Medieval Building Technology Research Papers (original) (raw)

Presentasjon av eldre skjelterbygg med døme på ulike konstruksjonsdetaljar.

The construction of the castle in Świecie began around 1335. It was located on the fork of the Vistula and
Wda rivers. The Vistula initially passed directly under the southern walls of the castle, while the Wda was separated
from it. The outer ward protected the wide moat from the west. The next moat surrounded the upper castle
on three sides. The outer ward had a plan similar to that of a rectangle. To the west there was a gate with a tower
and a cowshed, from the south – the house of the commander and stables, and from the north perhaps also the
armoury and infirmary. Surrounded by the parcham, the convent house was built on a square plan with a cylindrical
“bergfried” (tower) in the north-west corner and three lower cylindrical towers in the other. It had two fully
raised wings – in the north it housed, amongst others, a chapel and refectory, and in the eastern wing a brewery,
bakery and dormitory. From the south and west there were single storey buildings present in the Middle Ages,
housing a kitchen (in the south) associated rooms and a basement (in the western wing). Based on the analysis
of architecture and the results of archaeological research it is possible to reconstruct the stages and techniques of
construction. After setting the proportions of the building by the “ad quadratum” method, a perimeter curtain
wall was first built. Subsequently, the internal buildings were successively constructed from the main (northern)
wing. The area of the courtyard and the parcham were raised by 2–3 metres. Subsequently, the upper floors of the
“Bergfried”, the parcham wall, and, finally, the outer ward were erected.

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles
- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles, Teutonic Order

L’idea e lo stimolo per la ricerca e la catalogazione dei segni lapidari in Sardegna è nata dalla mancanza di uno studio organico in merito, dovuta soprattutto a un lavoro di datazione, analisi e identificazione dei monumenti eseguito purtroppo ancora in modo assai troppo superficiale.
Lo studio dei numerosi monumenti religiosi e civili costruiti in Sardegna è stato quasi sempre realizzato con l’analisi di poche conoscenze separate tra di loro, e senza che queste abbiano potuto poi specificare tutti i punti di vista che esistono all'interno di ognuna di esse.
Nel caso delle chiese romaniche, ad esempio, per quanto si debba indubbiamente partire con lo studio delle strutture architettoniche e delle loro variabili tipologiche, questo non può prescindere dalla decorazione plastica, pittorica e musiva che evidenzia l'esigenza tutta medioevale di accostare alla conoscenza della religione cristiana una comunità di fedeli, per lo più incapaci di leggere.
Nonostante in questi ultimi anni ci sia stato un ampliamento nel campo di indagine resta ancora l’esigenza di approfondire non solo la conoscenza sugli aspetti araldici ed iconografici ma anche l’analisi di tutti i segni lapidari: questo mio contributo vuol essere quindi soprattutto uno stimolo per l’utilizzo e l’approfondimento di uno strumento che, a mio avviso, può caratterizzare ancora di più la conoscenza delle realtà emergenti in tutto il territorio isolano.

- by Stefano Castello
- •
- Architecture, Medieval History, Medieval Church History, Medieval Archaeology

Three early Anglo-Saxon sunken-featured buildings dating to the late fifth or early sixth century were discovered during excavation. Finds suggest that stamp-decorated and grass-tempered pottery was made in the settlement. Burnt daub with a lime-washed surface was found, possibly from other, larger buildings. In the late tenth or early eleventh century the site was reoccupied. Traces of five timber buildings from this second phase of activity were recorded to the south of the parish church, which was built (or rebuilt) during this period. Other structures including a well and fence-line were excavated. During the later medieval period the area examined was probably part of the glebe of the parish of Botolphs. A ditch and rubbish pits of the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries found here are to be associated with the nearby vicarage.

- by Mark Gardiner
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- Early Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Building Technology
- by Antonio Alberti
- •
- Late Middle Ages, Architecture, Medieval History, Landscape Archaeology
- by Zeno Karl Pinter and +1
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- Medieval History, Urban History, Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Pottery

Bricks excavated during archaeological-architectural research of medieval
brick architecture often carry various marks and signs: made
unintentionally, e.g. prints of human feet or animal paws or hooves,
as well as made intentionally, e.g. auxiliary drawings and mason signs.
The brick found at the Castle in Kowalewo Pomorskie is a fragment
of rib mould. The drawing on it does not fit any of the functions listed
above. It is a drawing representing a projection of a four-arm stellar
vault in a framing close in its contour to a spherical square. It is probably
a sketch, used by a master to explain some issues to another
craftsman. Source information shows that brickyards, masons’ abodes
and workshops were in direct vicinity of ordensburg construction sites.
Livestock was kept there as well, which is suggested by goat and pig
hoofprints, visible on the bricks.

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles

The article describes the techniques of building regularly-shaped castles
(Castelle) in Prussia. They started to appear around 1280, when
the stabilization and development of the state provided a basis for the
development of monumental architecture. This period is characterized
by rapid advances in architecture, both in quantitative and in qualitative
terms. The development of high-class architecture was accompanied
by progress in building techniques and the completion of well
thought-out investments. More recent studies indicate that castellumtype
castles were built according to similar patterns, ranging from the
choice of a construction site, through design, order of masonry work, to
extensive earthworks. These features, repetitive until the beginning of
the 15th century, evidence the presence of a well-established building
tradition in Prussia.

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles, Teutonic Order
- by Martina Kudlíková
- •
- Architecture, Renaissance, Architectural Geometry, Medieval Architecture

The medieval rotunda discovered in Huet - Square in Sibiu

- by Zeno Karl Pinter
- •
- Medieval History, Medieval Church History, Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Art

Presentazione
Ringraziamenti
1.Introduzione
1.1 Obiettivi, criteri e limiti della ricerca per lo studio delle tecniche costruttive in Sardegna
1.2 Lo stato dell' arte
2.La Sardegna
2.1 Caratteri geomorfologici, geologici e litologici
2.2 La Sardegna dall' età fenicio-punica all' età bizantina
2.3 La Sardegna medievale: i giudicati di Arborea, Torres, Calari e Gallura
2.3.1 La nascita dei giudicati
2.3.2 La Sardegna nel quadro della politica espansionistica di Pisa, Genova e Aragona nel Mediterraneo
2.3.3 Riflessi della condizione politica ed economica sui fenomeni insediativi
2.3.4 Cenni sulla storia della Chiesa in Sardegna dalle origini al Medioevo
2.3.5 La viabilità medievale
3.Cenni sui caratteri tipologici dell' architettura medievale
3.1 Caratteri dell' architettura religiosa
3.1.1 Lo stato dell' arte
3.1.2 Le tipologie
3.2 Caratteri dell' architettura civile
3.2.1 Lo stato dell' arte
3.2.2 Le tipologie
3.3 Caratteri dell' architettura militare e fortificata: cinte murarie, castelli, torri
3.3.1 Lo stato dell' arte
3.3.2 Le tipologie
4.Le fonti medievali
4.1 Disposizioni riguardanti l' edilizia
4.2 Magistri, maestranze e committenze nelle fonti documentarie
4.3 Magistri, maestranze e committenze nelle epigrafi/iscrizioni commemorative
4.4 Confraternite, corporazioni, gremi
4.5 Considerazioni conclusive
5.I materiali da costruzione
5.1 La pietra da taglio
5.1.1 Identificazione e diffusione nel territorio dei materiali lapidei
5.1.2 L' approvvigionamento del materiale: recupero e prelievo
5.1.2.1 Caratteri del reimpiego degli spolia in Sardegna
5.1.2.2 Provenienza del materiale di recupero: materiali locali e d' importazione
5.1.3 Il materiale di nuova lavorazione
5.1.3.1 Le pezzature: le bozze, i blocchi, i blocchetti, i conci
5.1.3.2 Forma e dimensioni, strumenti e lavorazioni superficiali
5.1.3.3 I segni dei lapicidi
5.2 La terra cruda
5.3 I materiali fittili da costruzione

- by L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER, Publisher and +1
- •
- Architecture, Medieval History, Cultural Heritage, Medieval Studies

Od XIII do XV wieku budownictwo zamkowe w Prusach przechodziło różne koleje. W XIII wieku centrum władzy i działalności korporacji znajdowało się nadal w Ziemi Świętej. W Prusach do około 1280 roku trwał podbój ziem pogańskich. Ziemie pruskie pozbawione były dotąd tradycji murowanego budownictwa. Pierwsze warownie miały charakter drewniano-ziemny. Wpasowują się więc w typ tzw. zamków kolonizacyjnych i typu przejściowego, budowanych w realiach zmian osadniczo-administracyjnych i społecznych w trzynastowiecznej Europie Środkowej. W połowie XIII wieku rozpoczęto przebudowę kilku z owych drewnianych zamków w murowane. Miały one nieregularny obwód murów i jeden murowany budynek. W okresie tym nie planowano więcej trwałej zabudowy wewnętrznej. Ów jeden budynek miał w przyszłości na piętrze mieścić kaplicę, która była najważniejszym wnętrzem wymaganym dla funkcjonowania wspólnoty zakonnej rycerzy. Rozwój monumentalnej architektury stał się możliwy po zakończeniu podboju około 1280 roku. Zaczęto wówczas budować wielkie zamki regularne (kasztelowe). Wznosili je budowniczowie sprowadzeni z północnych Niemiec, a inwestycje prowadzono według geometrycznych projektów i zgodnie z powtarzalnymi etapami (najpierw obwód zewnętrzny, następnie główne skrzydło z kaplica i kolejnie dalsze skrzydła). Inwestycje te charakteryzowały tez wielkie prace ziemne. Kolejne nowości w budownictwie pojawiły się w XIV wieku - były to oddzielne domy dla komturów i innych dostojników, budowane na parchamach i przedzamczach. W końcu XIV i 1. połowie XV wieku modernizowano tez fortyfikacje niektórych zamków, w związku z pojawieniem się broni palnej

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles
- by Fabio Coden and +2
- •
- Medieval Architecture, Structural Analysis, Medieval Building Technology, Medieval buildings

The article characterizes castle building development in Prussia (primarily commanders’ castles) from about 1280,when political stabilization and state development created the grounds for advancements in monumental architecture. The model of a typical castellwas modified in the Teutonic state, but as recent research demonstrates, the construction of older irregular castles that followed these new patterns continued. The period is characterized by a qualitative and quantitative boom in construction. High-quality architecture went hand in hand with the development of building techniques in completing sophisticated structures, masonry and earthworks. The model of commander castle created in the last quarter of 14th century was still in use until the beginning of the 15th century.

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles
- by Antonio Alberti
- •
- Archaeology, Material Culture Studies, Landscape Archaeology, Medieval Studies
- by Claudia Theune
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Building Technology

W artykule omówione zostały kasztelowe zamki hierarchii kościelnej (biskupie i kapitulne) w Prusach. Jako adaptacja wzoru zamku konwentualnego cieszyły się długo mniejszym zainteresowaniem badaczy. Analiza obiektów w świetle nowych badań, pod kątem ich techniki budowy, układu przestrzennego i formy wykazuje wiele podobieństw jak i różnice w stosunku do zamków krzyżackich. Widać tu jednocześnie twórcze przetworzenie wzorca na własne cele funkcjonalne i propagandowe.

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles

Wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu cegielnictwa w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach Selected issues of brickmaking in the late medieval Prussia Zarys treści. W artykule podjęto się próby wskazania i scharakteryzowania wybranych aspektów związanych z produkcją cegły w państwie krzyżackim w Prusach. Znikoma liczba pruskich cegielni, przebadanych metodą archeologiczną powoduje, że próbę ich charakterystyki oprzeć należy na analogiach głównie z Niemiec, Czech i Słowacji. Na temat zasięgu działalności cegielni, ich topografii, a także zagadnień technologicznych i związanych z produkcją wielu informacji dostarczają także analizy gotyckich cegieł. Słowa kluczowe: cegielnia, cegła, ślady na cegłach, zakon krzyżacki, Prusy. Technologia produkcji cegieł na terenach na północ od Alp (m.in. Danii, Me-klemburgii, Brandenburgii, Saksonii, Dolnej Saksonii, Turyngii) rozpowszechniła się po połowie XII wieku; bazowała na umiejętności produkcji dużych bloków ceglanych, powstałej na przełomie XI i XII wieku w Lombardii. W tym czasie wzniesiono przede wszystkim znacznych rozmiarów kościoły ceglane (m.in. w Jerichow), a na ziemiach polskich cegłę wykorzystano po raz pierwszy do wykonania niektórych elementów w nadal kamiennych budowlach (Tum pod Łęczycą, Czerwińsk). Już wówczas rozpoczął się niezależny rozwój cegielnictwa północnoniemieckiego, które w połowie XIII wieku cechował wielki postęp. Jeśli chodzi o ziemie polskie, to za pierwszą, w pełni ceglaną, monumentalną budowlę uchodzi kościół cysterski w Kołbaczu na Pomorzu Zachodnim, wzniesiony po 1210 roku. W 1. połowie XIII wieku budownictwo ceglane rozpowszechniło się także na Śląsku, na co, bez wątpienia, w miastach mieli wpływ koloniści niemieccy, poja-wiło się również na innych terenach państwa polskiego, na przykład w Małopolsce

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles

Det er ikkje så uvanleg å høyre at stavkyrkjene var bygd utan spikar. Det er eit sanning med modifikasjonar. Materialane i stavkyrkjene er i stor grad føyd saman med tresamanføyingar utan spikring. Mykje av takspona er festa med trenaglar. Likevel er det brukt spikar i mange viktige delar av stavkyrkjene. Vi ser på ulike typar spikar frå mellomalderen og kor i stavkyrkjene det er brukt spikar.

- by Roald Renmælmo and +1
- •
- Traditional Crafts, Medieval Building Technology, Blacksmithing, Traditional Architecture

The castle in Unisław on Chełmno Land has until recently been one
of the least-known Teutonic strongholds. Its form was unascertained,
and historical sources provided only some premises for its chronology.
The archaeological and architectural researches carried out in 2017
were focusing on the area of the high castle, but the accompanying
observations also enabled to determine the layout of the structure: the
three-part stronghold consisted of a high castle and two wards. The
research has shown that the brick castle was erected on the site of
the wooden and earthen commandery stronghold, and this investment
should be connected with the prosecutors residing in Unisław from
the 2nd quarter of the 14th century. The main part of the high castle
was a massive tower house, shielded from the side of the ward with
a defensive wall. At the turn of the 15th century, the castle was extended
– new buildings were added, including gates. The research also
provided the basis for the reconstruction of the details of castle construction
techniques. The stronghold was captured and destroyed during
the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466).

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles

Artykuł jest próbą wskazania i wydzielenia warsztatów budowlanych pracujących w 1. połowie XIV w. w Kowalewie Pomorskim. Analiza formalno-stylistyczna kościoła św. Mikołaja, filara gdaniska oraz detalu pozyskanego podczas badań archeologicznych zamku wysokiego pozwala wskazać warsztaty realizujące obie inwestycje. Natomiast dziełem kolejnego warsztatu są mury miejskie i przedzamcza południowego.

- by Bogusz Wasik
- •
- Medieval Architecture, Medieval Building Technology, Castles, Teutonic Order

Российская археология, No 2. 2014: 139-144.

- by Leonid Belyaev
- •
- Medieval Building Technology, Review, Lithuanian Architecture

Published in the journal ,,Husitský Tábor". Proceedings of the Hussite Museum 10, 1988 - 1991.

Published by Tabor in 1991.

- by Digital library Bohemia and +1
- •
- Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Architectural History, Medieval Architecture

Presentazione Ringraziamenti 1.Introduzione 1.1 Obiettivi, criteri e limiti della ricerca per lo studio delle tecniche costruttive in Sardegna 1.2 Lo stato dell' arte 2.La Sardegna 2.1 Caratteri geomorfologici, geologici e litologici 2.2 La Sardegna dall' età fenicio-punica all' età bizantina 2.3 La Sardegna medievale: i giudicati di Arborea, Torres, Calari e Gallura 2.3.1 La nascita dei giudicati 2.3.2 La Sardegna nel quadro della politica espansionistica di Pisa, Genova e Aragona nel Mediterraneo 2.3.3 Riflessi della condizione politica ed economica sui fenomeni insediativi 2.3.4 Cenni sulla storia della Chiesa in Sardegna dalle origini al Medioevo 2.3.5 La viabilità medievale 3.Cenni sui caratteri tipologici dell' architettura medievale 3.1 Caratteri dell' architettura religiosa 3.1.1 Lo stato dell' arte 3.1.2 Le tipologie 3.2 Caratteri dell' architettura civile 3.2.1 Lo stato dell' arte 3.2.2 Le tipologie 3.3 Caratteri dell' architettura militare e fortificata: cinte murarie, castelli, torri 3.3.1 Lo stato dell' arte 3.3.2 Le tipologie 4.Le fonti medievali 4.1 Disposizioni riguardanti l' edilizia 4.2 Magistri, maestranze e committenze nelle fonti documentarie 4.3 Magistri, maestranze e committenze nelle epigrafi/iscrizioni commemorative 4.4 Confraternite, corporazioni, gremi 4.5 Considerazioni conclusive 5.I materiali da costruzione 5.1 La pietra da taglio 5.1.1 Identificazione e diffusione nel territorio dei materiali lapidei 5.1.2 L' approvvigionamento del materiale: recupero e prelievo 5.1.2.1 Caratteri del reimpiego degli spolia in Sardegna 5.1.2.2 Provenienza del materiale di recupero: materiali locali e d' importazione 5.1.3 Il materiale di nuova lavorazione 5.1.3.1 Le pezzature: le bozze, i blocchi, i blocchetti, i conci 5.1.3.2 Forma e dimensioni, strumenti e lavorazioni superficiali 5.1.3.3 I segni dei lapicidi 5.2 La terra cruda 5.3 I materiali fittili da costruzione

- by maria giovanna putzu
- •
- Architecture, Medieval History, Cultural Heritage, Medieval Studies
- by Javier Jiménez Echevarría and +1
- •
- Medieval Archaeology, Archaeology of Buildings, Archaeology of Architecture, Medieval Building Technology

A Master Carver with a distinctive style and template who was active between 1097 and 1143 in northern France, illustrated. In particular he worked in Etampes, Saint-Denis and Chartres. This was the first in the Master Carvers Series, now... more

Archaeological and historical research combined with material science help to understand the development of building material and construction technology of the Middle Ages. The natural sciences, especially mortar characterisation and scientific dating have allowed new insights into mechanical mortar mixing which has been introduced and used mainly in the early medieval period between AD 500 and 1000. This paper combines the results of the pan-European archaeological research project RESTOMO with that of the interdisciplinary SNF-project “Mortar technology and construction history” at the UNESCO-world heritage site of Müstair monastery. Müstair so far is the only site with six mortar mixers from two periods. The comparison of the mortar samples from the mixers with samples from the building remains has proven to be challenging and partly contradicts the previous correlation of mortar mixers with archaeologically established building phases.

- by Patrick Cassitti and +1
- •
- History, Medieval Archaeology, History of Construction, Early Medieval Europe (Archaeology)
- by Wilfried E. Keil
- •
- Medieval Studies, Medieval Archaeology, Gothic Studies, Drawings (Architecture)
- by Alice Gatti
- •
- Medieval Art, Medieval Building Technology, Liguria, Medieval Wall Paintings

Presentazione Ringraziamenti 1.Introduzione 1.1 Obiettivi, criteri e limiti della ricerca per lo studio delle tecniche costruttive in Sardegna 1.2 Lo stato dell' arte 2.La Sardegna 2.1 Caratteri geomorfologici, geologici e litologici 2.2 La Sardegna dall' età fenicio-punica all' età bizantina 2.3 La Sardegna medievale: i giudicati di Arborea, Torres, Calari e Gallura 2.3.1 La nascita dei giudicati 2.3.2 La Sardegna nel quadro della politica espansionistica di Pisa, Genova e Aragona nel Mediterraneo 2.3.3 Riflessi della condizione politica ed economica sui fenomeni insediativi 2.3.4 Cenni sulla storia della Chiesa in Sardegna dalle origini al Medioevo 2.3.5 La viabilità medievale 3.Cenni sui caratteri tipologici dell' architettura medievale 3.1 Caratteri dell' architettura religiosa 3.1.1 Lo stato dell' arte 3.1.2 Le tipologie 3.2 Caratteri dell' architettura civile 3.2.1 Lo stato dell' arte 3.2.2 Le tipologie 3.3 Caratteri dell' architettura militare e fortificata: cinte murarie, castelli, torri 3.3.1 Lo stato dell' arte 3.3.2 Le tipologie 4.Le fonti medievali 4.1 Disposizioni riguardanti l' edilizia 4.2 Magistri, maestranze e committenze nelle fonti documentarie 4.3 Magistri, maestranze e committenze nelle epigrafi/iscrizioni commemorative 4.4 Confraternite, corporazioni, gremi 4.5 Considerazioni conclusive 5.I materiali da costruzione 5.1 La pietra da taglio 5.1.1 Identificazione e diffusione nel territorio dei materiali lapidei 5.1.2 L' approvvigionamento del materiale: recupero e prelievo 5.1.2.1 Caratteri del reimpiego degli spolia in Sardegna 5.1.2.2 Provenienza del materiale di recupero: materiali locali e d' importazione 5.1.3 Il materiale di nuova lavorazione 5.1.3.1 Le pezzature: le bozze, i blocchi, i blocchetti, i conci 5.1.3.2 Forma e dimensioni, strumenti e lavorazioni superficiali 5.1.3.3 I segni dei lapicidi 5.2 La terra cruda 5.3 I materiali fittili da costruzione