Marxist political economy Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Revista Novos Rumos

No artigo são apresentadas algumas reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, levando em consideração a teoria do valor-trabalho de Karl Marx e sua problematização acerca da concepção burguesa de propriedade. Desse modo, a discussão acerca do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico considera a necessidade de expansão ampliada da reprodução capitalista, e o conhecimento como uma ferramenta no processo de acumulação. Ao final, tomamos os casos da biotecnologia e da economia digital para indicar a atualidade da abordagem marxista, bem como pontos que exigem sua atualização, considerando as mudanças no capitalismo desde a publicação de O Capital.

2025, Independent India

In 1940, M.N. Roy addressed a letter to the delegates of the Ramgarh Session of the Indian National Congress, calling for a new, revolutionary leadership to achieve true national independence. He emphasized that the political struggle should be seen as a clash of ideas, not personal rivalries. Roy criticized the existing Congress leadership for lacking a revolutionary approach and for compromising with imperialism, thereby weakening the organization. He argued that Congress had focused too much on reformist activities instead of mobilizing the masses through revolutionary means. Roy highlighted the lack of political power among the Indian people as the core issue and stressed the need for national unity and internal democracy within the Congress. He rejected emotionalism and hero-worship, which he believed hindered political awareness and genuine mass participation. Roy asserted that true freedom must address the economic interests of the masses and enable the national reconstruction in their favor. He urged delegates to support leadership with a revolutionary vision and commitment to mass mobilization. He also proposed transforming the Congress into a democratic structure with grassroots representation and called for the formation of a constituent assembly to draft a constitution grounded in principles of national reconstruction. Roy's ideas remain relevant even today. If political parties were to adopt the strategies he proposed, the political landscape could be significantly different. (This work has been extracted from the papers relating to the Vth Volume of Selected Works of M.N. Roy) Summarized by Shalu Nigam, Member, Editorial Board for Vth Volume of Selected Works of M.N. Roy.

2025, Problemas del Desarrollo

Horacio Ciafardini fue un economista argentino y militante de la izquierda revolucionaria fallecido a la edad de 41 años, en 1984, tras una agitada vida de lucha y reflexión teórica durante las dramáticas condiciones históricas de las décadas de los sesenta y setenta del siglo pasado, tan cruda y cruentamente expresadas en Argentina por la salvaje dictadura militar de 1976-1982. Ciafardini fue dirigente estudiantil en Rosario. Se doctoró en economía en Francia en vísperas del mayo de 1968, fue militante político y profesor en la Universidad de Buenos Aires a comienzos de los setenta y permaneció encarcelado por seis años hasta muy poco antes de su muerte. Desde su regreso de Francia y junto con sus actividades políticas, Ciafardini desarrolló un trabajo teórico de alcance muy amplio que trascendió su adscripción partidaria, en una época de fuertes confrontaciones sectarias entre los distintos segmentos de la izquierda argentina (marxistas vs. nacionalistas y dependentistas, socialistas vs. nacional-populares, militaristas vs. obreristas, estalinistas vs. trotskistas) que hacía muy difícil, y de hecho casi imposible, el desarrollo de actividades unitarias. Entre su actividad teórica destacan trabajos de mucha importancia, como sus libros El valor en la concurrencia -su principal trabajo a nuestro entendero Sobre las teorías de las crisis económicas, así como materiales no tan importantes

2025, ENTREVISTA COM DERCY TELES DE CARVALHO CUNHA

Dercy Teles é trabalhadora rural e militante pelos direitos da terra desde as décadas de 1970. Foi a primeira mulher a presidir um sindicato na Amazônia Acreana, presidiu o Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Rurais-STR de Xapuri, pela primeira vez, em 1981. Manteve-se nos projetos voltados à educação e desenvolvimento dos seringueiros e trabalhadores rurais do Alto Acre desde então. Em 2006, voltou a presidir o STR de Xapuri e manteve-se entre presidência e vice-presidência até 2017.

2025, The Social Thought of Karl Marx

This chapter will introduce the fundamental outlook of Marx's social analysis, which is his theory of materialism. Marx's materialist theory forms the basis for his explanations on how individuals interact within society and how societies develop, provides the ground for his critique of capitalism, and his advocacy of communism. Marx's materialist conception of reality was a means for him to understand human engagement with the natural and social worlds. If one understands why Marx found a materialist conception of reality as fundamentally correct this can help one understand his conception of human history, his social theory, and his critique of capitalism. This chapter will first consider Marx's materialism analytically. This will include an overview of the materialist basis of Marx's class theory. In light of his materialist theory, the second section will be an examination of Marx's conception of how individuals and society interact. Finally, Marx's method will be discussed.

2025

The prevailing belief, dating from Adam Smith, that the balance- of-trade was the dominant facet of English economic policy since the time of Thomas Mun, is questioned. It is argued that Samuel Fortrey is a more likely "founder" for this doctrine and that the influence of the balance-of-trade is due almost entirely to politics. THE POLITICAL BALANCE OF TRADE . . . ? ? "Before they learn there Is a God to be worshipped they learn there are Frenchmen to be detested," Fougebert de Montbron, quoted by Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century * It is well-known that concern for the Balance-of-Trade is the distinguishing mark of the economic thought of the century prior to Adam Smith. No one would deny that the balance-of-trade is one impor- tant aspect of trade. What is striking is the enormous importance attached to the Balance-of-Trade under the Mercantile System. Was the almost hysterical stress laid upon the Balance-of-Trade a sign of demented economic thought or was the hysteria a cover for some noneconomic objectives of the pamphleteers? Adam Smith attributed the Balance-of-Trade doctrinea phase I shall use throughout to indicate the near exclusive emphasis given to this concept -to a failure to distinguish real from nominal wealth and suggested that the doctrine originated with Thomas Mun In the 1620s. In this paper, I shall try to focus more precisely on the rise of the Balance-of-Trade (interpreted in the extreme sense noted above) in order to suggest that Thomas Mun had very little to do with the rise of this doctrine. Rather, Samuel Fortrey appears to have been the most influential figure in arousing popular concern. This suggests that the doctrine of the Balance-of-Trade may have been a cover for discussing the non- economic dangers of the Anglo-French Trade and, if the conjecture is reasonable, it would require a substantial change in our view about "Mercantilism." A long-established tradition in the history of economic thought credits the East India merchant, Thomas Mun, with being the chief

2025

Ao meu orientador Prof. Donald Rolfe Sawyer, pela orientação serena, pluralista e segura, e que desde o princípio soube acreditar em minha capacidade e me estimular à superação das adversidades. Aos companheiros do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) que desde sempre tiveram compreensão pelas horas de dedicação em vista dos estudos. E que sempre estimularam, e também foram minha motivação para este doutoramento. Aos demais membros da banca, professores Tirso Walfrido Sáenz Sanchez, Vanessa Maria de Castro, Luis Antonio Pasquetti, e Claus Magno Germer, pelas palavras de estímulo e pela generosidade na avaliação. Os considero como exemplo pessoal, militante e acadêmico a ser seguido e emulado. Aos colegas do Doutorado e aos professores. Muitos amigos se fizeram nessa jornada tão gratificante.

2025

2025 Mart ayı itibariyle imalat sanayiinde, mevsim ve takvim etkisinden arındırılmış verilere göre, 4.572 bin kişi ücretli olarak istihdam edilmektedir. İmalat sanayiinde ücretli istihdam, Şubat ayına göre 30.905 kişi, geçen yılın Mart ayına göre ise 119.813 kişi azalmıştır. İmalat sanayiinde ücretli istihdam yıllık bazda yüzde 2,6 gerilemiştir. İmalat sanayi istihdamının yüzde 79,4'ünü oluşturan sektörlerde ücretli istihdamdaki düşüş yüzde 4,2 olmuştur.

2025, Biodiversidade, espaços protegidos e povos tradicionais - Volume VI

A presente pesquisa reconhece a importância das lutas por justiça socioambiental, em uma abordagem de conexão com as culturas, o direito à terra e a territorialidade dos povos. O objetivo geral é o de refletir sobre as áreas protegidas no Brasil, recuperando a trajetória da institucionalização das reservas extrativistas (RESEXs), entendida como caso emblemático do socioambientalismo nacional. Como tema-problema buscamos, a partir da história socioambiental, estudar como se deu a incorporação das RESEXs ao sistema legislativo e por que elas são relevantes para a transição ecológica e as alternativas ao desenvolvimento. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão bibliográfica, a análise de legislação e a pesquisa documental qualitativa. A análise legislativa foi utilizada para comparar a proposta inicial dos projetos de assentamentos extrativistas ao atual modelo previsto na Lei 9985, de 18 de julho de 2000, identificando as mudanças que ocorreram na autogestão dos territórios. A pesquisa documental foi realizada por meio do caderno de conflitos no campo, produzido pela Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT, 2023) e buscou identificar as violações de direitos que surgem dos conflitos socioambientais em RESEXs. Como resultados, a pesquisa demonstra que, apesar da importância do reconhecimento das RESEX, permanecem entraves para a autodeterminação dos territórios. As violações de direitos, em um contexto no qual enfrentamos a necessidade urgente de medidas imediatas para tratar da crise ecológica e climática, se intensificam com o avanço de projetos hidro-minerários, o desmatamento da pecuária intensiva e os monocultivos de soja, os quais se estabelecem como instrumentos de expansão do capital na periferia global, essencialmente vinculados à acumulação primário-exportadora institucionalizada pelo Consenso das Commodities no âmbito do sistema-mundo. O reconhecimento legal das RESEX, no entanto, impulsiona as lutas pelo direito de ser e de existir dos povos tradicionais, representando uma conquista que necessita ser valorizada e defendida por todos nós.

2025, Gramsci e la formazione dell’uomo. Itinerari educativi per una cultura progressista

Gramsci and Marxist thought between historicism and science

2025, Morina, Christina. The Invention of Marxism: How an Idea Changed Everything. Trad. Elizabeth Janik, Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2022, 537 pp

¿En qué medida resulta determinante el compromiso entre marxismo y realidad? Esta es la cuestión de fondo que Morina deja entrever en esta exploración del marxismo temprano a través del estudio biográfico individual de la primera generación de marxistas y que aparece ahora traducida al inglés tras su primera publicación en alemán en 2017. (...)

2025, SHIFT. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES

This text explores the relationship between ontology, praxis, and politics in the thought of Antonio Negri, emphasizing the primacy of praxis in shaping ontology. It critiques Negri's use of ontology to justify resistance, framing it as a tool for understanding the conflict between power and the productive potential of the multitude. The text highlights the difficulty of forming lasting alliances among oppressed groups in contemporary neoliberal capitalism and argues for a dialectical re-engagement with historical materialism. Finally, it analyzes Negri's thought starting for a renewed commitment to critical thought and praxis, grounded in concrete social analysis.

2025, ძველი რომის სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური ისტორიის შესწავლა ქართულ საბჭოთა ისტორიოგრაფიაში (მონობა) The Study of Socio-Economic History of Ancient Rome in Georgian Soviet Historiography (Slavery)

In the 20th century, many problems related to ancient history
aroused the interest of Georgian historiography. In Soviet Georgia, the
study of history was possible only through Marxist theory. We also note
that the Marxism which spread in the Soviet Union was far from authentic
Marxism, therefore, the works published during the Soviet period con
tain strong ideological doctrines. After the collapse of the Soviet Union,
an unfortunate tendency emerged in Georgian historical science to reject
the works published during the Soviet period. This report is an attempt
to take a fresh look at the legacy of Soviet historiography in the study of
ancient history.
As we have mentioned, Georgian Soviet historiography was interest
ed in many issues of ancient history. One of the important issues was the
study of Roman history. The interest among Georgian Soviet researchers
was multifaceted. These areas of interest can be divided into three large
groups: 1. The object of greatest interest was the study of Georgian-Ro
man relations, and the largest number of most valuable works have been
written on this topic; 2. The object of interest was also the political, cultur
al and religious life of Roman history; 3. The third direction was the study
of issues of the socio-economic history of Roman history, with a special
interest in slavery and slaveholding system in Rome. The main issue of
this article is the latter.
It is clearly that the authors’ interest in social history and the history
of slavery, in addition to their subjective factors, was also facilitated by
the fact that the principle of historical materialism and Marxist theory
prevailed in the Soviet Union. Based on ideological considerations, re
search on the issue of slavery was mandatory in Soviet historiography and
a researcher could not avoid it.
The main problem of the study is related to the following issue: How
did the ideological doctrine of Soviet Marxism affect the study of the issue
of slavery in Georgian Soviet historiography? The research questions are
formulated in accordance with the main problem: How did Marxist theo
ry prevailing in the totalitarian state and its Leninist-Stalinist variations
affect the Georgian Soviet historical community? What influence did the
Soviet conjuncture have even on such a distant era as the history of an
cient Rome? To what extent did Soviet historiography take into account the views of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on slavery in the Roman pe
riod? How did changes in the political elite in the Soviet Union affect the
study of Roman history? What differences existed between the Georgian
and Russian Soviet approaches to the study of Roman slavery?
The paper uses the historiographical research method. Methodolog
ically the paper is based on the method of historical cognition. Herme
neutic analysis, discourse analysis, and comparative research are used to
answer the research questions.
While working on the report, the main attention was paid to the
works of Mate Aleksishvili and Rusudan Gogolashvili, and we also touched
upon the university textbooks on Roman history published by Aleksandre
Tsereteli and Levan Sanikidze. It should be noted that in Georgian Soviet
historiography, interest in Roman history emerged later than in the histo
ry of the Ancient East and Ancient Greece. Georgian Soviet historiography
started to show interest in Roman history in the 50s-60s of the 20th cen
tury. This circumstance can be explained by two main reasons: 1. Aleksan
dre Tsereteli, who published the first Georgian university textbooks on
Roman history, returned from exile, and 2. A new generation of historians
whose interest lay in Roman history, including the issue of slavery, began
their scientific activities.
The research found that the study of Roman slavery in Georgian So
viet historiography was heterogeneous. The works were, of course, built
according to Marxist methodology, although the degree of ideologization
varied depending on the eras and authors. It was also revealed that some
Georgian historians distorted the ideas of Marx and Engels about the so
cio-economic issues of Roman history and changed them according to
their ideological goals. In many cases, the ideological load was deter
mined by the change in the party nomenclature. In conclusion, it should
be noted that if we remove the ideological tendencies from the works
published during the Soviet period about slavery in Rome, in some cases
we are left with quite correct scientific conclusions. In general, it must be
noted that today works written during the Soviet era, especially those on
issues of socio-economic history, have lost their practical value, although
they have not lost their scientific value in terms of historiographical
trends and the study of the history of historical science in Georgia.

2025

This essay traces the roots of Soviet Developmentalism.

2025

This essay will discuss the Marxist understanding of exploitation and the Marxist theory of historical materialism

2025, Journal of Speculative Philosophy

I reanimate Marx’s dismissed literature on anthropology, ecology, and pre-capitalist forms of property to excavate a critical theory of dispossession which I theorize as primitive speculation. I argue that Marx used Henry Lewis Morgan’s anthropology and Justus von Liebig’s ecology as scientific bases upon which to critique capitalist property relations. Specifically, Marx believed that the capitalist mode of production installed a historically specific relation to land; and that this relation was abstract, accumulative, and proprietorial. I show that Marx began to develop a critical theory of dispossession that overspills the historical, metaphysical, and developmental sequencing usually attributed to him. In conclusion, I propose that a speculative expropriation of colonial territories birthed a partitioned historical trajectory of the capitalist mode of production.

2025, The Deccan Geographer

The Vaddera community of Telangana continues to be among the poorest occupational groups in the State. Officially classified as a backward caste, the community's traditional occupation has been stone work at stone reserves such as quarries and hillocks. The work involves quarrying, cutting and shaping stone for different purposes. In the recent past they have diversified into digging and other construction related activities in both urban and rural areas. This article draws on primary data collected from a representative sample of 150 Vaddera households spread across Telangana state. The community continues to rely on traditional work which is the primary source of household income. The community is unable to diversify into more gainful activities on account of poverty, low education levels, and seasonal migration. They eke out a precarious living from the traditional occupation which has become unreliable owing to a variety of factors such as the use of modern technology by contractors in the form of earth-moving machinery, decreased access to quarries and stone reserves due to the regulatory policies of the government and the financial incapacity to invest in machinery. The paper concludes with a set of implementable policy recommendations such as the need for improving civic infrastructure in the Vaddera localities, more inclusive social protection interventions, financial support for mechanising their work, preferential treatment in education and capacity building to facilitate livelihood diversification.

2025, Revolutionary Marxism

Review of Tracking Marx's Capital by Ahmet Tonak and Sungur Savran.

2025

Numa era em que a religião do trabalho exige dos seus fiéis crescentes sacrifícios laborais, em troca de um lugar na santa comunidade de cidadãos honestos, ler O Direito à Preguiça (1880) é cometer um salutar pecado capital. No século xix, quando já os santos do capitalismo se alinhavam no firmamento da economia, Paul Lafargue aprimorava na prisão, com muita ironia, este ensaio clássico e iconoclasta. Debruçando-se sobre a devoção ao trabalho que arrebatara os operarios da época, o autor punha em causa a universalidade e a historicidade deste absurdo zelo, numa sociedade em que o individuo se abstinha do seu tempo livre em nome da sobreprodugao e da acumulação obsessiva. Leitura imprescindivel nos tempos que correm, O Direito à Preguica é um eloquente manifesto contra o vício do trabalho, que corrompe as faculdades humanas, e em defesa da liberdade fundamental de empregarmos o tempo a nosso bel-prazer. A vida de Paul Lafargue (1842-1911), intelectual revolucionário e genro de Karl Marx, é indissociável da história do socialismo francês. Nascido em Santiago de Cuba, fixou-se em Paris em 1851, onde estudou Medicina e viu despertar o seu interesse pela vida politica. Expulso da universidade por actividades subversivas, exilou-se em Londres, onde dinamizou a Primeira Internacional. A convicta defesa da Comuna de Paris valeu-lhe várias penas de prisão, a perseguição pelas autoridades e a fuga para Espanha. Foi também um fecundo polemista e redactor em periódicos como LEgalité e La Tribune. Suicidou-se, com Laura Marx, em 1911.

2025

1. Феномен и явление. 2. Видимость явления и действительность. 3. Относительность сущности. 4. Соотносительность субстанции и субстрата. 1. Phenomenon and manifestation. 2. Appearance of the manifestation and reality. 3. The relativity of... more

1. Феномен и явление. 2. Видимость явления и действительность. 3. Относительность сущности. 4. Соотносительность субстанции и субстрата.
1. Phenomenon and manifestation. 2. Appearance of the manifestation and reality. 3. The relativity of essence. 4. Correlation of substance and substrate.

2025, Aufklärung, revista de filosofia

expuesta por Marx en los capítulos XIII y XIV del Libro III del Capital, como dispositivo analítico valido para un estudio de las tendencias y contradicciones del tardo capitalismo contemporáneo. Esta evaluación se sostiene en una reconstrucción de las categorías de limite y contradicción interna del capital expuestas por el pensador alemán en los referidos capítulos. Tales conceptos serán analizados desde una perspectiva genealógica como dispositivos conceptuales válidos para un análisis de los límites de los procesos de producción capitalista en el contexto de economía digital y capitalismo de vigilancia. El análisis demuestra los límites de los posicionamientos posmarxistas en torno a las transformaciones contemporáneas del capital. Se evalúan además los límites de las interpretaciones teleológicas de la elaboración marxista. PALABRAS CLAVES: tendencia decreciente; tasa de ganancia;posmarxismo; Marx

2025

1. Содержательность формы. 2. Относительная самостоятельность формы. 3. Превращенная форма. 4. Форма и гештальт.
1. The content of the form. 2. Relative independence of the form. 3. The transformed form. 4. Form and gestalt.

2025, CONGRESSO DA LIGA ACADÊMICA DE PSICANÁLISE DA UEL

Em primeira instância, nota-se que a pós-modernidade traz em seu âmago transformações profundas nas estruturas socioeconômicas, subjetivas e interpessoais, redefinindo papéis sociais e ressignificando identidades no mundo contemporâneo. Um dos fenômenos mais recentes desta Era atual é a ascensão da Inteligência Artificial (IA), a qual tem gerado transformações no mercado de trabalho e – inevitavelmente – alterado o senso de identidade profissional. De acordo com o último relatório emitido pelo Fórum Econômico Mundial (Relatório Sobre o Futuro do Trabalho, 2025a), profissões tradicionais, tais como aquelas ligadas à auditoria e à investigação, estão entrando em declínio devido à otimização proporcionada por ferramentas de Business Intelligence e IA, como o Power BI e o ChatGPT. Este cenário levanta indagações centrais quanto ao papel do ser humano em um mundo cibernético cada vez mais dominado pela interface homem-máquina. Neste desiderato, este trabalho se propõe a refletir criticamente sobre o protagonismo da subjetividade humana na Era das investigações mediadas por IA. Como objetivo principal, vislumbra-se demonstrar que, embora a racionalidade toyotista/neoliberal tenha promovido uma subjetividade capitalística (produtivista/concorrencial), a crise de identidade profissional provocada hodiernamente pela IA oferece uma oportunidade única para o resgate da essência humana. Com efeito, este itinerário acadêmico articula conceitos de autores consagrados, tais como: Freud, Guattari, Giddens e Solms, além de refletir acerca de evidências empíricas atuais, a exemplo dos estudos de Ramamoorti, Morrison e Koletar (2014), bem como Cardoso (2024).

2025

The global dimension o f M exico's 1994 financial crisis brought a renewed interest in the institutional framework o f international finance. The failure o f M exico's financial reform raises important questions. At the level o f policy making, the prescriptions based on the premise o f less state intervention and a major role for the market have to be taken more cautiously. At the level o f analysis, the role o f institutions has to be emphasised more in the explanations o f the effects o f policy decisions upon economic behaviour. The purpose o f this thesis is twofold. First, it tries to explain President Salinas's success in implementing a far-reaching programme o f econom ic liberalisation, despite the fact that pro-market policies are not particularly popular in Mexico. Second, it tries to explain the apparent failure o f the financial reform, despite the fact that it conformed to the dominant orthodoxy and was implemented by a technically proficient technocracy. The favoured approach in this thesis says that M exico's financial reform was the result o f political entrepreneurship. The charismatic leadership o f President Salinas aligned a powerful coalition o f support for econom ic reform. Salinas used extensively the organisational and institutional infrastructure o f the quasi-authoritarian Mexican state to overcome the 'legitimacy deficit' o f his government. Regarding M exico's 1994 financial crisis, the evidence points to the combination o f three sets o f interrelated factors. First, the financial reform stifled domestic savings and re-directed most o f the capital inflows towards portfolio investment. Second, the endof-sexenio political cycle that produced a great deal o f political turmoil and economic uncertainty. Third, the policy mistakes that exacerbated the size and depth o f the crisis. The thesis is organised into three parts. The first part-chapters one to four-develops the framework, both theoretical and historical. The analysis addresses four main themes: state autonomy, external dependency o f domestic states on international capital, political change under President Carlos Salinas and financial policy. The second part presents the analysis o f three cases o f institutional change in the financial system-development banking reform, commercial banking privatisation and autonomy o f the central bank. Each case study shows how the reforms conformed to the ideas o f the dominant consensus on economic policy and how they delivered an inefficient incentive structure. The third part-chapter eight-brings together all the elements presented throughout the thesis to establish the relationship between the financial reform under President Salinas and the 1994 financial crisis.

2025

in C.Siriopoulos (ed.) ‘Topics in Financial Economics and Risk Management Analysis’, Paratiritis

2025, Journal of World-Systems Research

The rise of oil-fueled accumulation in the global North produced an energy regime that by the mid-twentieth century was being extended to the semiperipheral and peripheral zones of the world-system. There it took the form of petroleum-driven development. This is especially the case for peripheral “showcases” in the Caribbean region. In the context of the Cold War, these two islands became opposing models of global South development—Puerto Rico’s industrialization program functioning as the American empire’s “showcase” to the Third World and Cuba emerging as an example of successful antisystemic developmentalism allied with the USSR. At least since the 1990s, both countries have experienced a long period of recurrent crises. Proposing a world-ecological and world-historical explanation, this article argues that while these islands represented different politico-economic regimes, both were nonetheless dependent on the oil-fueled accumulation dynamics of the capitalist world-ecology. Puerto Rico’s export-led industrialization and Cuba’s agrarian-based state socialism were underpinned by decades-long access to cheap oil. Thus, the crises—which have had the energy sector at its core—are in part the product of the unsustainability of their oil-fueled developmentalist regimes. Lastly, the article reflects on the ways in which the ongoing crises—and the respective responses taking place in Puerto Rico and Cuba—might prefigure some of the dilemmas that will characterize future world-ecological trajectories.

2025, ISKRA BOOKS

It is the republishing of Unequal Exchange and the Prospects of Socialism from 1986, alongside a new prologue and epilogue from 2025.

2025

This paper begins by adverting to the re-opening of the question of the relationship between (working) class and its representation in light of mounting awareness of the price paid for the eclipse of class-based discourse within politics, academia and the media. Upon the twin bases of a 'representational deficit' and search for 'integral representation' released by material affluence and unprecedented expectations of agency, I give an account of liberation drawing upon three years of ethnographic fieldwork among manual laborers in Fife (Scotland), beginning with a description of the 'second nature' brought into being by doing (manual labor). Introducing the notion of the condition of reduction, I use this as the foundation for an account of individuation which culminates in the exercise of cognitional agency characterized by the alignment of doing, being and knowing. Upon this structuration in truth the paper argues for a fully representational sociology and reviews the sociology of knowledge tradition and some of the selflimiting pre-suppositions of classical sociology, including the shortcomings of Marxism, to draw out how sociology can respond to the mass advent of unprecedented freedom.

2025, Ethics & Politics / Etica & Politica

Some Marxists now take for granted the notion that household production represents a necessary subsidy to the capitalist class–and as a consequence, that the commodity labour-power is paid less than its value. This contradicts the position taken by Michael Heinrich in Die Wissenschaft vom Wert, that workers are paid for the commodity labour-power at its value. In his rebuttal of this “subsidy” claim present in much of Marxist Feminism, Heinrich takes a wrong turn when he calls household production “a pre-capitalist relic.” In this response, I show that the capitalist form of household production is not an anachronism because it must include not only domestic labour but also commodities purchased with the wage. This interpretation strengthens Heinrich’s stance that household production is not a subsidy and the purchase of the commodity labour-power by capitalists involves an exchange of equivalents.

2025, Discussão Sobre a Relatividade dos Axiomas

Ao longo da discussão, explorou-se a natureza das abstrações, guiando-se pelo enunciado: "Tudo que é abstrato clama por significado, e esse clamor só encontra eco em nossa razão e em nenhum outro local objetivo do mundo físico", posteriormente refinado para: "O significado de toda abstração só encontra eco em nossa razão". Definiu-se-o, assim, como paraxioma: um princípio reflexivo, não dogmático, que questiona sua própria solidez, distinguindo-se de um axioma rígido.

2025, Hebbel am Ufer

Sophie Lewis im Gespräch mit Eleonora Roldán Mendívil und Eva von Redecker Am 4. Februar 2024 fand im HAU1 die Diskursveranstaltung “Beyond Equality #2: On Abolishing the Family – and Finding Alternatives” statt. Mit “Abolish the Family”... more

2025

Merkez Bankası bağımsızlığının neden önemli olduğunu tahlil etmeye çalışıyorum.

2025, КВАДРИВИУМ. Учебник для инопланетян

Способность к пониманию предустановлена у всех живых существ, но никто не читает инструкции пользователя этого природного устройства, пока в его работе не случается серьезный сбой. Только тогда мы начинаем искать общую схему и список возможных неисправностей. Эта книга поможет тем, кто испытывает трудности при переходе к иным формам познания и хочет видеть их содержательное единство.

2025

2025, Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Facultad de Ciencias Humanas

2025

This paper discusses the most important theoretical contributions to the literature on privatization, focusing on emerging economies, and gives a summary on recent research concerning the ways privatization might affect the development of securities markets. In addition, the paper provides a number of policy implications, emphasizing the trade-off between privatization and the reduction in social welfare and the possibility that the privatization process itself may have conflicting objectives (creation of incentive mechanisms, fairness, fast privatization).

2025, Economic Thought

This paper contends that Marx develops in Volume III of Capital an incisive conceptual framework in which excessive credit creation, indebtedness and speculation play a critical and growing role in the reproduction of social capital on an extended basis; however, given the decentralised and anarchic nature of capitalist production, the credit system does so in a highly erratic and contradictory manner which only postpones the inevitable day of reckoning. The paper also highlights Marx's relatively neglected but highly important analysis of the separation of ownership from management in the advanced capitalism of his day, England, and its modern-day implications for excessive risk-taking and debt-fuelled speculation up until the eve of the crash. More importantly, the paper argues that in Volumes II and III, Marx implicitly connected the expanding role of credit (which he associated with the development of capitalism) to a significant reduction in the turnover period of capital, thereby boosting the rate of surplus-value, and countering in a highly erratic and contradictory manner, the fall in the rate of profit. The growing role of credit has been relatively ignored in the Marxian literature as an important counteracting factor to the law of the declining rate of profit. It is not mentioned at all by Marx in his famous Chapter XIV, Vol. III of Capital where he discusses other important counteracting forces to the falling rate of profit, nor by Engels (in this particular context) who edited both Volumes II and III.

2025

Las crisis financieras recurrentes en que ha caído el capitalismo mundial, muestran
la fragilidad en la que se asientan los equilibrios financieros de los Estados capitalistas.
Desde el “efecto tequila”, pasando “efecto arroz” y la borrachera del “vodka” y la “caipirinha”,
la economía internacional se presenta en constante crisis. Sin embargo, y paradójicamente,
en el ámbito académico nos encontramos con numerosas investigaciones, que denominan a
esta etapa como “globalizacion" y en las que puede percibirse una hegemonía del discurso
neoliberal y el predominio del instrumental conceptual de la teoría neoclásica, que no
contiene en su formulación teórica el concepto de crisis, y recurre apologéticamente en su
análisis macroeconómico a la idea de equilibrio.
A la vez, se condenó al destierro a los aportes de la crítica realizada por Marx al
Capital, cuando el mismo es quien realmente logra exponer los conflictos subyacentes en la
sociedad mercantil, y describe las crisis recurrentes en la que cae la relación social
establecida por el Capital, sometida por la Ley del Valor, que combina: un creciente
desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas y un constante aumento de la pauperización social,
socavando la ciudadanía formal del Estado Liberal. Sin embargo, los economistas sucesivos
se recluyeron al ostracismo del estudio de los precios y el mercado.
Contrario a las tendencias actuales, el presente trabajo se pone como objetivo
recuperar la Teoría del Valor de Marx para la comprensión del capitalismo actual. Para ello
se presenta, en primer lugar, una del evolución del pensamiento económico para luego
exponer los aportes conceptuales del modelo económico de Marx. Luego se realiza un
análisis de los cambios acaecidos en la relación capitalista en el siglo XX para concluir con
esta base en el esbozo de un “Modelo Económico” que comprenda el rol del Estado en el
proceso de acumulación de capital y que arroje respuestas a las nuevas tendencias que
debemos enfrentar en esto que se a dado en llamar “globalización”.

2025, Digitalizacija dela in življenja

Prispevek analizira strukturne vzroke konkretnih negativnih učinkov razvoja in uporabe sistemov generativne umetne inteligence (UI) na okolje in marginalizirano prebivalstvo v sodobni lokalni in globalni neoimperialni neoliberalni kapitalistični ureditvi, kot tudi njihovo zapostavljanje v sodobnih prevladujočih diskurzih o UI. V tem okviru najprej reflektira temeljne obrise ideološko materialnih razmerij in struktur med kapitalizmom in tehnologijami, čemur sledi analiza specifičnih sodobnih povojnih reorganizacij tega razmerja, vključujoč reorganizacijo v okviru neoliberalnih transformacij ter sodobnih IKT in računalniško-spletnih tehnologij ter infrastrukture. V zaključnem delu obravnava sodobne strukturne kontekste razvoja in uporabe ter značilnosti generativnih UI ter reflektira njihove negativne učinke in pogojenost z interesi ameriških tehnoloških, političnih in ekonomskih elit ter tehnoloških velikanov, imperativi financializacije ter političnoekonomskimi in geopolitičnimi interesi ameriške kapitalistične države.

2025

Dunia Sophie karya Jostein Gaardner ini adalah sebuah novel tentang sejarah filsafat sejak awal perkembangannya di Yunani hingga abad kedua puluh. Buku ini pertama kali terbit pada 1991 dalam bahasa Norwegia dengan judul Sofie's Verden dan hingga kini telah diterjemahkan ke dalam lebih dari 30 bahasa di seluruh dunia. Menyajikan sejarah filsafat dalam bentuk novel adalah suatu hal yang unik. Dengan cara ini, filsafat yang terkesan sulit dan berat untuk dipelajari dapat disampaikan dengan bahasa yang sederhana dan mudah dicerna. Ini penting karena bagaimanapun, mencari jawab atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan filosofis sebenarnya merupakan kepentingan semua orang, bukan hanya para filosof yang mempelajarinya secara akademis. Kegairahan menemukan jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan mendasar tentang makna dan tujuan hidup, bagaimana cara hidup yang baik dan pertanyaan tentang asal-usul alam semesta, misalnya, tak dibatasi oleh usia dan tempat. Setelah semua yang telah dicapai dalam hidup ini, lagi-lagi orang akan terbentur pada pertanyaan yang sama. Tidak memedulikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini membuat hidup dijalani dengan tidak sadar. Tapi tak banyak orang yang berani menghadapi pertanyaan mendasar hidupnya dengan terbuka karena prosesnya akan sulit dan menyakitkan. Novel ini, melalui gaya tuturnya yang ringan, mengajak kita untuk menjadi yang berani menghadapi tantangan filosofis itu. Oleh karena itu, tak heran jika buku ini laris luar biasa di setiap negara yang telah menerbitkan edisi terjemahannya.

2025

под патронажа на ректора на УНСС проф. д.ик.н. Стати Статев 22 май 2018 г. Публикацията съдържа резултати от научна проява, финансирана със средства от фонд "НИД на УНСС", договор № НИД НП -23/2018. Съставител: проф. Валентина Ангелова Драмалиева, доктор по философия Научна редакция: проф. д.ф.н. Васил Костадинов Проданов проф. д-р Светла Бориславова Тошкова проф. д-р Валентина Ангелова Драмалиева доц. д.и.н. Пенчо Денчев Пенчев доц. д-р Лиляна Димитрова Велева Всички права са запазени! Не се разрешават копиране, възпроизвеждане и разпространение на книги или на части от тях по какъвто и да е начин без писменото разрешение на Издателския комплекс -УНСС. Авторите носят пълна отговорност за оригиналността на произведението, както и за грешки, допуснати по тяхна вина.

2025

Karya besar Karl Marx, KAPITAL, sebuah kritik ekonomi politik, Buku I -Proses Produksi Kapital, disusun sendiri oleh Marx dan terbit di masa hidupnya. KAPITAL, Buku II -Proses Sirkulasi Kapital dan Buku III -Proses Produksi Kapitalis secara Menyeluruh, disusun oleh Frederick Engels dari naskah-naskah/ catatan-catatan yang dipersiapkan oleh Marx dan terbit setelah Marx telah meninggal. "Buku II sepenuhnya ilmiah, hanya membahas persoalan-persoalan dari burjuasi yang satu pada burjuasi lainnya," demikian Frederick Engels menulis pada populis Rusia, Lavrov, pada tanggal 5 Februari 1884. Tujuhbelas bulan kemudian Engels memberitahukan kepada Sorge: "Buku II akan menimbulkan kekecewaan besar, karena ia sepenuhnya ilmiah dan tidak mengandung banyak bahan untuk agitasi." Akhirnya, pada tanggal 13 November 1885, Engels menulis pada Danielson: "Para pembaca yang dangkal tidak akan berusaha mendalami yang dikandung dalam Buku II itu. Para Sosialis-katheder kita belum pernah lebih dari sekedar ahli-ekonomi vulgar, dan mereka telah jatuh, secara teori, sedemikian rendahnya hingga ke tingkat kaum permisif dan pembela Sosialisme-Negara Bismarck. Bagi mereka Kapital Buku II akan selalu merupakan sebuah buku tertutup... Literatur ekonomi resmi bungkam seribu bahasa mengenainya." Kapital Buku II tidak saja merupakan sebuah buku tertutup, melainkan juga sebuah buku yang dilupakan. Hingga kini pun, ia merupakan sebuah buku yang dilupakan. Padahal banyak dan salah-pengertian yang gawat pasti timbul jika para pembaca berusaha beralih langsung dari Buku I ke Buku III, dengan mengabaikan kedudukan-kunci yang diperankan oleh Buku II dalam bangunan teori monumental itu. Marx sendiri justru menerangkan kedudukan itu dalam sebuah surat pada Engels tanggal 30 April 1868: "Dalam Buku I... kita memuaskan diri kita sendiri dengan asumsi bahwa apabila dalam proses ekspansi-diri £100 menjadi £110, yang tersebut terakhir akan 'mendapatkan' unsur-unsur yang ke dalamnya ia akan sekali lagi berubah 'sudah berada' di dalam pasar. Tetapi kini kita menyelidiki kondisi-kondisi keberadaan unsur-unsur itu, yaitu saling-berjalinnya berbagai kapital secara masyarakat, saling-berjalinnya bagian-bagian komponen kapital dan pemasukan (= s)." Saling-keterjalinan ini, dipahami sebagai "suatu gerakan barang-dagangan dan uang," memungkinkan Marx menggarap sekurang-kurangnya unsur-unsur dasar, jika bukan bentuk definitif dari sebuah teori yang koheren mengenai siklus perdagangan, yang berdasarkan ketidakterelakkannya ketidak-seimbangan berkala antara persediaan dan permintaan dalam cara produksi kapitalis. Melupakan peranan Buku II ini dan langsung melompat pada Buku III membawa bahaya memindahkan semua masalah "yang khusus" pada kontradiksi-kontradiksi internal dari barang-dagangan -masalahmasalah mengenai pasar, mengenai realisasi nilai dan nilai-lebih, dsb.-yang, sekali pun sudah disentuh dalam Buku I, secara sepenuhnya baru dikembangkan dalam Buku II. Bahkan dapat dikatakan, bahwa hanya dengan membahas reproduksi kapital dalam keseluruhannya baru Marx dapat mengungkapkan kontradiksi-kontradiksi -yang tidak terelakkan itu dalam seluruh kompleksitasnyasel dasar kekayaan kapitalis-barang-dagangan individual itu. Saling-terjalinnya berbagai kapital, dari bagian-bagian komponen kapital dan dari pendapatan -gerakan ganda dari kedua nilai-nilai pakai dan nilai-nilai tukar khusus, dari persediaan dan permintaan itu-juga memungkinkan Marx mengembangkan suatu analisis mengenai "reproduksi ekonomi kapitalis dan masyarakat burjuis dalam keseluruhannya." Marx tidak harus memulai karyanya dari ketiadaan; ia dapat mendasarkan dirinya teristimewa pada karya kepeloporan Quesnay, Tableau économique. Sebaliknya juga tidak dapat diklaim bahwa Marx memecahkan semua masalah reproduksi. Bagaimana pun, Buku II dapat dipandang dalam arti sepenuhnya sebagai pendahulu dan pemrakarsa teknik-teknik penyatuan (agregasi) modern. Di atas jalan dari Quesnay melalui Marx, Walras, Leontiev dan Keynes, lompatan maju yang dibuat oleh Marx seketika tampak dengan jelas. Dan gerakan menjauhi Marx dalam ekonomi-makro neo-klasik dan vulgar terkandung unsur-unsur dari kemunduran luar biasa, yang atasnya para ahli ekonomi masa-kini baru sekarang perlahan-lahan mulai menyadarinya. Peranan kaum pekerja dalam Buku II akan menimbulkan keheranan, bagi para pembaca non-Marxis yang bersenjatakan prasangka-prasangka akademik sekarang terhadap Marx sebagai "seorang ahli ekonomi yang sudah ketinggalan jaman dan khas abad ke sembilanbelas," mau pun bagi kaum pseudo-Marxis dokmatik yang pemahamannya akan Marx lebih didasarkan pada pendangkalan 'pendapat orang-lain (second-hand)' (atau bahkan dari sumber ketiga) ketimbang berdasarkan bahan sumber asli. Karena munculnya kaum pekerja dalam Buku II semata-mata dan secara mendasar adalah lebih sebagai pembeli barang-barang konsumsi dan, karena itu, sebagai penjual barang-dagangan tenaga-kerja, ketimbang sebagai produsen nilai dan nilai-lebih (sekali pun, sudah tentu, kualitas tersebut terakhir ini, yang dibuktikan di dalam Buku I, tetap merupakan landasan kokoh yang di atasnya keseluruhan analisis itu didasarkan). Betapa pun, untuk memahami arti-penting lebih dalam mengenai konsep proses sirkulasi kapital, maupun tempat tepatnya Buku II di dalam keseluruhan analisis Marx mengenai cara produksi kapitalis, kita harus memahami keterkaitan internal di antara produksi nilai dan perwujudannya. Terdapat suatu kesatuan yang tidak bisa terbagi antara produksi nilai dan nilai-lebih di satu pihak, dan sirkulasi (penjualan) barang-dagangan, perwujudan nilai, di lain pihak. Itu sebabnya mengapa studi mengenai kapital pada umumnya -yang sementara diabstraksi dari kompetisi dan banyak kapital-meliputi kedua-duanya: proses produksi maupun proses sirkulasi barang-dagangan. Marx memperkenalkan suatu obyek studi yang baru dan luar-biasa menarik: reproduksi dan sirkulasi (turnover-omset) seluruh kapital masyarakat. Dapat dikatakan bahwa itu mengungkapkan hal ikhwal dasar dari seluruh Buku ini. Karena produksi kapitalis adalah produksi untuk laba (produksi nilai yang berorientasi pada suatu peningkatan nilai), pertumbuhan selalu bermakna akumulasi kapital. Konsep kuncinya ialah "kapitalisasi dari (sebagian) nilai-lebih dan reproduksi yang diperluas." Agar terjadi pertumbuhan ekonomi, sebagian dari nilai-lebih yang diproduksi oleh kelas pekerja dan dirampas oleh kaum kapitalis harus digunakan secara produktif dan tidak dihabiskan secara tidak-produktif untuk barang-barang konsumsi (barang-barang kemewahan) oleh kelas yang berkuasa beserta para pengikut dan pembantunya. Reproduksi yang diperluas menandakan suatu proses yang dengannya omset kapital (kapital-kapital individual maupun seluruh kapital masyarakat, sekali pun tidak harus semua kapital individual; dengan adanya persaingan, kita bahkan dapat mengatakan: dalam jangka panjangnya, tidak pernah semua kapital) membawa pada, setelah sejumlah tertentu tahapan-antara yang secara terinci dipelajari dalam Buku II, pada suatu skala operasi produktif yang lebih besar dan semakin besar. Begitu cara spiral pertumbuhan itu berlanjut. Buku II ini lebih jauh menjelaskan tentang ketiga bentuk kapital: kapital uang, kapital produktif dan kapital barang-dagangan. Hingga batas yang jauh Buku II menyelidiki selalu saling terjalinnya pemunculan dan menghilangnya kapital uang, kapital produktif dan kapital barang-dagangan -dari lingkungan sirkulasi ke dalam lingkungan produksi, dan kembali ke dalam lingkungan sirkulasi, hingga barang-dagangan itu akhirnya dikonsumsi. Buku II selanjutnya memaparkan secara terinci aspek ganda dari omset kapital dalam teori ekonomi Marx, termasuk di dalamnya mengenai skema- skema reproduksi Marx yang mengikhtisarkan omset kapital dan barangdagangan sebagai suatu gerakan ganda terpadu, yaitu bahwa hal itu dilandaskan pada suatu arus ganda yang terpadu: suatu arus nilai yang diproduksi dalam proses produksi, dan suatu arus uang (pemasukan uang dan kapital uang) yang dilepaskan dalam proses sirkulasi agar mewujudkan nilai barang-dagangan yang diproduksi. Arti-penting bagan-bagan reproduksi Marx diuraikan dengan contoh-contoh yang terinci dan aneka perbandingan dengan sistem dua-departemen di mana seluruh massa barang-dagangan diklasifikasi dalam departemen I (alat-alat produksi) dan departemen II (barang-barang konsumsi). Demikian selanjutnya dijelaskan secara gamblang mengenai kerja produktif dan kerja non-produktif, termasuk pertanyaan apakah kaum pekerja non-produktif termasuk bagian dari proletariat. Sebelum mengakhiri uraian dalam Buku II ini dengan soal Pertumbuhan dan Krisis serta bagaimana kapital komersial dan kapital finans dapat ikut serta dalam pendistribusian nilai-lebih masyarakat, juga dibahas secara tuntas tentang sirkulasi uang, kapital uang dan penimbunan uang, termasuk produksi barang kemewahan, nilai-lebih dan akumulasi kapital. Pesan utama dari Kapital Buku II, seperti dari Kapital Buku I, mengacu pada suatu proses dinamik yang mengerikan. Pengejaran secara gila-gilaan atas kekayaan tambahan untuk menciptakan bahkan lebih banyak kekayaan semakin terpisah dari kebutuhan dan kepentingan-kepentingan dasar manusia, semakin berlawanan dengan produksi suatu individualitas yang kaya dan perkembangan hubungan-hubungan masyarakat yang meliputi seluruh makhluk manusia. Justru karena nilai dan produksi nilai pada akhirnya mengacu pada pendistribusian dan pendistribusian-kembali dari keseluruhan tenaga-kerja masyarakat yang tersedia yang terlibat di dalam produksi, maka kesatuan makro-ekonomi itu merupakan suatu realitas ekonomi, suatu kenyataan kehidupan yang mendasar. Bukan suatu pekerjaan mudah untuk mempersiapkan Kapital -Buku II untuk penerbitan, dan khususnya sedemikian rupa sehingga ia tampil tidak saja sebagai sebuah karya yang terintegrasi, selengkap mungkin, melainkan juga sebagai karya eksklusif dari pengarangnya, dan bukan dari editornya. Tugas ini menjadi lebih sulit dikarenakan banyaknya versi, yang...

2025, Presenting Counterpoints to the Dominant Terrestrial Narrative of European Prehistory

2025

2025 Şubat ayında imalat sanayiinde ücretli çalışan sayısı geçen yıla göre 100 bin kişi azalmıştır. İstiham azalışı, deri ürünlerinde %10,1, giyim eşyasında %8,8, motorlu kara taşıtlarında %4 olmuştur. Son iki yıldır imalat sanayinin... more

2025, e-flux Notes

Ilyenkov’s encounter with Western pop art was one of shock and revulsion, a voyage into a mirror world in which his foundational beliefs about society and the nature of art were entirely inverted. He recorded his impressions in an unusual review of the exhibition, titled—in a nod to Carroll—“What’s Through the Looking Glass?” (Chto tam, v Zazerkal’e?). His strongly emotive rejection of pop art might resonate with the unease that some experience in our own age of AI-generated art, where, much like Warhol’s Mona Lisa, a faceless reproduction of artistic styles strips artworks of their individuality, transforming images into an automated spectacle.

2025

Da un lato abbiamo il processo lavorativo, d'altro lato il processo di produzione capitalistico. Che rapporto c'è tra questi due momenti? Il processo lavorativo c'è sempre, quindi anche nel capitalismo. Possiamo dire che il primo è il contenuto astratto del secondo, nel senso che, nel sistema del capitale, si conserva ma, nel ricevere la forma concreta del capitale, subisce una deformazione. Consideriamo dapprima il processo lavorativo come tale. Marx lo definisce nella categoria del ricambio organico: Stoffwechsel, metabolismo. (6) In primo luogo il lavoro è un processo che si svolge fra l'uomo e la natura, nel quale l'uomo, per mezzo della propria azione, media, regola e controlla il ricambio organico fra se stesso e la natura: contrappone se stesso, quale una fra le potenze della natura, alla materialità della natura. Egli mette in moto le forze naturali appartenenti alla sua corporeità, braccia e gambe, mani e testa, per appropriarsi i materiali della natura in forma usabile per la propria vita. Operando mediante tale moto sulla natura fuori di sè e cambiandola, egli cambia allo stesso tempo la natura sua propria. Sviluppa le facoltà che in questa sono assopite e assoggetta il giuoco delle loro forze, al proprio potere. Fermiamoci su questa determinazione del lavoro come ricambio organico. L'uomo è parte della natura. È perfettamente immanente al processo naturale. Non c'è da un lato l'uomo e dall'altro la natura. Non c'è una separazione tra il soggetto e l'oggetto. L'uomo è la parte della natura che ha il potere di assoggettare la natura, di trasformarla. Ma questo sollevarsi sopra la natura è un sollevarsi sopra sé stesso, un cambiare «la natura sua propria». Cambiare la propria natura, nell'atto stesso in cui trasforma la natura in generale, significa entrare nella dimensione della storia, della civiltà. Veniamo al secondo passaggio. Definita la posizione della praxis, Marx ne definisce i caratteri generali. Leggiamo. (7) Noi supponiamo il lavoro in una forma nella quale esso appartenga esclusivamente all'uomo. Il ragno compie operazioni che assomigliano a quelle del tessitore, l'ape fa vergognare molti architetti con la costruzione delle sue cellette di cera. Ma ciò che fin da principio distingue il peggiore architetto dall'ape migliore è il fatto che egli ha costruito la celletta nella sua testa prima di costruirla in cera. Alla fine del processo lavorativo emerge un risultato che

2025

Al contrario de lo que postula el monetarismo la inflación no es, en esencia, un fenómeno monetario. Tampoco tiene sus raíces últimas en las perturbaciones de la oferta que elevan los costos productivos. La inflación es, en realidad, un fenómeno estructural consustancial al capitalismo que se acompaña de niveles bajos, o estancamiento, de la producción. El sistema capitalista está animado por el impulso a hacer una ganancia pecuniaria: a capitalizar la inversión. Esto es lo que Veblen definió como el negocio. Las prerrogativas del negocio, sin embargo, fundadas en el poder que da la propiedad, se oponen a la eficiencia industrial y exigen más bien su sabotaje. La práctica de inflar los precios no es sino una consecuencia última de esta condición propia de la capitalización.

2025

ChatGPT'ye sorulan sorular çerçevesinde hazırlanan bu metin, ABD-Çin ticaret savaşlarının 2018-2019 dönemi ile 2025 senaryoları ışığında olası etkilerini marjinal endüstri içi Ticaret kapsamında ele almaktadır.ChatGPT değerlendirmesidir.

2025, der Freitag

Verkehrte Welt: Die US-Regierung treibt die Weltwirtschaft mit ihren Zöllen in die Krise. Alle anderen verteidigen den Freihandel gegen Trump. Dabei war es doch die Linke, die die Ungerechtigkeit der Globalisierung stets kritisierte.

2025, Comparison of Relationship between Land Holding sizes and Debt in Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland

This study offers a comparative analysis of agricultural trends in Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland, focusing on landholding patterns, income levels, and household debt. Using data on land size distribution across social groups, it highlights significant regional differences shaped by social structure, historical policies, and legal frameworks. Himachal Pradesh displays stratified land ownership with notable disparities among Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and other social groups, while Nagaland's predominantly tribal (ST) population practices subsistence agriculture with highly fragmented landholdings due to Jhum cultivation and Article 371A. The study further reveals that larger landholdings correspond with higher income levels in both states, but Himachal Pradesh exhibits slightly better income diversification, including non-farm sources. In contrast, Nagaland’s smallholders rely heavily on agriculture. Debt analysis indicates that Himachal Pradesh has a higher average debt, largely from commercial banks, whereas Nagaland’s households depend on informal lenders, exposing them to high interest rates and financial vulnerability. The paper concludes with targeted recommendations: improving access to formal credit and financial literacy in Nagaland, and promoting cooperative financing and income diversification in Himachal Pradesh. These interventions aim to strengthen agrarian resilience and reduce debt burdens in both states.