than would be expected for generic pharmaceuticals. With fewer generic competitors, generic biologics will be relatively close in price to branded biologics. Policy makers should be prudent in estimating financial benefits of generic biologics for consumers and payers. We also examine possible government strategies to promote generic competition.

2024, Social Science Research Network

The interplay of imperfections in several markets is the new frontier of New Keynesian DSGE model research. Following a suggestion by Wasmer and Weil (2004) in a partial equilibrium environment, we introduce search and matching frictions in both labour and financial markets into a cash in advance New Keynesian DSGE model. In this economy output depends on both the number of employed workers and the number of hours worked (intensive and extensive margins). We compare the offspring of this model with some of the empirical findings documented by the recent literature on gross credit flows dynamics over the business cycle and show that our results are in line with several of these findings.

2024, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly

2024, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly

When hotel firms expand internationally, they must determine the ownership strategy and the management strategy that will best maintain the firm’s competitive advantage. Those decisions are made separately from each other and depend on the expanding company’s own strengths and the strengths found in the local market. That interplay between the company’s strengths and local resources drives the type of partnership or affiliation arrangement that the company uses to enter the foreign market. The decision regarding who controls management and marketing, for instance, depends to a large extent on whether the expanding company can rely on local interests to maintain the firm’s customer service standards. If the firm does not use customer service as a competitive advantage, it can make more use of third-party interests to operate the hotel. If the hotel facility is itself a point of competitive advantage, the decision on the extent of equity investment by the firm rests on whether local i...

2024

Technologies for integration of e-content is considered. Such integration is useful for generation of new e-learning content, for actualization and extension available one. The automatic search and integration of e-content is a tendency, which is widely used for the domain of information services. The paper addresses technological tools which can be used for automation of information processes. Standards and their implementation in workflow technology stack is classified and discussed. It has been found a set of tools, which respect standards and makes in a common sequence the development of workflow solutions.

2024, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development

Purpose-The aim of the research is to explore country of origin (COO) effects among Pakistani elite consumers and to use that knowledge as an intelligence base for SMEs considering entry into Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach-The literature concerning COO effects is presented and a principle component analysis is conducted using with an elite Pakistani sample using a COO Likert type style scale that was previously used by Lascu and Babb (1995) in Uzbekistan and Poland. Findings-Four components were identified that correspond with consumers perceptions of produce attributes. The elite segment of Pakistan perceives COO image, product quality and luxurious image of product and price as distinct attributes when making a purchasing decision. This study provides a basis for SMEs to gather further detailed intelligence with regards to consumer perceptions of products and potential demand in Pakistan. Research limitations-It will difficult to predict to which other foreign market these results will be applicable to, due to different market structures, buying power, cultures, attitudes toward the product and lifestyle. Practical implications-The paper indicates a strategy that SMEs could adopt to enter the emerging market of Pakistan. Targeting the niche market of elite consumers who have strong buying power could prime the economy for future growth. Both SMEs within and outside Pakistan could take up strategies that use appropriate COO image, provided that appropriate marketing research is undertaken that produces intelligence both regarding COO image of the SMEs products and perceptions of those products' attributes in the target market. Originality/value of paper-The study explores components within a COO Likert type questionnaire with reference to an elite managerial and professional consumer group in the under researched market of Pakistan. It is argued that SMEs can use the knowledge gained as a basis for entry to new country markets.

2024, Managing global transitions

In this paper we develop a model of Bertrand price competition with uncertainty as to the number of bidders. The auction models predict retail price dispersion as an observable feature of price discrimination. The implications of the auction models are tested using a logit model on primary data. Some simulations of the logit model further enrich and capture critical states of chain-store rivalry. The findings show that consumer characteristics define type of store choice and that an auction model of price competition with uncertainty is an appropriate way to model retail grocery competition.

2024

Currently, project based mechanisms under Kyoto protocol are prospering while its critical appraisal and examination of alternative options are undergone in the negotiation for post Kyoto schemes. Here, we investigate the mechanism from the viewpoint of new technological development, which is much awaited as the ultimate resolution for the climate change problem. We first lay out a theoretical model based upon economic theory and hint at possible problems. Then taking up the case of renewable energy projects, we illustrate the presence of the possibly negative effect, and compare this mechanism with other policy options raised in the course of negotiation, utilizing theoretical model based on game theory and theory of industrial organization.

2024, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services

The last two decades have been characterised by an increasing internationalisation of retail activity and a considerable number of academic attempts to classify or categorise this activity. A number of different classifications have been proposed based mainly on interactions amongst geographical spread, market entry, managerial outlook and managerial flexibility. However, an examination of three leading international grocery chains on such criteria reveals little communality in pattern or process. Instead internationalisation is marked by different, perhaps serendipitous, patterns and by periods of retrenchment and reconsideration of activities, within a generic strategy of front of store adaptation and back of store standardisation. Previous classifications are therefore partial, time-bound semi-descriptions which need to be supplemented by detailed long-term examination of the internationalisation activities and processes of individual companies.