Medieval Building Technology Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Ochrona Zabytków

In the years 2021–2023, construction work was undertaken to rebuild two buildings in the
western part of the outer ward (Low Castle) of Malbork Castle. The work was carried out
under the supervision of archaeologists. At the same time, the first season of archaeological
research was organized in 2023 with the objective of conducting a more comprehensive
scientific examination of the Low Castle. This work resulted in a substantial amount of
new data pertaining to the development of this part of the castle.
This article presents the western row of buildings in the Low Castle of Malbork Castle
during the Middle Ages (Teutonic times) based on archaeological research (both present
and past results), stratigraphic observations, an analysis of the preserved masonry, as well
as written and iconographic sources. These provided important insights into the form
and development of the area prior to the commencement of construction work. The site
selected for development was situated between a natural valley and a depression extending
parallel to the River Nogat, over which a wooden wharf had previously existed. The
entire development of this section was meticulously planned from the very outset, but it
was implemented in stages with two identifiable main phases. A row of larger buildings
was erected on the eastern slope of the Młynówka canal (along the defensive wall), with
spacious courtyards on the eastern side. During the research and survey work, relics of the
courtyard walls were documented, which made it possible to reconstruct them according
to their original size and to clarify the layout and chronology of some of the buildings.

2025, British Brick Society Information

Two previously unrecognised undercrofts in Wisbech are discussed. Although brick undercrofts are recorded from other sites in eastern England have been noted, these are the first examples from this town. It is argued that brick did not have a prestige value and was used as a purely functional building material. Only later in the fifteenth century did it began to acquire the associations which suggested high status.

2025, Zapiski Historyczne, t. 90, z. 1

Be a Single-Author Publication? Notes on the Book by Tomasz Torbus This discussion article examines the publication by Tomasz Torbus, specifically the second part of his 2014 book, Zamki konwentualne państwa krzyżackiego w Prusach (Eng. Conventual Castles of the Teutonic State in Prussia), published as a catalogue. To compile this catalogue, the author drew upon a wide range of resources, including edited written sources, iconography, scholarly publications, websites, and archival documentation. However, the extensive source base, combined with the broad territorial and material scope of the work, has led to numerous errors and inaccuracies. This article identifies and discusses the most significant shortcomings of the analysed catalogue of Teutonic castles, referencing available historical sources and the latest findings from historians and archaeologists. Additionally, it highlights the importance of a comprehensive background in the study of medieval Teutonic castle construction and discusses the feasibility of such a study being undertaken by a single author in contemporary scholarship.

2025

L'antico territorio del Patrimonio di San Pietro in Tuscia, che corrisponde all'attuale provincia di Viterbo, alla zona di Orvieto che si trova attualmente in Umbria, e ad una porzione della Toscana Meridionale, fu unificato alla fine del XII secolo in un'unica provincia dello Stato della Chiesa. La formazione di questa regione rappresenta uno dei temi storiografici più controversi, se messo in relazione con la nascita dello Stato Pontificio, poiché la sua creazione viene fatta risalire alle origini del potere temporale dei Papi. 1 Per ricostruire la genesi che ha portato alla definizione dei confini della regione che attualmente conosciamo come la Tuscia, è necessario tornare indietro fino agli anni Settanta dell'VIII secolo, quando si assiste a un cambiamento di direzione della strategia territoriale papale, che si mostra maggiormente attenta a possibilità più concrete di espansione esclusivamente nei dintorni della città di Roma e allo scopo di restaurare le frontiere originarie dell'ex ducato bizantino. I Franchi finirono quindi per riconoscere implicitamente l'esistenza di un diritto e un'autorità teorica di cui la Chiesa poteva farsi prevalere su una serie di territori facenti parte del patrimonio di San Pietro, ovvero quelli di Tuscania, Norchia, Marta, Ferento, Bagnoregio, Orvieto, Sovana e Viterbo; tutti i centri costruiti facenti parti di questi territori, specialmente quello di Viterbo, sono interessati dal fenomeno della prefabbricazione e standardizzazione delle tecniche costruttive di cui parleremo di seguito. Questi centri, annessi al patrimonio di San Pietro in Tuscia nel 787, riprendendo una parte della frontiera iniziale dell'ex ducato romano, avrebbero garantito un adeguato territorio ai nascenti Stati della Chiesa nella Tuscia, a nord di Roma. Da questa antica unità geopolitica è nato un territorio che presenta delle caratteristiche fortemente omogenee sotto numerosi punti di vista: storico, geografico, politico, geologico, artistico, ecc. Partendo da questi presupposti di omogeneità territoriale, è stata condotta un'approfondita analisi sulle tecniche costruttive delle murature medievali presenti all'interno di tale regione. Essa ha permesso di mettere in evidenza varie caratteristiche particolari delle tecniche costruttive, mostrando un esempio interessante di applicazione dei sistemi di standardizzazione nella produzione dei materiali da costruzione, come ad esempio dei procedimenti specifici seriali per la realizzazione di particolari elementi architettonici. 2 1 La tesi, comunemente accettata, che presumeva che la nascita del patrimonio di San Pietro in Tuscia risalisse alla cosiddetta «donazione di Sutri», che il papa Gregorio II avrebbe ricevuto dal re longobardo Liutprando nel 728, è stata rifiutata dallo storico Girolamo Arnaldi che ha invece definito quell'atto esclusivamente come una restituzione di beni privati alla Chiesa Romana (Arnaldi 1987, p. 85). fig. I -Viterbo. Loggia del Palazzo Papale, fasi costruttive (grafica di Sandra Pifferi).

2025, Actas del Congreso la Frontera Oriental …

Como destacaba recientemente P. , la frontera se ha constituido como un objeto histórico privilegiado para analizar la capacidad estatal de ordenar un territorio en litigio, que supone relaciones a la vez de contacto y de exclusión. En esta compleja dialéctica selectiva, ocupan un papel primordial los castillos como visualización de la idea de poder pero también como expresión concreta del límite a partir del cual la apropiación de bienes y servicios por una colectividad está sujeta a acuerdos y mediatizada por negociaciones que implican el inevitable reconocimiento de otra como portadora de derechos sobre los mismos. La frontera nasrí se construye a partir del tagr, es decir un conjunto jerarquizado de atalayas, torres de alquería y castillos dependientes de una ciudad, donde reside el jefe militar (qa'id), con funciones políticas (delegado del sultan) y parcialmente judiciales. Esta circunscripción militarizada, expuesta a la defensa de la fe como mahall ribat, tuvo por centro extremo-oriental a Vera (fig. ). El estudio de sus evidencias arqueológicas obliga a replantear su verdadero potencial defensivo, caracterizando una profunda y larga crisis económica consecuente a la remodelación del poblamiento y al colapso productivo ante la imposibilidad de ampliación de los perímetros irrigados por encima del creciente expolio fronterizo. El registro material que sirve de base al estudio es el resultado de una larga colaboración (desde finales de los 60) con distintos investigadores, participación en el Pre-Catálogo de Yacimientos Arqueológicos de la Provincia de Almería (1984) y labores de inventario, clasificación, estudio y exposición de los materiales del extinto Museo de Vera (1988) por uno de nosotros (D. Ortíz), junto a los resultados obtenidos en los trabajos de limpieza superficial selectiva adscritos al Campo de Trabajo en julio de 1984 1 .

2025, ARCHEOLOGIA DELL'ARCHITETTURA, 26

The article, centered on stone architectures and the related construction site organization, is divided into five paragraphs. The first comprises a synthesis of the main achievements in these fields for the architecture of the 8th and 9th centuries, highlighting how the use of stone is for the most part connected to the lay powers that used it mainly for symbolic purposes, employing a number of solutions aimed at evidencing a sort of regularity of the wall surface, also in the face of a general economy of the construction site that required to adopt specific choices in the production cycles. In the second paragraph, the case study of the site of Vetricella, the center of an important royal court, is addressed in order to demonstrate how still at the end of 10th century in secular structures, even at sites linked to high standing commissions, the use of wood or mixed materials was still not indicative of either cultural or social choices. In the third paragraph the single case study is compared with other examples from the centre-north of the peninsula, evidencing how during the 11th century, especially in rural areas, the use of stone in civil constructions, although not its accurate manufacture, was functional in marking the general layout of the sites, thanks also to a more accurate design and the widespread construction of towers inside their precincts. In religious architecture, on the other hand, it was between the 10th and 11th century that the first experiments involving a detailed processing of stone elements took place. The fourth paragraph contains a series of observations on a possible circuit of building sites linked to secular and religious structures established between the end of the 10th and 11th century, and characterized by similar choices as well as construction organization. In the last paragraph, using the already illustrated data, a more circumscribed period which saw the resurgence of stone building is hypothesized, connected to the Ottonian Age and the policies implemented by the public authorities of the time, with especial reference to the March of Tuscia. The falling in line, from the second half of the 11th century, of the lay architecture with the religious one on the same choices of stonework, in wall surfaces uncovered by plaster, can be read as the result of the previous construction season related to the needs of representation of both the power and wealth of the territorial signeurships.

2025, Research Project on Medieval Pottery in Yorkshire

During archaeological excavations at the Malton Roman Fort in North Yorkshire between 1927 and 1930 by Dr John Kirk and Philip Corder found several pottery sherds of the thirteenth and fourteenth-century. They are mostly rims of cooking pots or storage jars discovered in the disturbed Roman deposits in the area of Malton Castle. At this time the excavation was focused on Roman finds so the significance of the sherds was not fully realised, although they were kept separate from the Roman finds. One of the fragments from the excavations was identified as a spout from a medieval pottery aquamanile. It can be quite difficult to identify fragments from aquamaniles however, this fragment looks as though it should be part of an aquamanile which has a spout through which water could be poured. This spout fragment from a medieval pottery aquamanile is of some archaeological importance, as with other aquamanile in Yorkshire. They serve to illustrate the wide area of distribution of better quality ceramics being produced by potters working in Yorkshire during the thirteenth and fourteenth-century.

2024, Zapiski Historyczne

This analysis was prompted by the discovery of a fragment of a medieval wall at
Malbork Castle during an archaeological inspection in 2023. Drawing from early modern
inventory descriptions, maps, and panoramas of the castle, it was determined that
this fragment belonged to a previously unidentified complex of gates located between
the outer bailey and the Nogat River. These gates have not yet been fully recognised
or properly identified by researchers. Although limited archaeological investigations
have taken place in this area, they have not provided substantial information about
this gate complex. The most well-known of the gates was the first one, positioned near
St Lawrence Church. Historical sources describe a long, narrow entrance passage extending
westward from this gate. Along the passage’s side walls were two additional
gates, referred to as the Grain (Ger. Korn) or Granary (Ger. Kornhaus) Gates, named
after a large nearby granary on the Nogat River. The northern gate led towards the granary,
while the southern gate provided access to the town of Malbork. In front of the
southern gate was a transverse moat, crossed by a drawbridge. Another gate branched
off towards the river. To the west of the gate complex was a small walled courtyard,
surrounded by various buildings mentioned in surviving records. An analysis of these
sources enabled the partial reconstruction of the gate complex, which did not survive
the Swedish Deluge in its original form. However, key aspects – such as the dimensions
of the complex, the precise layout of the walls, and the construction techniques – still
require further investigation.

2024, Archeologia in Liguria n.s. VI

Notizia delle indagini Soprintendenza Archeologia della Liguria (anni 2014-2015) lungo la sezione del terrapieno sottostante l'ex orto dei Padri Gesuiti a Sanremo (IM), in area già vincolata a causa del ritrovamento nelle immediate vicinanze di una stazione paleolitica all'aperto. Sono emersi livelli pleistocenici e a tetto un suolo pre-Wurmiano; inoltre sono stati raccolti una quarantina di reperti paleolitici ma anche ceramiche della seconda età del Ferro e di età romana.

2024, Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie

The article presents the results of architectural research of the gate tower of the Górny Castle in Opole. In the introduction, the oldest mentions, current literature and description of the object are discussed. Based on the results of research, the implementation of the gate tower can be associated with the activities of Prince Vladislaus II of Opole and embedded in 1382–87. The medieval gate tower was erected with a rectangular plan with the front facing east. Quite a regular composition of the Gothic façade was for- med by recesses, widows and door composed on two levels. The lowest one was composed of: a gate opening flanked by two pointed blends and a pair of pilaster strips, and an oculus on the southern edge. The second level, separated by a frieze panel, had two rectangular windows – on the axis above the passage and above the southern panel. Above them, the wooden hoards was established. The interiors of the lower two floors have service rooms for drawbridges, a dungeon and a furnace heating the room on the first floor. The level of the passage was filled with an entrance hall and a fire chamber and a well – descent to the level of bridge service. The top floor had a defensive function. The tower was rebuilt in the 17th century, and also in the years 1858–59, when the crown was shaped in the form of a stylized low battlement. The façade arrangement was also changed by introducing semi-circular and pointed windows openings. A cage frame was introduced in 1898 and the north facade was covered in 1938.

2024

Sztum is a small town, located approximately 14 km south of Malbork, on the north-western edge of the Iława Lake District, in historic Pomezania. The work presented to readers consists of nine main chapters. The first one presents the... more

2024, Zapiski Historyczne, t. 89, z. 3

Old Toruń (Stary Toruń)-the Oldest and Longest-Standing Teutonic Stronghold in Chełmno Land: An Analysis of Rank, Location, and Architectural Form The Teutonic stronghold in Old Toruń (Pol. Stary Toruń), established in 1231, has been regularly referenced within the scholarly literature. Despite its prominence as one of the oldest and most enduring sites in Chełmno Land (Ger. Kulmerland), the scarcity of sources delineating its rank, location, and architectural form has hindered extensive research endeavours and likely contributed to the historical oversight of this significant stronghold. Nonetheless, existing archaeological findings, historiographical analyses, and written records offer some insights into the site's characteristics. Between at least 1368 and 1418, Old Toruń served as the residence of the Teutonic Pfleger, and from 1436 to 1439, it functioned as the seat of the manor administrator. Both the initial stronghold and the subsequent brick castle were strategically positioned near the Vistula River. Two structures identified during non-invasive examinations conducted in 2017-2018 are proposed as potential locations for these edifices. The original fortification, constructed in 1231, likely featured wooden and earthen defences, an observation post, and a light timber-framed building. In contrast, the later castle predominantly comprised a brick Gemach, which possibly took the form of a tower house.

2024, Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Wooden structures were commonly found in brick castles. The uniform brick form of the Malbork
Castle is the result of conservation work from the 19th and 20th centuries. However, based
on modern descriptions and iconography, one can identify half-timbered and wooden buildings
there. These included residential and utility buildings as well as elements of fortifications. The only
residential-representative building of this type was a manor house built in the mid-16th century
in the Middle Castle. Most of the modern half-timbered buildings were located in the outer bailey.
These were smaller utility buildings, as well as numerous small houses inhabited by soldiers,
servants, and renters. The fortification elements had medieval origins. Some towers and bastions
had half-timbered upper floors: Gdanisko, the Buttermilk Tower, Kurza Noga, and Baba, as well
as two bastions in the eastern wall. Some also had wooden dormers on the roof. There were also
half-timbered and wooden overhanging rooms (hoardings) on the walls.

2024, Quarry - Laboratory - Monument Intern.Conference Univ. Pavia (I.) Pavia 2000,

Short overview of the occurence, the use and the types of natural stone in Flanders. Some aspects about the state of the art in stone conservation practice in architectural preservation projects and alternatives for stone substitution are... more

2024

A survey of hundreds of medieval churches throughout the Ile-de-France and surrounding areas, undertaken between 2014 and 2017 led to the formulation of some ideas about medieval building practices that may change how we view medieval... more

2024, Matthias Untermann, Die Kirche des Zisterzienserklosters Maulbronn. Die Ostteile (Forschungen und Berichte der Bau- und Kunstdenkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 20)

2024, Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía (2008)

La realización en el año 2009 de un estudio planimétrico que recogiese la ubicación de todos los restos estructurales visibles en la superficie de la fortificación permitió documentar parte del trazado de la muralla perimetral, así como el trazado de algunos muros interiores. La puesta en valor y la ejecución de obras para la protección del recinto fortificado planificada por el ayuntamiento de Huércal-Overa, nos ha permitido la acotación del perímetro que poseería originalmente la fortaleza

2024, Antiquitas

basa en los castillos y las atalayas como elementos fundamentales. Las técnicas de construcción han ido variando según las zonas sin salir del marco general de la época. Presentamos un estudio arqueológico pormenorizado del castillo de... more

2024, Antiquitas

2024, Vremya Muzeya: a collection of articles. Kaliningrad: Strazh Baltiki

The article presents the results of the analysis of museum objects from the fund collections of the Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Art, in particular the bricks made during the period of the Teutonic Order state in the lands... more

2024, XXI SESJA POMORZOZNAWCZA MATERIAŁY Z KONFERENCJI TORUŃ, 22–24 LISTOPADA 2017 ROKU

2024

This article continues the study of geometry at the abbey church of Saint-Martin-aux-Bois, turning to the design of the piers and their capitals. As in the earlier articles, adjustments were made which may indicate a change in master mason.

2024

Without slow-setting mortars or shrinkage, there was no need for itinerant masons, and if Robert Mark is correct, “slow-setting” mortars were not as slow setting as we have been led to believe, and shrinkage was so negligible as to be... more

2024

The evidence suggests overwhelmingly that a master who used the royal foot of 32.5cm set out the building and supervised the construction of the choir up to the level of the triforium floor. From that point, the Roman foot of 29.5cm dominates, suggesting a change in master. There is no overarching “geometry” underlying either the plan or the elevation of the choir. The predominance of even multiples of either the royal foot or the Roman foot demonstrates this. No geometry could result in so many even numbers. This building was formulated arithmetically from bottom to top.

2024

My work at the abbey church of Saint-Martin-aux-Bois provides a good example of how “geometry” played only a very limited role in the design of the building, and how significant the moldings were in determining the final configuration.

2024

The following is a response to an article John James recently published on academia.edu, titled "Mortar, measure, masonry: Who created the gothic style?".

2024, Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici: Archaeologia

W artykule przedstawiono rekonstrukcję architektury zamku kapituły pomezańskiej w średniowieczu oraz techniki jego budowy w oparciu o ostatnio przeprowadzone badania. Jak dotąd najlepiej rozpoznaną częścią zamku pozostaje zamek wysoki (kasztel), choć nie ma pełnej zgodności np. co do funkcji poszczególnych wnętrz. Najsłabiej rozpoznane pozostaje przedzamcze, którego rekonstrukcję oparto na nowożytnej ikonografii. Ostatnie badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne na zamku wysokim były pierwszymi, które umożliwiły odtworzenie przekształceń terenu i uzupełniły wiedzę o technice budowy zamku.

2024, Sub umbra Cathedrae. La Tovaglia del Perdono per la basilica Vaticana

Analisi della raffigurazione dell'umiliazione di Enrico IV e del perdono concesso a Canossa da Gregorio VII nel 1077. Sono esaminate incisioni di Jos Murer (dall'opera di J. Stumpf; le incisioni dall'opera di J. Foxe e di A. L. von Imhoff; la riproduzione del disegno di F. Zuccari per l'affresco della Sala Regia in Vaticano di A.C. Philippe e Nicolas Le Sueur. Si tratta di incisioni provenienti dal mercato antiquario e oggi conservate nella Raccolta Grasselli

2024

In diesem Beitrag widmen wir uns Karlín (deutsch: Karolinental), einem historischen Stadtteil Prags, der sich vor allem nach der Überschwemmung 2002 veränderte. Als Folge dieser Katastrophe standen zahlreiche Ab brüche an, um Neubauten Platz zu machen. Eines der neuen Vorhaben war der Bau eines Hotels an der Ecke der Straßen Pobřežní und Prvního pluku. Das Gebiet von Karlín befindet sich außerhalb des historischen Stadtkerns von Prag; noch zu Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts bestand hinter der barocken Stadtbefestigung eine nur dünne Vorstadtbebauung (Abb. 1 und 2). Die ältesten Häuser lagen entlang der Straßen von Prag nach Osten, also an der heutigen SokolovskáStraße. Mit dem Beginn des In dustriezeitalters breitete sich die Stadt auch außerhalb der Stadtmauer aus. Die Bautätigkeit wurde geregelt und 1816 ein Regulierungsplan für die Bebauung ausgearbeitet, den Kaiser Franz I. 1817 bewilligte. Zu Ehren seiner vierten Gattin, Karoline Auguste von Bayern, wurde die neue Vor stadt „Ka...

2024, In: Petrarca e l’Umanesimo latino. Atti del convegno AlmaPetrarca, V edizione (Bologna, 15 marzo 2022), a cura di V. Bernardi e V. Zimarino, Bologna, FICLIT, 2023, pp. 1-25.

2024

Opracowanie: dr hab. inż. arch. Ulrich Schaaf, prof. UMK; dr Maciej Prarat Wstęp Opracowanie, które Państwo otrzymują, powstało w celu przybliżenia i usystematyzowania metody badań zabytkowych budowli drewnianych oraz dokładnego określenia formy dokumentacji, jaką powinny się one kończyć. Jednocześnie ich celem jest zwrócenie uwagi na potrzebę prowadzenia tego rodzaju analiz przy zabytkach budownictwa drewnianego w Polsce 1. Tak w zakresie intensyfikacji rozpoznania zabytkoznawczego tego zespołu, jak podejmowanych przy nich prac konserwatorsko-restauratorskich. Jest to bowiem największy zasób zabytków podlegający ochronie prawnej, którego rozpoznanie w dalszym ciągu pozostawia wiele do życzenia. Niniejsze studium przeznaczone jest dla szerokiego grona odbiorców. Są nimi głównie pracownicy służb ochrony zabytków, którzy zarówno zlecają wykonanie takowego rozpoznania, jak i oceniają później jego wynik. Kolejnymi grupami są szerokie grono badaczy architektury, osób opracowujących projekty architektoniczno-budowlane, czy w końcu wykonawców zajmujących się konserwacją i restauracją budownictwa drewnianego. Osobną grupą odbiorców są właściciele zabytków oraz potencjalni inwestorzy. W celu jak najprzystępniejszego zaprezentowania metody i formy dokumentacji badań niniejsze studium podzielone zostało na kilka części. W pierwszej kolejności zaprezentowana zostanie definicja badań architektonicznych oraz podstawy prawne ich wykonywania. Rozdział drugi ma na celu omówienie przedmiotu badań, dalej zaś-ich cel i zakres. Zaprezentowane zostaną tam podstawowe elementy kompleksowych prac przedprojektowych, w skład których wchodzi: inwentaryzacja pomiarowo-rysunkowa będąca podstawą graficznej prezentacji wniosków; studium historyczne pozwalające na uzyskanie informacji odnośnie zabytku na podstawie źródeł i literatury; badania towarzyszące, tj. dendrochronologiczne, stratygraficzne, archeologiczne i inne. Rozdział trzeci jest główną częścią pracy. We wstępie wymienione zostaną podstawowe konstrukcje drewnianych ścian i więźb dachowych. Dalej zaś omówione zostaną główne kryteria analizy konstrukcji szkieletowych (ściany i więźby dachowe) oraz wieńcowych. Konstrukcji sumikowo-łątkowej oraz * STANDARDY PROWADZENIA I OPRACOWANIA WYNIKÓW BADAŃ ARCHITEKTONICZNYCH BUDOWLI DREWNIANYCH opracowano w ramach realizacji zadania "Ewaluacja stosowanych standardów i metod konserwatorskich", wyszczególnionego w Krajowym Programie Ochrony Zabytków i Opieki nad Zabytkami na lata 2019-2022 (dokumencie przyjętym uchwałą nr 82 Rady Ministrów z dnia 13 sierpnia 2019 r.), w ramach szczegółowego celu programowego "Optymalizacji systemu ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego"-kierunku służącemu "wzmocnieniu systemu ochrony na poziomie centralnym", Toruń-Warszawa 2022. 1 Niniejsze standardy odnoszą się głównie do tradycyjnego, przedindustrialnego zasobu historycznych budowli w Polsce. Nie obejmują one elementów wykończeniowych, tj. schodów, okien i drzwi, które również podlegać muszą szczegółowemu rozpoznaniu.

2023, Zapiski Historyczne

The Medieval Brick Castle of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów: Construction Chronology, Layout and Spatial Arrangement Teutonic castles in Prussia have long captivated the interest of scholars, with greater emphasis placed on the fortresses of Teutonic commanders and, notably, Malbork Castle. Lesser attention, however, has been given to the castles of lower-ranking Teutonic officials. One such castle is the Teutonic Pflegers' fortress in Bytów, which stands to this day. Research on this site has been ongoing since the early 20 th century, primarily conducted by art historians who have predominantly relied on architectural elements to delve into the castle's construction chronology and spatial arrangement. Remarkably, numerous written accounts, both medieval and modern (16 th-17 th centuries), have been preserved concerning this castle. By incorporating these historical documents alongside archaeological findings made over the past three decades, the authors have reassessed prior conclusions about the castle's early history and reconstituted its medieval spatial layout. Regrettably, little information is available regarding the initial residence of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów during the latter half of the 14 th century. The brick castle was erected around the turn of the 15 th century, displaying a rectangular design with four corner towers. The primary building was located on the northwestern side. Within the courtyard, a distinctive feature was a transverse wall that divided the castle into two sections, viewing from the side of the kitchen. This architectural choice was distinct from other fortifications of Teutonic officials constructed in the first half of the 15 th century in Prussia. The design of the castle in Bytów was innovative, while its architecture and spatial layout were to align with the evolving demands of warfare, such as the development of firearms.

2023, Insediamenti e manifatture nel mondo mediterraneo fra Toscana e mondo mediterraneo: ricerche archeologiche e documentarie (medioevo-età moderna) per Andrea Vanni Desideri

Blake H. 2023 : Fucecchio nel contesto di altri centri produttori toscani di ceramica nel Settecento, in Malvolti A., Vannini G. (a cura di), Insediamenti e manifatture nel mondo mediterraneo fra Toscana e mondo mediterraneo: ricerche archeologiche e documentarie (medioevo-età moderna) per Andrea Vanni Desideri, Sesto Fiorentino, All’Insegna del Giglio (coll. Documenti di Archeologia Postmedievale, 10), pp. 175-179. ISBN 978-88-928-5238-9.
Fucecchio in the Context of other Tuscan Pottery-Producing Centres in the Eighteenth Century. My tribute to Andrea Vanni Desideri consists of an appreciation of his recent book on Fucecchio’s post-medieval pottery (2022). After a reflection on how his role as a local museum director has contributed to this achievement and following a partial precis of the story he presented, I use the invaluable transcription published by Fausto Berti (1998, pp. 46 53) of the reports on pottery production in the Grand Duchy submitted to the Enquiry on the state of manufactures undertaken between 1765 and 1768 to comment on the decline of Fucecchio’s potteries. The Enquiry provides comparative data on different Tuscan centres at this time and in the previous thirty years including the sources of raw materials, the type of pots made, and how they were traded in a key period of transition which saw the establishment of ‘factories’ directed by entrepreneurs and the beginning of the end of craft workshops.

2023

Iranians invented squinches to cover a square-plan space with a dome. Filposh, a type of squinch first found in Sasanian architecture, is a conical vault constructed in the transition zone's corners to transmit the dome's forces and weight. This technique can be seen in three halls of the Sasanian palace of Ardeshir. In this paper, the geometry of the transition zone using filposh squinches between a spherical dome and the square supporting walls in Ardeshir Palace was reexamined. A historical descriptive method was employed to analyse the main drawings of the halls from the nineteenth century to the present, and two hypotheses concerning the geometry of the transition zone were modelled and evaluated. As a result, the hypothesis that the dome's cross-section intersects the chamber's square plan is rejected. Furthermore, the claim that the transition zone's square plan circumscribes the dome's cross-section was discussed and proven.

2023, Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

Until the archaeological explorations conducted in 2013–2016, the castle in Kowalewo
Pomorskie was among the less methodically studied commander strongholds. Those
explorations materially changed this state, making it possible to reconstruct the plan
of the castle to a greater degree than it had been known. An analysis of descriptions
contained in inventories dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth century as conducted in this article makes it possible to considerably expand this picture and reconstruct the appearance and topography of the stronghold over this period. The arrangement of the subsequent outer baileys and the plan of the High Castle have been described in considerable detail. In addition, the same data enables us to trace the increasing degradation of the castle complex. The analysis of inventories allows for a verification of some views found in specialist literature.

2023, Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

In the years 2016–2018, as part of the research project “Castra terrae culmensis – na rubieży chrześcijańskiego świata”, five castles at the Chełmno land were studied. They supplemented the existing knowledge concerning construction techniques. Castles in Starogród and Bierzgłowo represent the oldest period of brick construction in Prussia. They constituted a continuation of wood and earth fortifications. When building the walls, the older embankments were completely removed (Starogród) or lowered (Bierzgłowo). The curtains were set in narrow ditches, at different levels. The castle in Lipienek represents a type of castle, which was built around 1280. However, it was located in the place of a gord, which deviates from the rule when it comes to this type of castles. However, here the builders took advantage of designing methods, construction staging, and large embankment works typical for such type of castles. However, the presence of a rampart forced a modification of the standard technique. It was necessary to partially level it in order to be able to build the basement walls individually. The presence of earthworks – embankments, was also found in the fore court II in Papowo Biskupie. They were also characteristic for irregular castle zwingers erected during this period (Starogród, Bierzgłowo). Whereas, in Unisław it is possible to trace the technique of building an arcade foundation.

2023, Il corpo della pietra. Tensioni, vibrazioni, simbiosi

2023, Medieval Archaeology

THE present paper offers a brief account of some of the results offield-work carried out in the neighbourhood of the village if Chalton, close to the border between Hampshire and Sussex (FIG. I). The survey, which began in earnest in 1966 and is still continuing, is concerned with discovering the total settlement-pattern of the area from mesolithic times until the present day,' Already more than a hundred occupation-sites have been discovered in an area if approximately five square miles, and since the rate if discovery does not abate, the project cannot be regarded as anywhere near completion. Nevertheless it is felt that sufficient is now known of Saxon and medieval settlement and land-use to warrant the publication if this summary. '] Op, cit. in note 2, 104. '4 Ibid., 102.

2023, Britannia

I N the late autumn of 1968 gravel-quarrying at Aldwincle, Northants., brought to light a timber bridge of the Roman period. The working face of the gravel-pit fortunately coincided with one side of the bridge, and thereby exposed the structure in section (PL. IX A). Excavation of the bridge was carried out by D. A. Jackson during the winter of 1968/9 under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Public Building and Works. 2 THE SITE The site 3 lies at 100 ft.-above OD in Aldwincle parish, adjacent to the parish boundary with Titchmarsh and one mile north of the small market town of Thrapston. Some 170 yards south of the site the modern course of the River Nene veers to the east, but in Roman times it evidently continued in a straight line to the point where the bridge was discovered (FIG. 2). From there it apparently followed the modern course of Harpers Brook to the northeast. To the southeast of the bridge, a broad stretch of meadowland was found to be extensively covered with alluvial deposits; on the northwest side, however, the ground was drier and alluvium occurred only in hollows. The road carried by the bridge was almost certainly the route that ran from Leicester to Godmanchester (Margary Route 57A). 4 The road is recorded by Margary as far as the A 604 Thrapston-to-Oundle road, which is about threequarters of a mile southeast of the bridge. 5 Near this point there is an extensive crossroads-settlement of the Roman period, and a Roman cemetery overlying 1 This report also includes contributions from Miss J.

2023, The Antiquaries Journal

2023, Ctas Del Vii Congreso Nacional De Historia De La Construccion Vii Congreso Nacional De Historia De La Construccion 26 10 2011 29 10 2011 Santiago De Compostela

2023, Edizioni del Faro

Sembra che il tema della casa non abbia perso di attualità. La costanza con cui viene trattato questo tema è registrata dalla pubblicazione libresca che rende vivo il dibattito tra cultori e specialisti. Un tempo la casa era considerata un tema minore rispetto ai grandi temi dell’architettura. Musei, teatri, templi, basiliche, municipi, palazzi sono sempre stati al centro dell’interesse principale del progetto e solo nel secolo scorso il tema della casa si è imposto con urgenza ed ha assunto una rilevanza fondamentale all’interno di un contesto più ampio che riguarda la costruzione di un’idea di città.
Il libro tratta della relazione che intercorre tra l’insegnamento della disciplina e coloro che l’apprendono. Il testo verifica l’attendibilità dell’insegnamento rispetto ad un programma il cui contenuto mira ad essere trasmesso ad una platea di studenti. Di questo contenuto la finalità vuole essere la consegna allo studente degli strumenti atti alla comprensione critica di un progetto di architettura il cui ambito di indagine si misura con il tema della casa. Il libro si organizza attorno a tre parti distinte. La prima mette in luce le tematiche ritenute essenziali alla definizione degli strumenti critici per un progetto consapevole. In questa sezione viene sostanzialmente elaborata una teoria del progetto e la definizione di un metodo. La seconda documenta degli elaborati degli studenti nella forma di schede di progetto relativamente al tema della casa affrontata a loro proposta dalla docenza ed a cui si riferisce la teoria. Infine, la terza parte raccoglie una serie di saggi, inerenti alla tematica dell’abitazione, elaborati da alcuni autori rispetto alle lezioni da loro tenute come invitati al corso di composizione architettonica e urbana.
Il libro vorrebbe porsi all’interno di un contesto culturale che guarda all’architettura non solo come una disciplina fondata sulla assimilazione di competenze tecniche, ma finalizzata alla condivisione di un pensiero autentico che si interroga sui valori più che sulla prassi.

2023, Ivories, Rock Reliefs and Merv Studies on the Ancient Near East in Honour of Georgina Herrmann Edited by Dirk Wicke and John Curtis

In this paper I want to deal with four topics, some briefly, some at more length. First, why study the zone of transition-otherwise known as the squinch zone-in the first place? After all, it sounds terminally boring. Second, what kind of architectural forms for this zone did the Muslims inherit? Third, what caused the radical changes in the squinch zone in the Islamic period? Fourth, and lastly, what were these changes, and what are the key points in the evolution of the squinch zone in medieval Iran? First, then: why study the squinch zone? Any examination of an architectural feature is liable to be dry. Those that attempt such a study must steer a treacherous course between the two poles of taxonomy-that is, close, detailed description, often involving the creation of multiple categories-and of analysis, where scholars are equally apt to get bogged down in

2023, Enciclopedia del Románico en España. Madrid, Fundación Santa María la Real-Centro de Estudios del Románico, Aguilar de Campoo

2023, Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan

Riassunto Questo studio si propone di interpretare storicamente i rusultati dell'analisi dell'edilizia dei centri abitati che conformano l'insediamento della valle del Lucido in Lunigiana (MS). La diacronia dell'architettura conservata e le tipologie edilizie, confrontate con i dati di scavo archeologico e le fonti scritte, permettono infatti di ripercorrere le tappe fondamentali dell'insediamento della valle e la sua articolazione, con una particolare attenzione ai fenomeni socioeconomici, per un periodo compreso tra l'XI e il XX secolo.

2023, STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research

Archaeological and historical research combined with material science help to understand the development of building material and construction technology of the Middle Ages. The natural sciences, especially mortar characterisation and scientific dating have allowed new insights into mechanical mortar mixing which has been introduced and used mainly in the early medieval period between AD 500 and 1000. This paper combines the results of the pan-European archaeological research project RESTOMO with that of the interdisciplinary SNF-project "Mortar technology and construction history" at the UNESCO-world heritage site of Müstair monastery. Müstair so far is the only site with six mortar mixers from two periods. The comparison of the mortar samples from the mixers with samples from the building remains has proven to be challenging and partly contradicts the previous correlation of mortar mixers with archaeologically established building phases.

2023, ruralia.cz

Page 1. Rensbro, Medieval farm houses.. 41 -44 Medieval farm houses in Eastern Denmark 1200-1600. Archaeological ... PAMATKY ARCHEOLOGICKÉ - SUPPLFMENTUM 15, R1JRAI IA IV 41 Page 2. Rensbro, Medieval farm houses... -44 ...

2023, Nizzo V. (a cura di), Archeologia e Antropologia della Morte. Atti dell'incontro Internazionale di studi. 20-22 maggio 2015

2023, Quaternary International

The article is the first presentation of detailed research of bird bones from six Teutonic Order castles built in the 13th century in the historical territory of Prussia, mainly in Terra Culmensisthe Kulmerland. The aim was to assess diachronic trends in bird exploitation at these sites. 28 different species were identified within the three historical periods represented in the occupation phases of these castlesthe Pre-Teutonic Order or early medieval period, the Teutonic Order's period of rule and that of the Kingdom of Poland. The most numerous were domestic fowl (chicken) and geese, and their anatomical composition, age, sex and biometrics are described. A small percentage consists of wild species. The significance of birds for the castle elites in all periods was assessed through a comparison of archaeo-ornithological and historical data. The bird remains (and eggshells) from these castles largely represent the waste from food preparation, but some can be connected with hawking, the use of feathers and down, as well as for particular species kept for ornamental purposes. All of these are defining characteristics of high-status sites in the medieval and early modern periods.