Maximum Power Point Tracking Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, E3S Web of Conferences

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a method that can be used to optimize the electrical power output from solar panels. The performance of the MPPT method on solar panel systems can be influenced by many variables. One of them is the selection of a DC-DC power converter. DC-DC-DC Converter is a component that is used to optimize the performance of solar panels. Several types of DC-DC Converter are Buck, Buck-Boost, Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC), and CUK. Each converter has a different effect on solar panels output power. In order to observe and make a comprehensive analysis, simulations are performed through PSIM (Power Simulator) software on the performance of several DC-DC Converters that use Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) as the MPPT algorithm. Variables that observed are the output power characteristic, the response of the voltage-current ripple signal, and the accuracy of the converter in the process of reaching the maximum power point condition. As ...

2025, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

This paper focuses on a photovoltaic system for pumping water. The control strategy for this water pumping system is based on Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy supervisors and sliding mode controller. The first generates the maximum power point current under varying climatic condition whereas the second allows tracking the reference signal produced by the fuzzy supervisor. The system includes a photovoltaic generator (PVG) followed by a DC-DC Converter, DC bus, an AC/DC inverter which is connected to the induction motor. This latter is coupled with a centrifuge pump. The induction motor is driven based on field-oriented control strategy. The Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy supervisor predicts, depending on the variations of climatic variables such as irradiation and temperature, the optimum operating point for the photovoltaic source. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in transient and stationary regimes for different values of climatic variables.

2025, International Journal of Automation and Digital Transformation

The use of green energy has been of wide interest in recent decades. Photovoltaic systems are used to convert sunlight into electric energy. In this paper, an electrical model of the photovoltaic system is presented. Parameters from datasheet of a photovoltaic system, I(V) and P(V) characteristics plot are used to calculate the exact series and shunt resistances. Several experiments in smart energy lab of Rochester Institute of technology Dubai campus were performed to validate the PV electrical model. This model was controlled using converter with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for a stabilized connection to a Microgrid.

2025

The main aim of this paper is to compensate current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3-Ф, 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper proposes a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. This system is experimentally verified and tested using Simulink.

2025, Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro

This paper aims to analyze the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a photovoltaic (PV) cell under constant irradiance using numerical simulation and stability analysis. PV systems are inherently nonlinear and time-varying, making accurate dynamic modeling essential for control and performance optimization. Understanding how the system responds over time is critical for designing stable and efficient PV-based energy systems. A single-diode equivalent circuit model is used to represent the PV cell. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method is chosen for time-domain simulation due to its balance between computational efficiency and accuracy. A quadratic Lyapunov function is formulated to assess system stability by observing the sign of its time derivative. Simulation results show that the voltage reaches steady state smoothly with minor overshoot, and the current converges rapidly. The Lyapunov function decreases consistently, confirming asymptotic stability. The system demonstrates a maximum voltage error below 2% and low standard deviation, with consistent return to equilibrium despite changes in initial conditions. In conclusion, the proposed approach effectively characterizes the PV cell's nonlinear dynamic behavior and confirms system stability under constant irradiance. The effectiveness of combining RK4 integration with Lyapunov analysis for modeling nonlinear PV dynamics ids demonstrated.

2025, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

Wireless networks comprise of small devices that are typically deployed in environments where paucity of energy seriously restricts essential operations. The energy source of these devices decreases very quickly during continuous operation and it is pivotal to replace or recharge frequently the power sources. Sometimes, it is very difficult to perform these functions through conventional methods. One attractive solution to this problem is the use of the energy, scattered around us in the environment. The availability of energy from the environment is random and uncertain. In this paper, we present a model, schematically and analytically, for solar energy harvesting with appropriate energy management. We provide analysis and simulations for a solar cell for standard and different irradiance levels. The power of the storage device is also simulated for different times of the day. The proposed model not only scavenges the energy but also assures the connectivity of the network by optim...

2025, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.

2025

Weather forecasting is crucial for managing risks and economic planning, particularly in tropical Africa, where extreme events severely impact livelihoods. Yet, existing forecasting methods often struggle with the region's complex, non-linear weather patterns. This study benchmarks deep recurrent neural networks such as LSTM, GRU, BiLSTM, BiGRU, and Kolmogorov-Arnold-based models (KAN and TKAN) for daily forecasting of temperature, precipitation, and pressure in two tropical cities: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and Kigali (Rwanda). We further introduce two customized variants of TKAN that replace its original SiLU activation function with GeLU and MiSH, respectively. Using station-level meteorological data spanning from 2010 to 2024, we evaluate all the models on standard regression metrics. KAN achieves temperature prediction (R 2 = 0.9986 in Abidjan, 0.9998 in Kigali, MSE < 0.0014 C 2 ), while TKAN variants minimize absolute errors for precipitation forecasting in low-rainfall regimes. The customized TKAN models demonstrate improvements over the standard TKAN across both datasets. Classical RNNs remain highly competitive for atmospheric pressure (R 2 ⇡ 0.83 0.86), outperforming KAN-based models in this task. These results highlight the potential of spline-based neural architectures for e cient and data-e cient forecasting.

2025, WSEAS transactions on systems and control/Wseas transactions on systems and control

Many power electronic systems applications namely locomotives, hybrid electric vehicles, and all renewable energy sourced systems are shifting towards Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) integrated DC-DC converters due to their reliability and flexible nature. Designing controllers for MIMO integrated DC-DC converter is complicated due to its integrated structure, presence of common elements, and interactions between the input and output variables of the converter. In this work, a Three-Input Integrated DC-DC (TIID) converter is modeled using state-space analysis, and a Transfer Function Matrix (TFM) is acquired from the small signal continuous time model. A robust  H controller based on the loop shaping method is designed for the TIID converter. In this loop-shaping method, the desired robustness and the performance of the controller are represented with weight functions i.e., loop-shaping filters. These weight functions are designed using TFM and are frequency-dependent. The robustness of the controller depends on the weight function parameters. The effect of varying the parameters of the weight functions on system dynamics, robustness, and performance are studied and plotted. TIID converter of 288 W, 24V-30V-36V to 48 V is considered and the impact of weight function on closed-loop system dynamics and sensitivity characteristics under varying parameter conditions are analyzed in MATLAB Environment.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

2025

With the increase in demand for generating power using renewable energy sources, energy storage and interfacing the energy storage device with the load has become a major challenge. Energy storage using batteries is most suitable for renewable energy sources such as solar, wind etc. A bi-directional DC-DC converter provides the required bidirectional power flow for battery charging and discharging mode. The duty cycle of the converter controls charging and discharging based on the state of charge of the battery and direction of the current. In this paper, a nonisolated bi-directional DC-DC converter is designed and simulated for energy storage in the battery and interfacing it with the DC grid. The power extracted from the solar panel during the daytime is used to charge the batteries through the DC-DC converter operating in buck mode and when solar power is unavailable, the battery discharges to supply power to DC load through the converter operating in boost mode. Solar arrays connected through a DC bus to a load. Due to the instantaneous changes of solar irradiance and temperature, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is integrated in the inverter control. The technique of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic systems to extract the maximum power. The most popular MPPT techniques are reviewed and studied, such as: Perturb and Observe, Increment of Conductance and control based on fuzzy logic (LF). The simulation is done in matlab/simulink and results are presented.

2025, Electronics

This paper proposes a Low-Voltage Ride-Through control strategy for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. At two stages, the topology is considered for the grid-tied system fed by a photovoltaic generator with a boost converter followed by a three-phase voltage source inverter. A flexible control strategy is built for the proposed system. It accomplishes the PV converter operations under the normal operating mode and under grid faults (symmetrical and asymmetrical grid voltage sag). The boost converter is controlled via an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking technique to maximize the PV generator power extraction. In the case of voltage sag, the implemented control strategy provides a switch between MPPT mode and non-MPPT mode to ensure the protection of the power converters. Theoretical modeling and simulation studies were performed, and significant results are extracted and presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.

2025, Energies

This paper deals with voltage control in a buck DC-DC converter. In fact, dynamic mathematical equations describing the principle behavior of the above system have been derived. Due to the nonlinearity of the established model, a nonlinear control algorithm is adopted. It is based on the sliding mode control approach. To highlight the performance of the latter, a comparative study with four control algorithms is carried out. The validity of the model and the performance of the conceived algorithms are verified in simulation. Both the system and the algorithm controls are implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Extensive results under different operational conditions are presented and discussed.

2025, Sensors

This paper highlights a robust optimization and power management algorithm that supervises the energy transfer flow to meet the photovoltaic (PV) electric vehicle demand, even when the traction system is in motion. The power stage of the studied system consists of a triple-junction PV generator as the main energy source, a lithium-ion battery as an auxiliary energy source, and an electric vehicle. The input-output signal adaptation is made by using a stage of energy conversion. A bidirectional DC-DC buck-boost connects the battery to the DC-link. Two unidirectional boost converters interface between the PV generator and the DC link. One is controlled with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to reach the maximum power points. The other is used to control the voltage across the DC-link. The converters are connected to the electric vehicle via a three-phase inverter via the same DC-link. By considering the nonlinear behavior of these elements, dynamic models are developed. A robust nonlinear MPPT algorithm has been developed owing to the nonlinear dynamics of the PV generator, metrological condition variations, and load changes. The high performance of the MPPT algorithm is effectively highlighted over a comparative study with two classical P & O and the fuzzy logic MPPT algorithms. A nonlinear control based on the Lyapunov function has been developed to simultaneously regulate the DC-link voltage and control battery charging and discharging operations. An energy management rule-based strategy is presented to effectively supervise the power flow. The conceived system, energy management, and control algorithms are implemented and verified in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Obtained results are presented and discussed under different operating conditions.

2025, WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS

The paper deals with a squirrel cage induction generator connected to the grid through a back-to-back converter driven by vector control. The stator-side converter controls the generator torque by means of an indirect vector control scheme. In order to reduce the system dependence from the mechanical system behavior, a torque loop is used in the current reference calculations. The battery energy storage system (BESS) plays a fundamental role in controlling and improving the efficiency of renewable energy sources. Stochasticity of wind speed and reliability of the main system components are considered. The grid-side converter controls the DC bus voltage and the reactive power in order to accomplish the grid codes. Speed control using flow directional control, indirect conventionally uses proportional integral (PI) type current regulators, which achieve satisfactory objectives on torque and flow dynamics. The objective of this article is to present an indirect vector control strategy ...

2025, Energies

This paper presents a complete study of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system including a maximum power tracker (MPPT) driving a DC boost converter to feed a resistive load. Here, a new MPPT approach using a modification on the original perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is proposed; the improved algorithm is founded on a variable step size (VSZ). This novel algorithm is realized and efficiently implemented in the PV system. The proposed VSZ algorithm is compared both in simulation and in real time to the P&O algorithm. The stability analysis for the VSZ algorithm is performed using Lyapunov’s stability theory. In this paper, a detailed study and explanation of the modified P&O MPPT controller is presented to ensure high PV system performance. The proposed algorithm is practically implemented using a DSP1104 for real-time testing. Significant results are achieved, proving the validity of the proposed PV system control scheme. The obtained results show that the proposed VSZ succeeds...

2025, Applied Sciences

Taking into account the limited capability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to produce energy, it is mandatory to provide solutions, in which an efficient power produced by PEMFCs can be attained. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) plays a considerable role in the performance improvement of the PEMFCs. Conventional MPPT algorithms showed good performances due to their simplicity and easy implementation. However, oscillations around the maximum power point and inefficiency in the case of rapid change in operating conditions are their main drawbacks. To this end, a new MPPT scheme based on a current reference estimator is presented. The main goal of this work is to keep the PEMFCs functioning at an efficient power point. This goal is achieved using the backstepping technique, which drives the DC–DC boost converter inserted between the PEMFC and the load. The stability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by means of Lyapunov analysis. To verify the ability of t...

2025, International Journal of Automation and Computing

This paper deals with the problem of the energy system optimization for photovoltaic generators. A great necessity of optimizing the output energy appears as a result of the nonlinearity of the photovoltaic generator operation besides its variable output characteristic under different climatic conditions. As a consequence for the big need to extract maximum energy, many solutions have been proposed in order to have a good operation at the optimum power for photovoltaic systems. In this paper, we further extend this work by using a robust optimization technique based on the first order sliding mode approach to cope with the uncertainty in photovoltaic power generation caused by weather variability and load change. Indeed, we examine by using this control approach the effectiveness of this method and we note the different performance that affects to the system operation. The first order sliding mode maximum power point tracking controller is presented in detail in this paper. Then, a detailed study of algorithm stability has been carried out. The robustness and stability of the proposed sliding mode controller are investigated against load variations and weather changes. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness, the good and improved performance of the proposed sliding mode method in the presence of load variations and environment changes for direct current/direct current (DC/DC) boost converter.

2025, International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS)

Photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking (MPPT) has great potential for improvement of power generation. To optimise MPPT, this paper presents a prediction model based on an intelligent water drops optimisation support vector machine (IWD-SVM) for maximum power point working voltage. The Intelligent Water Drops (IWD) algorithm is used to optimise the penalty factor and kernel function parameters of the SVM, thus improving the training efficiency of the learning machine. Based on the optimisation algorithm, the SVM is used to model the PV array, the prediction results are compared to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the IWD-SVM model. In addition, the IWD-SVM model is compared with the traditional neural network prediction results, which further verifies the validity of the proposed IWD-SVM model.

2025, Energy Procedia

This paper presents a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) facility. The goal of this work is to obtain maximum power from the photovoltaic generator (PVG) by using an MPPT. Therefore the sliding mode controller (SMC) is proposed as MPPT controller. This controller is based on the constant voltage algorithm. In order to meet different requirements of stability and rapidity in different weather condition, we construct a voltage estimator; the estimator output will be the input for the SMC. Simulation results prove that the SMC, under load disturbances, compared to the well-known perturbation and observation (P&O), offers fast and accurate converging to the maximum operating point (MPP). The implementation of the MPPT based SMC hardware setup is done using DSPACE real time control. Experimentation results are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control scheme.

2025, Energy Efficiency Improvements in Smart Grid Components

2025, Energy and Power Engineering

The Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is the optimum operating point of a photovoltaic module. It plays a very important role to obtain the maximum power of a solar panel as it allows an optimal use of a photovoltaic system, regardless of irradiation and temperature variations. In this research, we present a novel technique to improve the control's performances optimization of the system consisting of a photovoltaic panel, a buck converter and a load. Simulations of different parts of the system are developed under Matlab/Simulink, thus allowing a comparison between the performances of the three studied controllers: "Fuzzy TS", "P&O" and "PSO". The three algorithms of MPPT associated with these techniques are tested in different meteorological conditions. The obtained results, in different operating conditions, reveal a clear improvement of controlling performances of MPPT of a photovoltaic system when the PSO tracking technique is used.

2025

The potential to use solar photovoltaic system for industrial processes reduces the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels. Geographically, India is in tropical region placed in Asian continent and receives solar energy equivalent to 5000 TkWh/year, which is more than the current total energy consumption of the country. However, the awareness to exploit the solar energy for industrial uses is very limited. Leather making is an energy intensive process. The electrical input used in wet tanning process is about 15-20% of total energy consumption for the production of wet finished leather. In this context, harnessing solar energy for tanning operation is the best option. The objective of this study is to run a rotating tanning drum continuously using SPV power for wet processing. A prototype Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power plant was set up along with tubular lead acid battery as energy storage to run the tanning drum with geared motor assembly. Several tests were carried out effectively and efficiently using SPV energy with 50-100% solar fraction throughout the year. The specific energy and CO 2 saving were also calculated. The quality of the leather is in par with the leather processed by conventional method. The results obtained from the prototype are promising, and has a scope for the implementation of solar energy in industrial application, particularly in leather industry in India. Thus, this research, indicates promising technical and economical feasibility of using solar PV energy for industrial processes and provides an important step towards sustainable zero emission production in leather industry.

2025, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research

The nonlinear behavior of Photo Voltaic (PV) module with respect to the output parameters like current, voltage and power depends mainly on climatic conditions like solar irradiation and air temperature of the location. PV sources can develop only low DC voltage and so consumers cannot rely directly on them for their power requirement. To improve the voltage magnitude of the PV source within a certain limit, cells may be connected in series. To improve the voltage further, it is feasible to include a DC to DC converter in the system with good power efficiency. This DC to DC converter connected to the PV module does the job of a power conditioning unit which transfers power to the load. To transfer maximum power, the conditioning unit maintains its input impedance constant with the support of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller irrespective of the change in load. An MPPT controller locates the point of maximum power of the PV module and hence controls the operating point of the converter. The quality of the power obtained at the output has specific dependence on the type of converter and controller used in the PV system. There are various ongoing researches using different controller techniques searching scope of efficient utilization of energy from a PV source . Among them, Variable Step Size (VSS) P&O MPPT controller performs superior in a PV system because of its efficiency in locating the exact point of maximum power output of the PV module with minimum oscillations around the operating point, good tracking speed and with the added advantage of ease in implementation . In this paper, a standalone PV system is modelled with three different converter topologies and its performance is analyzed using variable step size MPPT. Performance comparison is done in terms of input current ripple, output voltage ripple, output power ripple and efficiency. A detailed simulation is done for different climatic conditions in MATLAB/Simulink and the results obtained are presented.

2025, Agriculture

Agriculture is a critical domain, where technology can have a significant impact on increasing yields, improving crop quality, and reducing environmental impact. The use of renewable energy sources such as solar power in agriculture has gained momentum in recent years due to the potential to reduce the carbon footprint of farming operations. In addition to providing a source of clean energy, solar tracking systems can also be used for remote weather monitoring in the agricultural field. The ability to collect real-time data on weather parameters such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall can help farmers make informed decisions on irrigation, pest control, and other crop management practices. The main idea of this study is to present a system that can improve the efficiency of solar panels to provide constant power to the sensor in the agricultural field and transfer real-time data to the app. This research presents a mechanism to improve the arrangement of a photovoltaic (PV) arra...

2025, The Journal of Engineering

In the modern renewable energy system, recent years have seen a rise in the share of power being generated through photovoltaic (PV) plants. In the Danish power system, PV plants are mostly integrated in the medium-and low-voltage networks which are usually operating under unbalanced conditions. Furthermore, the increasing number of power-electronicbased equipment affects the grid during faults through their contribution to the fault current. So far studies of PV plants in unbalanced conditions are based on computational simulations, which have limitations in representing reality. Therefore, this study investigated the performance of a three-phase PV inverter under unbalanced operation and fault conditions. The inverter is tested in stable power system operation and during grid support situations through frequency response and reactive power control. All experiments are carried out using an experimental laboratory platform in PowerLabDK. The key outcomes from this study includes the correlation between positive sequence component of voltage and reactive power, active power and current under unbalanced operation, the frequency response dependence on positive sequence voltage, and the fault current contribution from PV inverter during different fault conditions.

2025, Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro

Solar energy, accepted as an alternative energy source, is attracting commercial interest and scholars and researchers for improving efficiency and lowering the losses within the system. One of these significant losses is due to partial and complex shading. This study concentrates on reducing losses to enhance the efficiency of solar systems. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPTT) uses several alternative algorithms for efficient operations. We have selected four algorithms supporting MPPT, namely P&O, PSO, Adaptive cuckoo, and Dragonfly. These algorithms are applied on photovoltaic (PV) systems in four different scenarios: uniform irradiance, partial shading, complex partial shading, and multiple local maximum power points. According to this study, results show that the algorithms' performance vary significantly based on these scenarios. It has been shown that PSO has the longest tracking time compared to other but tracks the maximum power best when exposed to uniform irradiance. In contrast, DFO takes the shortest tracking time and performs best in I-V curves but do not have a maximum power point at the knee. Both adaptive cuckoo and PSO perform well in tracking the global maximum power point, particularly in partial shadings. The study provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm in different scenarios and can guide the selection of an appropriate algorithm for a given PV system.

2025, Desalination

• TDRO uses heat to expand a working fluid that drives RO water separation. • Working fluid, working temperature, and piston design must be carefully considered. • Minimum heat of 20 kWh/m 3 achieved for seawater desalination with 50 % recovery. • First law efficiency can reach up to 8 % and second law efficiency up to 30 %. • Gain output ratio can reach 66 at 0 % recovery, and is 32 at practical 50 % recovery.

2025

The idea behind maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is to ensure that generated power is optimally transferred from the photovoltaic (PV) module to the output of the renewable energy system. Without a proper method to resolve power transfer inefficiency from PV module to connected load, instability may ensue. Hence, in this paper a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) augmented proportional integral (PI) controller called MRAC-PI has been designed to improve the dynamic response characteristics of MPPT control system in a PV system. The system was modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Simulation was initially conducted for the conventional (open loop) MPPT control system and the performance revealed that it suffers from significant overshoot and steady-state error. Hence, the designed MRAC-PI controller was introduced and the adaptation gain selected from low to high value range, 1 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 30.The simulation test revealed that for the adaptation gain considered in this paper the system MRAC-PI provided promising performance and improved stability and reliable control link. An in depth analysis considering the deviation of the system response from the reference model, the update signal, and cost function revealed that with adaptation gain of 15, the system will ensure that efficient and reliable MPPT is achieved with the most optimal model following tracking error. This resulted in rise time of 0.45 s, peak time of 0.91 s, settling time of 1.06, peak overshoot of 2.73%, and zero steady-state error.

2025, Systems Science & Control Engineering

The internetwork system between Future IP Networks and ZigBee Wireless Networks has two main approaches; the SIP Proxy Based approach, and the ZigBee Stack Based approach. Because of the dynamic nature of the ZigBee devices, both approaches need to be improved to support the connectivity system and the Quality of Service (QoS) for different types of sensing and actuating applications. This paper proposes an initial design for a modified version of SIP (Mod-SIP) for ZigBee Stack Based approach. In addition, the paper introduces the Combined Approach which is an enhanced internetwork system used to provide more reliable and flexible connectivity system between ZigBee WPANs, and the IP clouds. An initial design and simulation efforts on OPNET implemented to study the current approaches and compare it with the proposed approaches. It shows that the SIP Proxy Based approach is not efficient for Future IP Networks applications as it has a high rate of End-to-End delays because of the lack of flexibility between SIP signaling system and the ZigBee WPANs. The initial investigations shown that the Combined approach can provide more reliable connectivity system with the support for the QoS for different types of instantaneous applications such as VoIP and video conferencing.

2025, International journal of engineering research and technology

Traditional power systems are designed in large half to utilize large base load power plants, with restricted ability to speedily ramp output or prune output below an exact level. The increase in demand variability created by intermittent sources like photovoltaic (PV) presents new challenges to increase system flexibility. This paper aims to analysis and emphasize the importance of the grid-connected PV system regarding the intermittent nature of renewable generation, and thus the characterization of PV generation with relevancy grid code compliance. The investigation was conducted to critically review the literature on expected potential problems associated with high penetration levels and islanding bar methods of grid tied PV. In line with the survey, PV grid affiliation inverters have fairly good performance. They have high conversion efficiency and power issue extraordinary ninetieth for wide operative vary, whereas maintaining current harmonics Doctor

2025, IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society

2025

In order to find the most efficient electrical-thermal energy cogeneration storage system, air compression and expansion, with their heat and cold recovery respectively, are currently very important research topics. The use of compressed air storage seems to be a promising solution in this field of energy storage, as it is characterized by a remarkable stored energy density (kWh.m -³) and high reliability (days of operation) with no environmental impact. The aim of this work is to predict the performance of a thermal photovoltaic panel coupled to a compressed-air energy storage system (PVT-CAES) which produces electrical and thermal energy simultaneously from solar energy. The power produced over time by PVT photovoltaic panels is characterized by its fluctuation due to the fact that the sun is an unpredictable and highly fluctuating source. The study therefore focuses on the construction of a numerical model capable of simulating a CAES system powered by a PVT panel and a system for cooling a photovoltaic panel by using fresh air at the outlet (MAC: Compressed Air Engine) of the CAES. An analysis of the influence of key system parameters (PVT-CAES) such as: global solar irradiation, compression system volume flow rate, number of compressor stages and maximum permissible pressure was also carried out.

2025, Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal

Photovoltaic systems are classified as non-linear systems. On the other hand, the characteristics of photovoltaic cells are non-linear. For this reason, researchers use several methods of maximum power monitoring (MPPT) to improve the performance of photovoltaic system. It is therefore necessary to use an adaptation stage between the photovoltaic generator (GPV) and the load to take out at any time the maximum power available of the GPV and to transfer it to the load. This stage acts as an interface between the two elements by ensuring the transfer of the maximum power supplied by the generator using a control system used for this purpose. This work described a study on two Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques, classic sliding mode control (SMC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) for controlled boost chopper. The decisive simulation results that by applying the PSO and the conventional SMC to a well-built model, the PSO achieves high precision results compared to the sliding mode control. In fact, we have suggested a new MPPT method based on the optimization of the command parameters in sliding mode by the PSO optimization algorithm.

2025, Electronics

This paper presents the deployment of a hybrid energy harvesting system that combines a wireless energy harvesting (EH) system and a 6 V, 170 mA monocrystalline solar energy derived from the Sun’s rays. The hybrid energy harvesting (HEH) system comprises the rectifier, the solar cell panel, the charging circuit, and the EM4325 embedded RFID tag. This study aims to design an efficient EH system capable of increasing the read range of an active RFID tag. The proposed approach integrates a meandered line radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with an EM4325 IC chip as the receiver antenna. A halfwave doubler RF rectifier circuit is connected to the antenna using a 50 Ω SMA connector to convert the captured RF waves into usable electrical power. A solar energy charging module equipped with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, and a DC-DC converter is configured to manage and store the harvested energy efficiently. The UHF tag antenna opera...

2025, International journal of research - granthaalayah

In this paper , we are analyzed about the solar power with grid connection using of various component such as PV Cells battery inverter, and grid power connection , in this way we are connected the grid power and solar power , after that... more

2025, JEEMECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mechatronic and Computer Science)

To save energy nowadays is recommended to switch to renewable energy sources. In Indonesia, solar energy is abundant, so PLTS is made. The supply of PLTS is expected to reach maximum use. However, solar panels have many obstacles such as variations in temperature and sunlight intensity, MPPT systems are needed to find the maximum power point of the solar panels. Unfortunately, in Indonesia, the sunlight of short duration with the ideal irradiation time that can produce electricity from solar panels is 4 to 5 hours per day, so a PLN supply is still needed to support the continuity of the power supply. Because two sources are used, there is a problem where the load needs high continuity during power switching, so STS (Static Transfer Switch) is used for very fast power switching. Simulation results, when using EMR (Electromechanical Relay) the power transfer process takes 50ms or 5 cycles while STS takes 2ms or ¼ cycles. With very fast response to STS, sensitive equipment is kept safe...

2025, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

The optimization of energy in a photovoltaic conversion chain remains a topic of study. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is considered the most appropriate solution to ensure the extraction of the maximum power which a photovoltaic generator can provide. Perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is the well-known MPPT tracker; it shows an important and decisive role in the development of photovoltaic (PV) systems. In This article we introduce a new improved adjustable step size P&O (imVS_PO) MPPT method.The performances of the new algorithm are compared to the conventional P&O MPPT techniques and to the existing adjustable step size P&O (VS_PO) MPPT algorithm. The results clearly show the efficiency of the improved algorithm which contributed to the increase of the tracking speed with negligible fluctuations when the MPP is reached, and especially in rapid variation of insolation.

2025

In this paper three-phase isolated source and non-isolated source cascaded two level inverter (CTLI) topology is used for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The CTLI is one of the widespread topology in multilevel inverter. In this work, both topology isolated source and non-isolated source CTLI system are operated to supply active power with available solar irradiance and to supply reactive power in absence of it. The photovoltaic system is modelled and tested with the vector controlled grid connected CTLI, for solar irradiance variation, and reference reactive power variation in simulation environment. The control scheme has been introduced for dc link voltage of the dual level inverter. The dc link voltage is found to be maintained at required level for both type of power supply. Keywords—Photovoltaic system; multilevel converter; dc link voltage balance; isolated and non-isolated source inverter

2025

This study aims to analyze the influence of average monthly per capita expenditure on food and non-food (RPK), the open unemployment rate (TPT), and domestic investment projects (PMDN) on the population size in the regencies/cities of Central Java Province in 2023. A quantitative approach was employed using multiple linear regression analysis with data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The results indicate that, simultaneously, the three independent variables significantly affect the population size. Partially, TPT and PMDN have a positive and significant influence, while RPK shows a negative but significant effect on population size. The regression model yields a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.608, meaning that 60.8% of the variation in population size can be explained by the variables in the model. These findings highlight the importance of integrated policy planning that addresses domestic investment growth, unemployment reduction, and household expenditure-related socioeconomic strategies to manage and plan for regional population growth effectively.

2025

High-efficiency triple-junction solar cells (TJSC) have received more attention in concentrated solar photovoltaic (PV) systems because of their ultimate feathers. In this paper, chaos game optimization (CGO) is used for extracting the global maximum power point (MPP) of high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge TJSC based PV system considering partial shading (PS). With PS, the power versus voltage characteristics comprises some local MPPs and unique global ones. Consequently, traditional MPP tracking approaches cannot discriminate between global and local points and are always stuck with local MPP. In this case, the PV power is reduced, and hence, an optimization algorithm such as CGO is highly required to mitigate the PCS of the PV system. To prove the dependability of CGO in extracting the global MPP, four PS patterns are used to test the superiority of CGO in cases of changing the position of the global MPP. A comparison with another optimzation algorithms also considered and the results confirmed the superiority of CGO compared with other algorithms. As an example, in the first PS pattern, the average PV power levels were between 865.67 W and 993.89 W. The maximum power that CGO can achieve is 993.89 W whereas when using COOT, the lowest power output is 865.67 W. In addition, CGO achieves the lowest STD of 0.032.

2025

This paper presents a new model and an advanced control strategy of a three phase grid connected photovoltaic system without DC-DC converter. The novel model is characterized by decoupled inputs and high relative degree of the outputs. A sliding mode control without chattering phenomena based on this new model is applied in order to control the system to track the maximum power point produced by the photovoltaic generator PVG, convert all this power to active power and compensate the harmonic components and reactive power caused by nonlinear load if it is connected to the PV system. This controller is able to realize all these objectives with a high dynamic performance in presence of changing atmospheric conditions, system's disturbance and with any kind of load or without load. Simulation results demonstrate efficient performance and robustness of the proposed strategy.

2025, E3S Web of Conferences

This paper presents a new control strategy of a photovoltaic system, which consists of a photovoltaic generator PVG coupled to a three phase load and three phase grid by a three phase voltage source inverter VSI without DC-DC converter. The controller is designed by using Backstepping method based on d-q transformation of a new model of the global system. The main goals of this control strategy are to achieve the maximum power point MPPT with very good precision and the unity power factor in level of the grid power flow. Mathematical analysis demonstrate the asymptotic stability of the controlled system and simulation results proved that the controller has achieved all the objectives with high dynamic performance in presence of atmospheric condition changes. Moreover, the proposed controller shows a very good robustness under system disturbance, which presents the most important advantage of this controller compared to the other control strategies. Furthermore, this controller can o...

2025, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) enhances the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems by ensuring optimal power extraction under varying conditions. MPPT is implemented in solar charge controllers or hybrid inverters connected to PV arrays. The current-voltage (IV) curve, influenced by temperature and irradiance fluctuations, becomes more complex under partial shading, causing multiple local maxima and reducing efficiency. This study proposes an MPPT technique using the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA), a novel metaheuristic inspired by Archimedes' principle. The AOA-based MPPT integrates a DC/DC buck converter controlled by an STM32 microcontroller to address challenges in complex shading conditions. Comparative analysis demonstrates the AOA's superiority in achieving high efficiency and fast convergence. The AOA-based MPPT achieved an average efficiency of 93.17% across shading scenarios, outperforming PSO (87.04%) and non-MPPT systems (84.56%). It also exhibited faster average tracking times of 90.5 ms compared to PSO's 100.5 ms, ensuring robust and reliable performance. These results confirm the effectiveness of the AOA-based method in maximizing energy harvesting in real-world PV applications.

2025, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

This paper presents an enhanced asymmetrical fuzzy logic control (AFLC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm designed for photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions (PSCs). With the increasing global energy demand and growing environmental concerns, maximizing solar energy efficiency has become more essential than ever. The proposed AFLC-MPPT algorithm tackles the challenges of accurately tracking the global maximum power point (GMPP) in PSCs, where conventional methods frequently underperform. By utilizing asymmetrical membership functions and optimized rule sets, the algorithm significantly improves sensitivity and precision in detecting and responding to variations in shading. Simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink compare the performance of the proposed AFLC-based MPPT with the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method across multiple shading scenarios. The results demonstrate that the AFLC approach outperforms the conventional method in terms of tracking speed, stability, and overall efficiency, particularly in dynamically changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, the AFLC algorithm provides substantial improvements in voltage regulation, reduces settling time, and minimizes steady-state oscillations, contributing to the more efficient and reliable operation of PV systems under partial shading conditions.

2025

Photovoltaic (PV) modules comprise bypass diodes to limit hotspot formation. However, they suffer from performance reduction in the presence of partial shading. This paper proposes external circuitry to control the connection type (series/parallel) of the PV cells through a pair of on/off switches resulting in three different operation modes. Mode 1 represents the typical 36 seriesconnected cells, while mode 2 represents two parallel-connected strings, and mode 3 maximizes the output current where the four strings are connected in parallel. The added values of the approach are that (1) the output current of the PV module can be increased without the need for a buck-boost converter and (2) the partial shading has less impact on the output power than the adoption of bypass diodes. This work shows that simulating three monocrystalline PV modules (120 W, 200 W, and 241 W), consisting of 36, 60, and 72 series-connected cells, lose about 74% when one cell has 80% shading in the absence of bypass diodes. The application of a bypass diode for each pair of strings in the PV module improves this decrease to 61.89%, 40.66%, and 39.47%, respectively. According to our proposed approach, this power loss can be significantly decreased to 19.59%, 50%, and 50.01% for the three PV modules, respectively, representing more than a 42% improvement compared to bypass diodes.

2025

This paper describes the "Shifted Secant Method" (SSM) for calculating function roots, based on the well-known "Secant Method" (SM), with a slightly different approach, in which the first Secant line of approximation, moving it parallel up or down on the graph, depending on how close it is to the sought root. Several functions are taken as examples and the results obtained are compared numerically, together with the "Regula Falsi" (RFM) and "Newton-Raphson" (NRM) methods. It is concluded that the method of this work (SSM) improves the velocity of convergence with respect to the SM and the RFM considerably, for the analyzed functions, becoming close to the NRM, avoiding the calculation and evaluation of derivatives.

2025, Sustainable Energy - Recent Studies

2025, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

This work presents the design of a shunt solar regulator used in photovoltaic systems. The shunt solar regulator rst allows to adapt batteries with voltages higher than that of the solar panel, then to protect the batteries against the phenomena of overload and deep discharge and nally to ensure the continuation of the maximum power point by the method «perturbation & observation ». Indeed, from the model of the BOOST converter existing in the literature we have developed and calculated its various parameters. The simulations carried out with Matlab/Simulink have made it possible to optimize the production of the PV eld and to clarify the fact that the PV eld can operate at its maximum power point if it is interfaced by a converter which seeks at all times the maximum power