Mdgs Goals Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The Economist (UK) invited me to participate in their periodic online debate series with World Bank economist, Wolfgang Fengler, about the need for industrialization in Africa. The 3-part series was posted online during March 12 – 22,... more

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- Development Economics, Development Studies, Globalization, Manufacturing

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to explore how ISO 26000 inter-marries with millennium development goals (MDGs) with a view to demonstrate and recommend how businesses can successfully use this intermarriage to solve society problems. Design/methodology/approach - – Case methodology was used to investigate how a company can use the social responsibility standard, ISO 26000, to guide its corporate social responsibility (CSR) aimed at contributing to MDGs. The paper focussed on the CSR dimension of community involvement and development (CI&D) interventions in health-related MDGs (4, 5 and 6). Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with CSR managers of the studied company, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects. In order to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed, the authors employed pattern-matching, explanation building and time series analysis. For generalization purposes of findings, the authors were guided...

Despite Nigeria's ratification of virtually all human rights instruments recognizing health as a human right and endorsement of the Millennium Declaration, the state of maternal health in the country remains atrocious. That the country is not on pace to meet its obligations under Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 (to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three quarters in 2015, using 1990 as a base year, and achieve univeral access to reproductive services) is no longer news. What is perhaps newsworthy and that is because of their significance to repositioning the country on course toward the MDG, are three concers, namely, the factors constratining progress to acceptable maternal health in the country; the interventions needed to reverse the status quo; and, finally, the question, thether and how human rights could play a catalytic role in the process. Addressing these concerns is the major objective of this paper.

- by Miriam Anozie
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- Law, Constitutional Law, Health Promotion, Human Rights Law

Purpose: – The purpose of this paper is to explore how ISO 26000 inter-marries with millennium development goals (MDGs) with a view to demonstrate and recommend how businesses can successfully use this intermarriage to solve society problems.
Design/methodology/approach: – Case methodology was used to investigate how a company can use the social responsibility standard, ISO 26000, to guide its corporate social responsibility (CSR) aimed at contributing to MDGs. The paper focussed on the CSR dimension of community involvement and development (CI&D) interventions in health-related MDGs (4, 5 and 6). Data collection was by semi-structured interviews with CSR managers of the studied company, plus non-participant observation of CSR activities and projects. In order to develop a framework within which the collected data could be analyzed, the authors employed pattern-matching, explanation building and time series analysis. For generalization purposes of findings, the authors were guided by the “adaptive theory approach.”
Findings: – The intermarriage is much revealed in health and wellness. This intermarriage also reveals cross-cutting issues which support universal access to health care and prevent illnesses. Lastly, the intermarriage is symbiotic in nature, that is, MDGs contribute what to achieve while ISO 26000 contributes how to achieve.
Research limitations/implications: – The case study (Uganda Baati Ltd, - UBL) that informed this research is a subsidiary company of a multinational, SAFAL Group. This provided an indication that global or trans-national forces drive CSR/CI&D at UBL. Thus, the findings may not fit directly with a company that has a local/national focus of its CSR/CI&D.
Practical implications: – The paper presents guidelines to use and localize this intermarriage so as to focus CSR on global socio-economic development priorities, identify strategic stakeholders, and pathways to solutions for complex CI&D issues.
Originality/value: – This research advances the Post-2015 MDG Development Agenda suggested during the United Nations MDG Summit in 2010 which called for academic contributions on how MDGs can be realized even after 2015.

Over the last few decades, the impact of the women’s movements within countries and internationally has been central to raising and tackling gender inequality in social development. Arguments have been made that addressing gender equality is imperative for the overall development agenda in terms of economic growth; stability; enhanced productivity and its cumulative effects on other dimensions of well-being, such as education and health, not just women but families (Wold Bank Group, 2015; World Bank, 2011; Giugale, 2011). Despite these arguments, progress and commitment to dealing with gender inequality has been variable and inconsistent because gender discrimination is embedded deep in the culture and structure of social systems. The struggles, strategies and interventions to address gender inequality are in constant negotiation with the underlying structures, socio-cultural contexts and social systems that serve to maintain it, and challenging these aspects often meets with resistance and backlash (Sandler and Rao, 2012). In this ambiguous terrain it is important to understand the extent to which attempts to address gender inequality have been effective in varying contexts and areas of social development, particularly with regard to Millennium development goals (MDG’s) because of its prominence in the international development agenda. To this end, this chapter firstly addresses the complexities involved in measuring gender, as well as the collection and quality of data, as an entry point to the discussion on gender and development, since without measurement we cannot ascertain progress in this area. Second, the chapter utilises some of the core areas of social development to explore the underlying issues that plague progress in the arena of gender equality, through an engagement with some of the MDG’s and to a lesser extent the SDG’s. Finally the chapter briefly engages with the funding and resourcing of gender equality work, since real dedication to development in the field of gender is evidenced by financial and resource commitment. Progress on gender equality to facilitate social development can only be achieved through adequate resourcing and funding. Due to space limitations it is not possible to cover, all social development matters; rather only those development issues that help me illustrate some key points will be extracted and discussed.

- by Shahana Rasool
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- Domestic Violence, Violence, Millenium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS

This article critically analyzes the popular metaphor of the "Development Ladder" within the theory of modernization. What assumptions underpin this metaphor and what problems are associated with the theory itself? I use the work of Sachs as a modern example of a text that relies extensively on the metaphor. I discuss the key assumptions informing the modernization theory and the metaphor of the Development Ladder. Next, I problematize the metaphor as rooted within modernization theory, discuss the assumptions of modernization theory, the implication of globalization on Africa and its relationship to the global market, and present and discuss the problems of historicity in development discourse.

- by Christopher Zambakari
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- Development Studies, Globalization, Poverty, Economic Growth

Motivation is essentially about commitment to do something. In context of business motivation can be titled as “The
will to work”.
People must be motivated to achieve certain goal in life whether it may personal or business but it is always related with drives
means eager to get something by anyway. In addition, motivation must be co-related with the ambitions.
Motivation is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get a desired course of action, to push the right button to get a desired
reaction.
Abraham Lincoln, was a failure in almost all activities he undertook. When asked about the change he said, “My father taught
me to work but did not teach me to love my work”. This ‘love or will to do’ (called motivation) depends on the strength of
people’s motives. Motives are the expressed needs and could be conscious or subconscious. They are always directed towards
goals.
Employee Motivation is an integral part Human Resource Management and it plays a crucial role in the long-term growth of an
organization. Motivation can be defined as the inherent enthusiasm and driving force to accomplish a task

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Employee Motivation, Human Resources, Mdgs Goals, Maslow's theory of needs

Challenging Stereotypical fairytale Gender representations
Case Study : Once Upon A Time

- by Angelica Ourri
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- Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, Media Studies, New Media

مستخلص تحاول هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على ظاهرة وفيات الرضع والأطفال دون الخامسة في الجزائر، حيث تهدف إلى تحليل مستويات واتجاهاتها وخصوصا محددات الظاهرة من خلال دراسة وصفية ثم دراسة بواسطة الانحدار اللوجستي الثنائي اعتمادا على بيانات... more

- by fayçal Maache and +1
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- Demography, Mdgs Goals, Mics
- by Razan Izazi
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- Mdgs Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. Previously, the world was implementing MDGs which failed to achieve its Targets. Is Nepal repeating the same mistake? So I started finding out all the works done till 2019 and predicted all the events by 2030. In this report, I have compared the targets and works done till 2019 and tried to hypothesize the condition and calculated the gap between them and what Nepal can do to achieve the targets by 2030.

- by Adit P Lohani
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- Nepal, Mdgs Goals, NPC, 2019
- by arry pongtiku
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- Critical Theory, Organizational Behavior, Management, Marketing

Among the five continents, the African continent is perhaps the most underdeveloped given its continent-wide expansion in comparison to other continents. Over decades many initiatives have been undertaken to elevate the position of Africa to a prosperous and peaceful region in the global arena. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Programme is among the vanguard parties that shoulder this responsibility. Through its global priority programme “Priority Africa” it has made commendable achievements in Africa’s sustainable development roadmap. Especially the UNESCO has sought socio-economic and cultural solutions to the continent’s most alarming issues such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, human right abuses and environmental degradation and equally contributed to the fulfilment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Even though UNESCO has achieved much in Africa despite the adverse eco-political issues such as economic crises and political instabilities it has left something to be desired, which is also admitted by its reports of evaluation. This report is a concise review on the role of UNESCO in Africa.

- by Hasarel Gallage
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- Sustainable Development, Mdgs Goals
- by Sandra Pralong
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- Gender Studies, Democracy, Mdgs Goals, Equality and Non Discrimination

Menjelaskan prinsip kebijakan yang akan diambil oleh WHO dalam menerapkan kebijakan pembangunan Global setelah era MDGs 2015 ini.

- by Mifta Rohim
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- Mdgs Goals

The Education for All (EFA) movement atau Gerakan Pendidikan untuk Semua adalah satu komitmen gerakan bersama yang diluncurkan oleh masyarakat dunia peduli pendidikan untuk menyediakan pendidikan dasar (basic education) untuk semua anak usia sekolah. Setiap tahunnya, kemajuan pelaksanaan PUS di Indonesia dan negara-negara anggota UNESCO terus dimonitoring oleh UNESCO dan hasilnya dilaporkan melalui education for all global monitoring report (EFA-GMR). Pendidikan untuk Semua (PUS) atau Education for All (EFA) telah menjadi bagian dari kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia sejak pertama kali disepakati pada tahun 2000 melalui Deklarasi Dakkar. Menyikapi kesepakatan tersebut, Pemerintah Indonesia telah menyusun rencana pelaksanaan program PUS tahun 2000-2015. Untuk Indenesia, jenjang pendidikan dasar meluputi satuan pendidikan Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (SD/MI) dan satuan pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah (SMP/MTs), yakni untuk anak usia 7 sampai 15 tahun.

- by Reza Gusmanti
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- Education, Non-formal Education, Education For All, Life Long Learning
- by ardian raf sanjani
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- Mdgs Goals

ii KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji bagi Allah SWT, yang senantiasa melimpahkan Rahmat dan karunia-Nya kepada kita semua selaku hamba-Nya. Alhamdulillah kami selaku Penulis dapat menyusun tugas paper yang berjudul "Millennium Development Goal... more

- by Boni Andika
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- Social Sciences, MDGs, Mdgs Goals, Kemiskinan

The recent transition from millennium development goals (MDGs) to sustainable development goals (SDGs) raises issues about the extent to which developing countries have been able to achieve the MDGs and how prepared are they for the challenges of meeting the targets of the SDGs. Nigeria, with a population of 182 million people (about half living in urban areas), is the most populous country in Africa and seventh in the world, and by 2050 the UN projected the population to reach about 400 million, thus becoming the third largest country in the world. This paper examines Nigeria's prospects of achieving the SGDs, especially SDG 11 that aims to 'make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.' This research employs desk study methodology where data were collected from secondary sources, including official reports. With examples from some Nigerian States, the paper specifically highlights the extent to which the country has achieved MDG 7, 'ensure environmental sustainability,' and the challenges it faced, and then provides an analysis of the level of Nigeria's preparedness in meeting the SDG 11, considering its current urbanization, financial and security challenges. The paper then concludes with some recommendations on the way forward.

- by Ismaila Rimi Abubakar and +1
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- Transportation Engineering, Forestry, Climate Change, Urbanization in Developing Areas

t h e w o r l d b a n k g r o u p g o a l s t h e w o r l d b a n k g r o u p g o a l s Two ambitious goals, achieved in a sustainable way, will anchor our mission of a world free of poverty g oal 1 end extreme poverty 2010 2030 target To reduce the percentage of people in this world living with less than US 1.25adayto3percentby2030poorpeopleeverywherematterregardlessoftheircountry′ssize,incomelevel,orlocationMorethan1billionpeopleintheworldliveindesperateconditionssufferinginextremepovertywithlessthan1.25 a day to 3 percent by 2030 poor people everywhere matter regardless of their country's size, income level, or location More than 1 billion people in the world live in desperate conditions suffering in extreme poverty with less than 1.25adayto3percentby2030poorpeopleeverywherematterregardlessoftheircountry′ssize,incomelevel,orlocationMorethan1billionpeopleintheworldliveindesperateconditionssufferinginextremepovertywithlessthan1.25 a day 0 20 40 60 80 100

- by Lyla Latif
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- Human Rights, Community Engagement & Participation, The Right to Health, Mdgs Goals

On 26 September, the United Nations will adopt the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development’, which includes 17 ‘Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs). These Goals will replace the Millennium Development Goals and are meant to make international development transformative and sustainable. This ambition is reflected in their thematic scope which covers fundamental aspects of the social, the economic and the environmental dimensions of sustainable development. In addition, the SDGs are truly universal in nature, i.e. they constitute a challenge for all countries, including the most developed ones. Implementation of the 2030 Agenda will thus involve domestic policymakers as well as international cooperation and go beyond development policy. The list of indicators that is needed for making the goals and targets operational is expected for March 2016. Indicators will be fundamental for implementation, monitoring, reporting and evaluation.
Therefore, a group of experts from the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) have prepared detailed comments on all goals and the indicators that are currently under discussion. The result is an update of a draft version circulated earlier this year.
The comments show how difficult it is to identify adequate indicators for all the goals in the new agenda. Some of them can be measured more easily while others are rather
qualitative in nature so that it is difficult to measure progress in quantitative terms. In
addition, some of the indicators under discussion are very complex with the effect that
there is a risk that only experts are able to understand and remember them. Also, some goals lack specifications or a dead-line for achievement, or they are not yet measurable with the available data. And finally, some indicators cover just a small segment of what the respective goal is meant to achieve.
With this review, we aim at providing an input for the debate on indicators and for the
process of designing national strategies to implement the 2030 Agenda. The monitoring and review processes at the global, regional and national levels will be fundamental for measuring progress, and for adjusting policies.
The introduction of the volume summarizes the achievements made by the adoption of a new agenda for sustainable development. It shows the advantages of the SDGs in
comparison with the MDGs. The chapter after the introduction focusses on how the UN system can contribute to implementation, monitoring and review of the 2030 Agenda, and reflects on the possible shape of an accountability framework. The core of the discussion paper are chapters that review every SDG, its subordinate targets and its proposed indicators.

GCE's civil society review of the last fifteen years of Education For All. This report analyses the delivery of Education For All from 2000-2015, drawing upon the wide variety of experiences of civil society education campaigns around the... more

- by Anjela Taneja
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- Education For All, Mdgs Goals

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges of promoting cross-sector approaches in multi-institutions areas like urban development. In particular, the case of Freetown in Sierra Leone is analysed. The paper shows that even though the Paris Declaration is an important step to fill the gap between the MDGs and their practical implementation, in urban development there is still a need to build or reinforce links between development activities, donors and methods adopted by the different partners.

- by Sergio Oliete Josa
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- International Development, Urban Planning, Sierra Leone, Mdgs Goals

An MDG provincial profile of the Copperbelt province in Zambia.

- by George Lwanda
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- Zambia, Mdgs Goals, MDGs Post 2015, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Social goals tend to be marginalized in the implementation of sustainable development while economic growth is prioritized often also at the cost of ecological goals. Many of these development issues are essentially distributional issues.These distributional challenges will be exacerbated by the need to limit the environmental utilization space (ecospace) on Earth and the consequent challenge of how this space will be equitably and inclusively shared among countries and people. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets developed by the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) against criteria for inclusive development. Inclusive development principles, tools, and evaluation criteria for the proposed SDGs fall into three clusters: inclusive development per sé; inclusive development in the context of the Anthropocene; and inclusive development from a relational perspective. Regarding inclusive development per...

- by Isa Baud
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- Law, International Relations, Development Studies, International Studies

In this article attempts has been made to show the achievement of MDG goal 4 in Bangladesh and that is reduction of child mortality rate. Child mortality refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. About 25,000 young children die every day, mainly from preventable causes. In developing countries, one child in every10 dies before its fifth birthday, compared to 1 in every143 in high-income countries. According to an estimate by UNICEF, one million child deaths could be prevented annually at a cost of $US 1 billion per year. Reduction of child mortality is the fourth of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals. The objective of the study is to know how far Bangladesh could achieve “MDG Goal 4” of reducing under-five mortality by examining different variables affecting child mortality. The study has done on the basis of secondary data which were collected from different data sources, reports, journals and published literature. So far Bangladesh could achieve the rate more than the expected target. For this reason, Bangladesh has to continue this pace towards reducing the child mortality.

Desa Siaga program is an effort to achieve Healthy Indonesia 2015 program. This program is successful if 80% of villages have become desa siaga in 2015. In 2011, 58% of the villages in the Situbondo are still included in the inactive... more

- by firii jb
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- Public Health Policy, Public Health, Mdgs Goals

In order for a country to properly develop, the citizens of the country must have access to a proper education. The development field realized the importance of education and made achieving universal primary education number two on the list Millennium Development Goals. Although this goal was set to be achieved by 2015, with only a month left in that time frame, it does not appear that this is going to be possible. According to UNICEF, in Kenya only about 48.4% of girls ever make it to secondary school. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most disturbing causes for the lack of attendance is a practice called female genital mutilation (FGM), or cutting. In Kenya girls are perceived as sexual beings who need to 'cleaned' through the act of female genital mutilation to control their desires. This traditional practice prevents girls from attending school because of health complications and societal pressures to get married after being cut. How can education be used as a tool to change the perception of girls in Kenyan society and stop this archaic act?

- by Laura Neff
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- Education, Educational Development, Millenium Development Goals, Africa

With the objective of demonstrating the effectiveness of complimentary application of the Satoyama Agricultural Development Tool (SADT) and Happiness Survey, a case study was undertaken in Sabah State, Malaysia from May 2014 to February 2015. This trial was conducted by an individual researcher in cooperation with various stakeholders including government officials and villagers. Results obtained demonstrated effectiveness for Satoyama project designing and Satoyama System evaluation. Project has a defined term. In view of this, project designers and evaluators seek out effective and efficient tools to identify local needs and priority issues. As is often the case with community development and community-based environment conservation projects, the local situation changes from time to time in the course of project implementation. More importantly and seriously, the local community is oftentimes hesitant to open up to outsiders including donor agencies in the beginning even when community participatory approaches are applied. In this view, it is concluded that the approach taken by the study is quite useful for identifying issues that need to be addressed by the project at the initial designing stage. Furthermore, it is strongly suggested that the approach taken by this study be applied not only at the beginning stage as a base line survey but during the implementation of the project to ensure that stakeholders concerned including local communities can mutually identify real needs. Incidentally, the approach in this study can be used as a monitoring tool for the situation of Satoyama agricultural point of view and of human interaction with nature (Satoyama system). Depending on the place and the context, the questionnaire framework of happiness survey should be modified. The attempt demonstrated by this study is promising and serves as a guiding methodological framework for designing Satoyama Projects, but it is apparent that the framework of the study should be improved and evolved in a more synergistic way through more practical field-based exercises.

- by Devon R Dublin
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- Happiness Studies, Mdgs Goals, Satoyama, Natural Capital
- by Chijioke Iwuamadi
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- International Development, Mdgs Goals, MDGs, NEPAD

This paper presents a case study of the good governance of the Philippine Association of Extension Program Implementers or PAEPI, a non-government organization (NGO) in monitoring United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which includes various programs that includes disaster preparedness and mitigation programs . This also resulted in coming up with the policy guidelines and criteria on PAEPI awards for its members who contributed to MDGs accomplishments in terms of their individual or collective actual implementation of extension services delivery on the ground. This paper highlights best approaches to extension by the PAEPI thru successful partnerships involving various sectors which successfully targets the poorest of the poor or the most marginalized. The MDGs are integrated in the PAEPI Extension Programs based on the needs of the community and based on any of the following areas of developmental concerns namely: Socio-Welfare Development, Socio-Economic Development, Infrastructure Development and Environmental Development. These are conducted by the PAEPI members through training; technical assistance and advisory services; communication and information services; and community outreach activities, that have impact on the institution, region and national development and productivity of the society with social benefits through the accomplishments of the MDGs. This paper also shares information about Extension: its legal mandate, its Association (PAEPI), its definition, its program preparation and enrichment. The paper also presents how PAEPI monitors and evaluates the accomplishment of MDGs The paper ends with relevant concluding remarks and recommendation specifically for the youth participation and the expedient implementation of MDG Number 8 by PAEPI. The PowerPoint presentation is photo documentation proofs that show various activities in addressing the MDGs towards ASEAN 2015 integration with youth as the implementing arm.

- by Claudia Maria Niedermayr
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- Globalization, Learning and Teaching, Sustainable Development, Unesco

Setting goals is one of the central foundations of effective coaching. Without goals, without a future desired state, coaches would naturally be working more as counselors, helping people deal with problems. The literature on goalsetting has largely focused until now on particular qualities of goals, with models such as 'SMART' and 'GROW' being popular. While these guidelines to setting goals appear to generate value, little has been done to understand what goes on in the brain that makes goals work for a coaching engagement, or not work, and how we might set them better.

- by Elliot Berkman
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- Mdgs Goals, Goals, Goal pursuit, Goal Striving

This report considers the strengths and weaknesses of the current global health architecture, and of the relevance and responsive of the health architecture for the post 2015 agenda. It looks at health architecture, health aid and health governance from a global perspective. The report finds that the current architecture is crowded and poorly coordinated.Concern about global health has focused attention on global health governance architecture. The current system fails to provide sufficient justification for an obligation to assist in meeting the health needs of others. Transnational and national actors too often pursue their own interests. A stronger commitment to all people being healthy is needed. It is clear that reform is needed due to a mismatch between governance mechanisms and the vulnerability and complexity of global processes. A profound transition of the global health system is already under way. Health priorities must reflect the health needs of both current and future generations. State and non-state actors must be better connected for transparent policy dialogue in decision-making processes that affect health. Commitments to global solidarity and shared responsibility is needed to move towards a more sustainable and healthy system. Those players from the private sector and civil society must be included in the reform process and the governance system that follows. The more transparent the governance system is, the more effective it will be.

- by Stephen J Thompson
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- Development Studies, Global Health, Public Health, Health Care Management

Dimulai dari fase dimana Perang Dunia II membawa kehancuran total, terutama pada negara-negara di wilayah Eropa. Lumpuhnya industri-industri besar, kehancuran kota-kota hingga banyaknya korban jiwa akibat Perang Dunia. Pada akhirnya, sebagian besar sumberdaya diarahkan untuk keperluan perang. Kehancuran ini membawa dunia pada krisis. Pada akhirnya diupayakanlah pembaruan kembali dunia dan tatanan ekonomi yang hancur Hal ini kemudian dijawab melalui hadirnya konferesi yang diselenggarakan di Bretton Woods, pertemuan dengan maksud membicarakan sistem perekonomian dunia pasca perand Dunia hingga pada kesepakatan bahwa hal yang dapat mewujudkan perdamaian di dunia secara Internasional adalah kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional, yang tentu saja berlandaskan pada satu pasar global.

Information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) evolved as a field of development cooperation in conjunction with the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in 2003 and 2005. Prior to this United Nations summit, few donors were involved in ICT4D, but as policymakers around the world became involved in the WSIS process, ICT4D emerged as an important aspect of the global development agenda. Donors started to recognize that ICT offered a tool for development, not least for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). After the WSIS interest dwindled among leading donor agencies, but resurfaced as mobile technologies became widespread even in income-poor countries and among poor populations and after the digitally mediated social uprisings of the so-called Arab Spring which highlighted the social and political significance of the internet. New actors are becoming involved including philanthropic organizations, while the ICT4D field continues to explore new working methods like multistakeholder partnerships. Meanwhile, ICT is gradually becoming integrated into development efforts, although global patterns of digital stratification still remain to be overcome. This entry focuses on the roles of donor organizations and their networks

- by Paula Uimonen and +1
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- ICT Policy, ICT in Education, ICT4D, Mdgs Goals

Sistematización del Proyecto