Metallurgical Engineering Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

Steel plates for penstock application require high strength and toughness with excellent weldability properties. These plates are conventionally produced through quenched and tempered route. With the advancement in the plate hot rolling technology, heavy plates can be thermo-mechanically rolled and cooled under accelerated cooling mode. High strength steel plates were developed in 40 mm thickness with strength of 600MPa and excellent charpy impact toughness at-50°C. The high strength and toughness of plate is attributed to the microstructure formed due to TMCP rolling conditions, which basically constitutes polygonal and acicular ferrite along with fi ne distribution of martensite-austenite (M-A). The response of microstructure to further tempering treatment was also correlated with considerable increment in strength without affecting the toughness. This paper describes about the alloy concept and the control of microstructure during TMCP rolling and its response to tempering treatment.

2025, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series

Three-dimensional (3D) computer model of the Al-Sn-Zn isobaric phase diagram is presented. It is shown that the T-x-y diagram consists of 64 surfaces and 25 phase regions. Features of Al-Zn binary system phase diagram related to decomposition of aluminum solid solution and its influence on geometric structure of liquidus and solidus surfaces in the ternary system, formed by this binary system and tin, are considered. Critical analysis of the published data was carried out and errors in visualization of those fragments of the Al-Zn T-x diagram, in which phase regions are formed with the participation of new aluminum solid solutions, appeared after the decomposition of the initial solid solution, are discussed. To design this 3D model, literary data were used, and the assessment of its quality is based on isopleths and isothermal sections from the same primary sources.

2025, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world and is best used in conjunction with reinforcing steel for optimal results. But a lot of behavioral and durability issues affect the performance of this composite material. The level of understanding of these durability issues depends on the sophistication of the environment of application of the material. In the developing nations such as Nigeria, where the incidence of building collapse is very frequent and over 95% of the cases of collapse affect reinforced concrete structures, a lot need to be done to understand effectively the true causes of the building collapses. Among these include the behavior of the reinforcing steel adopted in Nigerian construction industry. This research evaluates the behavior of reinforcing steel used in Nigerian concrete structures. The research considers the test results of 12mm and 16mm reinforcing bars adopted for structural purposes within Lagos State environment which have experie...

2025, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B

This article describes the influence of temperature profile on the morphology and impurity distributions of magnesium vapor condensation during silicothermic reduction of calcined dolomite. The formation of magnesium crystals was comprehensively analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The results showed that the temperature changed the morphology and purity of condensation products in the condenser. When the temperature of the condenser zone was lower than 250 °C, the magnesium vapor condensation was fine and noncompacted. The crystal growth of magnesium occurred in the range of 250 °C and 380 °C. It was found that crystal magnesium became coarser and denser at higher temperatures. Based on the analysis of crystallized magnesium, the impurity distributions decreased at temperatures higher than those of the condenser. Furthermore, this indicates that the impurity contents with less than 0.04 pct were distributed randomly through the condenser.

2025, Journal of Material Sciences & Engineering

2025, Kauçuk'ta Dolgu Maddeleri

Bu bölümde kauçuk endüstrisinin önemi, dolgu maddelerinin kullanım amacı ve bu tezin hedefi açıklanır. Dolgu maddelerinin sadece maliyet düşürücü değil, aynı zamanda performans artırıcı bileşenler olduğu vurgulanır. KAUÇUK MALZEMELERİN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ Kauçuğun elastikiyet, dayanıklılık, işlenebilirlik gibi temel fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri tanıtılır. Doğal ve sentetik kauçuk türlerine değinilir.

2025, Metalurgija

Numerous studies have established that the damage to the lower surface of hot-rolled strips is mainly due to their friction against rollers of mill rollers. In this case, the probability of scoring, scrapes and other mechanical damage increases otherwise severe wear on the surface of the rollers, improper installation and jamming. This also applies fully to the pulling and forming rollers of the coilers. A prerequisite for preventing damage to the surface of hotrolled strips is also the maintenance of a high level technical condition of the mill equipment, which includes inspections of wiring armature bars, roller conveyor rollers and other units for each transshipment, timely replacement and repair of individual parts and assemblies.

2025

A. Zhauyt, (a.zhauyt@aues.kz), Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunictions, Almaty, Kazakhstan D. Yergaliyev, A. Tulegulov, Academy of Civil Aviation, Almaty, Kazakhstan A. Zhumabayeva, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, NurSultan, Kazakhstan A. Bukayeva, M. Suimenova, G. Yesbolay, A. Yussupova, Yessenov University, Aktau, Kazakhstan Numerous studies have established that the damage to the lower surface of hot-rolled strips is mainly due to their friction against rollers of mill rollers. In this case, the probability of scoring, scrapes and other mechanical damage increases otherwise severe wear on the surface of the rollers, improper installation and jamming. This also applies fully to the pulling and forming rollers of the coilers. A prerequisite for preventing damage to the surface of hotrolled strips is also the maintenance of a high level technical condition of the mill equipment, which includes inspections of wiring armature bars, roller conveyor rol...

2025

This document presents the finalized technical, scientific, and economic model of the Legion Reflex Engine — a next-generation clean energy system based on hydrogen-oxygen thermochemical cycling at 3000°C. Unlike conventional nuclear... more

2025

Fasteners are critical components in modern engineering applications. Fasteners are produced with many different production methods in today's technology. In this context, the ISO 898-1:2013 standard is an international reference point for fasteners. It specifies safe and consistent performance ranges for bolts at ambient temperatures ranging from 10-30 °C. This standard defines the properties of fasteners, such as durability, hardness and mechanical strength, and ensures production in accordance with the areas of use. In particular, ensuring that the hardness difference between the upper and lower points of the tooth profile is 30 HV with the hardness range of 320-380 HV required by the ISO 898-1:2013 standard causes many changes in the process. In this thesis, the conformity of the Vickers hardness distribution in the teeth to the standard was analyzed after tooth profile formation on steels produced from raw materials such as 42CrMo4+QT, 33MnCrB5-2+QT etc. The factors affecting the hardness difference in the teeth were examined in detail and ways to enter the range required by the standard were sought. In the study, 42CrMo4+QT, 33MnCrB5-2+QT, 34CrNiMo6 etc. raw materials were confirmed and the experiment was analyzed under 4 main groups. In the first group, cutting and rolling process differences, in the second and third groups, machine parameters and in the fourth group, the effects of the raw material on the process were investigated. Vickers hardness distribution measurements on the threads of the bolts were determined according to the raw material, machine parameter and manufacturing type by threading on the sample parts. In bolts produced by plastic deformation method, after all the production processes required by the standard are completed, the hardness difference between the top and bottom of the thread should be max. 30 HV and the thread hardness range should be 320-380 HV according to ISO 898-1: 2013 standard. The parameters that cause this hardness difference observed after manufacturing and the reasons for the hardness difference were analyzed. The test results of the experimental studies were obtained in ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited laboratory. According to the test results, it was determined that the most effective parameter to enter the hardness range specified by the ISO 898-1:2013 standard is the raw material. In the test stages, it was observed that 33MnCrB5-2+QT raw material was able to enter the specified standard range.

2025

Tembaga merupakan logam penting dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi yang diperoleh dari bijih oksida dan sulfida. Untuk memperoleh tembaga murni, digunakan dua pendekatan utama: pirometalurgi dan hidrometalurgi. Metode pirometalurgi melibatkan proses pemanasan suhu tinggi seperti flotasi, peleburan, dan elektrolisis untuk memisahkan dan memurnikan logam tembaga dari bijih sulfida. Sedangkan metode hidrometalurgi memanfaatkan larutan kimia seperti asam sulfat dalam proses pelindian, ekstraksi pelarut, dan elektrowinning untuk mengekstraksi tembaga dari bijih oksida. Kajian ini menyoroti efektivitas dan tantangan dari masing-masing metode dalam meningkatkan kadar dan kemurnian tembaga, serta pentingnya pemilihan metode yang tepat berdasarkan karakteristik bijih yang diolah. Kata kunci: Tembaga, pirometalurgi, hidrometalurgi, bijih oksida, bijih sulfida, pemurnian.

2025, Ahmad Surya Ade Putra

Penelitian ini mengkaji proses pengolahan bijih tembaga melalui dua jalur teknologi utama, yakni pirometalurgi dan hidrometalurgi, untuk memperoleh efisiensi pemulihan logam yang optimal. Metode pirometalurgi meliputi pra‑konsentrasi... more

2025

Conventional chromite beneficiation plants of India discards large tonnage of chromite values as plant tailing. In the present investigation, a typical chromite beneficiation plant tailing of Sukinda region has investigated by using wet shaking table for the effective utilisation of the natural resource. In this context, the effect of different process variables such as wash water flow rate, deck tilt angle and feed flow rate has analysed. The interactional effects between different process variables has analysed in terms of 3D response surface plots. It was found that the Cr 2 O 3 content has improved to 61.37% from a feed assaying 24.26%. It was envisaged that deck tilt angle has influence major on both grade and recovery of concentrate fraction of shaking table and in case of interactional effects, the interaction between deck tilt angle and feed flow rate has major influence compared to the others. Second order quadratic equations have developed for the prediction of grade and recovery of concentrate fraction of shaking table.

2025, TOBB ETÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü

Due to the development of environmental awareness and optimization of existing energy technologies, the use of salt melts as a heat transfer agent (HTA) and thermal energy storage (TES) fluid has been brought up again for a wide variety of applications due to the unique physicochemical properties. Because, salt solutions and their mixtures have all the desired properties for an industrial fluid due to their important advantages such as low viscosity, low vapor pressure, low cost, high chemical stability and environmental friendliness. Today, these melts are widely used as working fluids in many different fields such as nuclear power plants1, chemical industry2, oil refineries3 and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants4. In all these applications, the salt mixture type and proportions are selected according to their usage areas. Choosing a suitable HTA and TES material is important to minimize the cost of solar receiver, thermal storage tanks and heat exchangers and achieve high thermodynamic vii efficiency. Existing molten salt ITAs have high melting points (> 200 ° C) and begin to decompose above 600°C. The main problem with this application is that salt melts can freeze easily in the evening or in the winter, and in this case, it obstructs the working conditions by blocking the pipeline. Therefore, the development of inexpensive salt melt compositions with a lower melting point and a higher thermal stability is important in both improving the thermodynamic efficiency of CSP plants and improving operating conditions. In this thesis, a new nanostructured salt solution was designed to achieve low melting point (<200°C) and high thermal conductivity. Thermal and structural of potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and their eutectic mixtures (Solar Salt, 60% by weight NaNO3 -40% KNO3) placed in anodic alumina oxide (AAO) with different pore sizes (between 25 and 400 nm). features are examined. Thermal characterization of the prepared AAO / salt composite structure was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal properties analyzer (TPS), and its structural characterization was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In characterization with DSC, a sudden drop in the melting temperatures of KNO3, NaNO3 and eutectic mixture compressed into AAO pores was observed. According to DSC results, no systematic decrease in pore diameter was observed in AAO / KNO3 and AAO / Solar Salt composite structure, but it was observed that melting temperature decreased more as pore diameter increased in AAO/NaNO3 composite structure. It has been observed that the maximum melting temperature decrease is 173°C in AAO / KNO3 composite structure with pore diameter of 400nm. According to the TPS measurements, a significant increase in thermal conductivity is observed in all composite structures. It was observed that this increase was not systematic in AAO / KNO3 and AAO / Solar Salt composite structures, but it was systematic in AAO / NaNO3 composite structure. The highest thermal conductivity increase is seen in AAO / KNO3 composite structure with pore diameter of 35nm. XRD analysis showed that KNO3 forms a single crystal structure directed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pores.

2025

As ligas metálicas são material amplamente utilizados no nosso dia a dia, desde aplicações simples até sistemas de tecnologia de ponta. Em geral esses materiais são constituídos por ao menos um metal base chamado de solvente e outro elemento químico, que não precisa necessariamente ser um metal, chamado de soluto. Existem vários sistemas de ligas bem conhecidos, tais como: Cu-Zn, Cu-Sn, Cu-Ni, Fe-C, entre outros. No entanto, no início da década de 2000 uma nova classe de ligas com cinco ou mais elementos ganharam destaque por suas propriedades diferenciadas. Esses elementos químicos são distribuídos de forma equimolar e, ao contrário das ligas convencionais, produzem materiais com número reduzidos de fases e com estruturas cristalinas simples. Esses materiais são conhecidos como ligas com múltiplos componentes principais, pois não há um solvente como nas ligas convencionais. Neste trabalho as ligas com múltiplos componentes principais AlCoFeMnNi e AlCoCuFeMnNi foram investigadas para avaliar os efeitos da presença do cobre sobre suas características microestruturais e resistência à corrosão. As ligas foram preparadas por fusão em forno a arco e caracterizadas por medidas de densidade, microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, medidas de dureza, difratometria de raios X, polarização potenciodinâmica, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X, espectroscopia por dispersão de energias de raios X e espectrometria ótica de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que na liga sem presença de cobre apenas uma fase BCC foi detectada, enquanto, com a adição de cobre, duas fases foram observadas: uma FCC e outra BCC. As análises por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e mapeamento por espectroscopia por dispersão de energias de raios X indicaram que a fase FCC é rica em Cu e fase BCC é rica em Fe, ambas com os demais elementos dissolvidos nela. Ao contrário do esperado, a liga AlCoCuFeMnNi mostrou uma melhor resistência à corrosão quando comparada com a liga AlCoFeMnNi. Isso sugere que essa melhora pode estar relacionada à camada de óxido protetivo formada na superfície da liga, e não com a microestrutura dos materiais.

2025

The purpose of this study was to investigate the processes occurring during the refining of lead with aluminum, by analyzing and studying ternary Pb-(M)-Al systems, where M is one of the following metals: Sb, As, Se, Cu or Ni, which are the main contaminants of secondary lead from recycling waste lead-acid batteries. The Pb-Sb-Ca system, crucial for removing antimony while retaining tin, was also analyzed. The research included analysis of 2-and 3-component phase systems simulated, process kinetics under laboratory conditions for pure ternary systems, and chemical and phase composition analysis. Phase analysis showed the presence of permanent aluminum compounds such as AlSb, AlAs, Al 2 Se 3 , Al 3 Ni and phases with copper in the dross. In addition to the direct association of aluminum with a given contaminant, aluminum oxides such as Al 0.5 Sb 0.5 O 2 and AlAsO 4 as well as calcium oxide with antimony Ca 4 Sb 2 O 7 were also found in the dross. On the basis of the tests carried out, 680 °C was considered the optimal temperature for starting the refining process, with the amount of aluminum that was approx. The research provides new scientific data toward more efficient secondary lead refining technologies relevant to recycling waste lead-acid batteries and producing lead-tin alloys for the battery industry.

2025

Статья посвящена изучению влияния термодинамических показателей работы гранулятора и интенсивности направленного вихревого движения теплоносителя на структуру и качество пористого поверхностного слоя гранул аммиачной селитры. Получено поле температур теплоносителя во времени в вихревом грануляторе. Представлены результаты изучения поля температур теплоносителя при изменении его окружной скорости (степени закрутки). Изучена поверхностная структура гранулы, полученная в вихревом газовом потоке с различной интенсивностью закрутки. Полученные данные являются основой для создания методики инженерного расчѐта вихревых грануляторов в составе установок получения 3-D наноструктурного пористого поверхностного слоя на грануле аммиачной селитры.

2025, DergiPark (Istanbul University)

Son yıllarda Termokimyasal Isı Depolama (THS) sistemleri ve bu sistemlerin gelişimi açısından büyük öneme sahip olan depolama malzemeleriyle ilgili çalışmalar ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışma için, sorbent tuzların (MgCl2, LiNO3) gözenekli doğal bir kayaç olan vermikülit (V) içerisine emdirilmesiyle iki farklı kompozit malzeme hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen kompozit yapıların döngüsel ısı depolama davranışları laboratuvar ortamında oluşturulan termokimyasal ısı değiştirici prototip test düzeneği ile gerçekleştirilen ölçümlerle incelenmiştir. Buna göre, V+MgCl2 kompozitinin tekrar eden döngüler sırasında stabilitesinin ve prototipte gerçekleştirilen ölçümler sonucunda hesaplanan enerji depolama yoğunluğu (Ed) değerinin, DSC analizinden elde edilen sonuçlarla uyumlu olarak, V+LiNO3 kompozitine göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. In recent years, Thermochemical Heat Storage (THS) systems and storage materials are important for the development of these systems have attracted a great interest. In this study, composite materials were prepared by impregnating sorbent salts (MgCl2, LiNO3) into vermiculite (V). The cyclical heat storage behaviors of the obtained composite structures were investigated with the laboratory scale thermochemical heat exchanger prototype system. Accordingly, the stability of the V+MgCl2 composite during repeated cycles and the energy storage density (Ed) value calculated as a result of the measurements in the prototype were found to be higher than the V+LiNO3 composite, as in the DSC analysis results. Anahtar kelimeler: Termal enerji depolama, Termokimyasal ısı depolama, Kompozit malzeme.

2025, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science

In this study, the reduction of three silicomanganese charges prepared from industrial raw materials was investigated under isothermal conditions between 1783 K and 1933 K (1510 °C and 1660 °C). The main reactions examined are MnO and SiO 2 slag reduction following the chemical equations MnO(l) + C = Mn(l) + CO(g) and SiO 2 (l) + 2C = Si(l) + 2CO(g). The charges containing a combination of Assmang ore, Comilog ore, high-carbon FeMn slag with quartz were pre-reduced, melted to a MnO-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -MgO-CaO quinary slag and reduced in presence of coke using a thermogravimetric set-up. The reduced slags were further analyzed using electro-probe micro-analysis to evaluate their MnO and SiO 2 contents. It is observed that the reduction pathway occurred in two stages: a first slow and stable stage was followed by a rapid rate increase during the second stage. The rate change shift between the two stages was found to depend on the initial charge's composition and the extent of reduction, but not on the temperature. Using an established rate equation, the kinetics of MnO and SiO 2 reduction were modeled over the first stage. A good fit was obtained between simulated and experimental data.

2025, Chemistry and Metallurgy

Abstract: Iron hardening is a critical process in metallurgy, employed to improve the hardness, strength, and durability of iron and steel components. This paper explores the various methods used in iron hardening, including heat treatment techniques such as annealing, normalizing, quenching, and tempering, as well as surface hardening methods like case hardening, induction hardening, and flame hardening. It also discusses the role of work hardening, including cold working and strain hardening, in enhancing material properties. The paper provides a practical guide to the preparation of iron surfaces and selection of appropriate hardening methods for different applications, highlighting the importance of safety considerations and quality control. Additionally, it examines emerging trends in iron hardening technologies, including automation, energy-efficient techniques, and advancements in laser and plasma hardening. The future of iron hardening is poised for significant developments driven by the demand for more precise, sustainable, and cost-effective methods, especially in industries requiring high-performance materials.

2025, MÜHENDİS VE MAKİNA

Stiffeners are used in the construction of beams used in crane systems. The negative effect of thermal effect is increased by joining these reinforcements with welded manufacturing methods continuously along the beam. Due to the thermal deformation effect, distortion and related beam distortions occur. Within the scope of this study, SYSWELD Visual Assembly welded manufacturing simulation programme was used to eliminate the thermal deformation effects that occur in welded manufacturing processes before production. Finite element simulations and analyses were performed to minimise distortions and distortions caused by welding of reinforcements.
Increasing raw material, material, labour and energy costs in welded manufacturing processes in industrial applications day by day necessitate optimisation in operational welded jointing methods. In crane beams, the direction and magnitude of deformations and distortions that may occur within the distortion tolerances in welded manufacturing operations, and the negative effects of welded manufacturing stress concentration can be determined before production as a result of finite element analysis studies carried out through the SYSWELD Visual Assembly welded manufacturing simulation program. In this study, the necessity of using intermittent discontinuous welding method along the beam of the welding seams of the reinforcements in the constructions in the crane industry was determined as a result of the analyses carried out in this context. In addition, it has been concluded that in crane steel constructions; if TS EN 1993-1-8 standard is directly applied in welded manufacturing processes, constructions will be more economical; if the Regulation on Design, Calculation and Construction Principles of Steel Structures is used, a safer and safer crane system will be manufactured.

2025

Practical use of superconducting wires that use liquid nitrogen refrigerant is presently under way. One potential candidate of such superconducting wires is Bibased oxide superconducting wire. The potential of this type of superconducting wire was demonstrated successfully when Sumitomo Electric’s Bi-based oxide superconducting wire was used in the transmission line to supply electricity to about 70,000 households in Albany, New York for nine months in 2007. Due to this success, practical applications of this Bi-based oxide superconducting wires are expected to expand in the future. However, for Bi-based oxide superconducting wires to become commonplace, higher critical current must be achieved in order to obtain improved power transmission capability and enable the downsizing of electromagnets and motors. To improve the critical current of wires, crystal orientation must be enhanced and hetero-phase must be reduced. Figure 1 shows the cross-section of the microstructure of Bi-based...

2025, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi

Bu çalışmada, genel yapı çeliği (Ç1020) ve paslanmaz çelik (AISI 316) malzemelerin yüzeyine sıcak daldırma yöntemiyle alüminyum (Al) kaplama uygulanmıştır. Yüzeyde oluşan Al kaplamanın mikroyapısı incelenerek, yüksek sıcaklık oksitlenmesine karşı gösterdiği direnç incelenmiştir. Numuneler 750 °C'deki sıvı Al içinde 10 dakika süreyle bekletilerek yüzeyleri Al ile kaplanmıştır. Daha sonra bu numunelere 800 °C sıcaklıkta 1 ve 6 saat süre ile nötr ortamda difüzyon tavlaması uygulanmıştır. Elementlerin difüzyonu, difüzyon tabakası kalınlığı ve oksitlenmeye karşı gösterdiği direnç incelenmiştir. Al kaplama yapılan ve yapılmayan numuneler 900 °C sıcaklıkta ve farklı sürelerde yüksek sıcaklık oksidasyonuna maruz bırakılarak yüzeyde oluşan ağırlık değişimleri ölçülmüştür. Al kaplanmış çelik numunelerde önemli miktarda ağırlık değişimi olmaması, Al kaplamanın çeliği oksitlenmeden koruduğunu göstermiştir. Malzemelerin bileşimindeki Fe, C, Al, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin Al kaplama ve difüzyon tabakasındaki değişimleri mikroprob analizi ile incelenmiştir. In this study, the surface of SAE 1020 and AISI 316 were applied to aluminium (Al) coating by hot deep method. The oxidation resistance and microstructures were investigated of Al coating applied to the surface of different steels. Sample surfaces were coated with Al at the temperature of 750 °C in 10 minutes durations. Experimental samples were subjected to at the 800 °C temperature and diffusion tempering with 1 and 6 hours durations. The changes in the thickness of diffusion layer and microstructure of the surface, as a result of the processes applied, were examined. Weight variations in the samples oxidized in atmospheric conditions under the temperature of 900 °C with varying durations have also been measured. It was found that steel material which changes of little weight of the samples coated with Al resisted more than without coated Al for oxidation. It was indicated that coated with Al surface of steel protected from oxidation The changes of elements Fe, C, Al, Ni and Cr were investigated by microprobe analyses in surface region.

2025

Bu calismada, genel yapi celigi (C1020) ve paslanmaz celik (AISI 316) malzemelerin yuzeyine sicak daldirma yontemiyle aluminyum (Al) kaplama uygulanmistir. Yuzeyde olusan Al kaplamanin mikroyapisi incelenerek, yuksek sicaklik oksitlenmesine karsi gosterdigi direnc incelenmistir. Numuneler 750 °C’deki sivi Al icinde 10 dakika sureyle bekletilerek yuzeyleri Al ile kaplanmistir. Daha sonra bu numunelere 800 °C sicaklikta 1 ve 6 saat sure ile notr ortamda difuzyon tavlamasi uygulanmistir. Elementlerin difuzyonu, difuzyon tabakasi kalinligi ve oksitlenmeye karsi gosterdigi direnc incelenmistir. Al kaplama yapilan ve yapilmayan numuneler 900 °C sicaklikta ve farkli surelerde yuksek sicaklik oksidasyonuna maruz birakilarak yuzeyde olusan agirlik degisimleri olculmustur. Al kaplanmis celik numunelerde onemli miktarda agirlik degisimi olmamasi, Al kaplamanin celigi oksitlenmeden korudugunu gostermistir. Malzemelerin bilesimindeki Fe, C, Al, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin Al kaplama ve difuzyon taba...

2025, 2nd National Conference on Stone Industry: Exploration, Exploitation, Processing, and Marketing

Permanent Downhole Monitoring Systems have now become a standard component of well completion. The processing and interpretation of continuously recorded downhole pressure and temperature data provide static and dynamic reservoir characteristics, which can be used to develop and optimize production processes. This paper explores the applications of data from these systems for well testing, determining reservoir permeabilitythickness, wellbore skin, static reservoir pressure, identifying fractures and barriers, optimizing initial production, waterflooding, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Additionally, by developing models, this data can be used to estimate production rates and gas-oil ratio (GOR). Simulated models can be calibrated with continuous data, such as pressure, production rates, and GOR, resulting in higher accuracy compared to conventional methods that rely on estimated data. The use of downhole sensors not only directly reduces production costs but also enables optimal and sustainable reservoir production, thereby improving the recovery factor.

2025, Science Education

Maqolada to'qimachilik sanoati chiqindilarini an'anaviy va yangi qayta ishlash usullari tadqiq etilgan bo'lib, mazkur turdagi chiqindilardan foydalanish muammolari tahlil etilgan. Tayanch so'zlar: To'qimachilik chiqindilari, paxta tolasi... more

2025, Metalurgija

J. Hampl, B. Smetana, VŠB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Czech Republic J. Odehnal, PILSEN STEEL, s.r.o., Pilsen, Czech Republic The paper analyzes the technological parameters, micro-purity and mechanical properties of castings of steel alloyed with calcium. The effect of calcium on the steel was analyzed on samples taken in the process of casting heavy castings and ingots of the weight of ranging from 40 000 to 60 000 kg. Samples for the determination of the liquidus temperature and the solidus temperature of cast steels were analysed using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The production of low alloyed steel grades was performed on the EAF ASEA-SKF facilities and the production of highalloyed steels on the EAF ASEA-SKF SS-VOD facilities. The purity calcium was added into the steel by the injection of a stuffed profile.

2025, Technological Applied Sciences

In this study, statistical values of microhardness were investigated in terms of temperature and duration of aged aluminium 2XXX and 6XXX alloys. AA 2024 and AA 6063 aluminum alloys were solution treated at two different temperatres of 490°C and 520°C. Then all samples were cooled to room temperature. After this process, the samples were aged at three different temperatures (140°C, 180°C, 220°C) for ten different periods of time (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 h.). The microstructure of the aged samples was examined by optical SEM-EDS and X-Ray analysis. The hardness values of the aged samples were tested by microhardness tests. The samples were examined by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) with a confidence level of %95 to find out whether a statistically significant difference occurs. As a result of this analysis, temperature and duration on the wear behaviours of aged aluminium 2XXX and 6XXX alloys were statistically significant in microhardness values.

2025

Super alloys are metallic materials for service at high temperature, so one of their most important properties is high temperature creep resistance. Other crucial material properties are fatigue life, phase stability, as well as oxidation and corrosion resistance. A conventional metal may be failed in high temperature machining condition and has poor creep resistance, so materials for working at high temperature and which having also good creep resistance are a critical issue in manufacturing. this paper present a review about the Nibase super alloys, which working at high temperature and also having a good machining property and having good creep resistance.

2025, siddiqiy

Ushbu faylda siz Diofant tenglamalarga oid O`zbek tilidagi misollar jamlanmasini topishingiz mumkin.

2025, Strategi Terpadu untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas dan Keberlanjutan di Industri Pulp dan Kertas

Penelitian ini membahas berbagai aspek teknis dalam industri manufaktur modern, khususnya terkait efisiensi sistem perpindahan panas, proses pemutihan serat, penggunaan pati dalam industri kertas, pencucian lumpur kapur, dan analisis penyebab sheet break dalam produksi kertas. Studi mengenai penukar panas menyoroti efektivitas desain heat exchanger tipe shell and tube, dengan fokus pada peningkatan kinerja dan mitigasi kontaminasi termal. Pada proses pemutihan serat, penelitian ini mengevaluasi dosis optimal NaOH dan durasi retensi yang menghasilkan peningkatan kecerahan serat sebesar 5%. Dalam industri kertas, perbandingan antara Native Starch dan wheat starch menunjukkan bahwa Native Starch memiliki kinerja lebih baik dalam meningkatkan kualitas kertas. Selain itu, analisis pencucian lumpur kapur mengungkap bahwa perbandingan air 1:5 dapat mengurangi kandungan alkali hingga 0,6% dan meningkatkan dryness hingga 64,53%, yang berpotensi menghemat biaya operasional industri. Sementara itu, penelitian terkait sheet break di PT. A menggunakan metode Statistical Process Control (SPC) dan Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), mengidentifikasi paper tear dan holes paper sebagai penyebab utama. Hasil analisis menunjukkan perlunya perbaikan berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi produksi. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan komprehensif terhadap optimalisasi proses manufaktur untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan kualitas produk.

2025, KİMYA VƏ KİMYA TEXNOLOGİYASINDA MÜASİR YANAŞMALAR mövzusunda Respublika elmi konfrans, BDU

Одним из важнейших этапов изучения нефтегазового потенциала месторождений, оценки качества и объёма запасов углеводородов, планирования дальнейших геологоразведочных работ является качественный отбор и анализ кернового материала с целью получения максимально возможной информации о структурно-текстурных особенностях породных образований.
Керн-это каменная летопись истории Земли. Поиск, разведка и дальнейшая разработка любого месторождения начинаются с изучения керна. Вопросы изучения и сохранения керна как важнейшего документа остаются актуальными и сегодня.
Целью настоящей работы является изучения керна c гидрохимическими исследованиями. Для изучения этого процесса в лаборатории были проведены гидрохимические исследования образцов, полученных путём смешивания керна с различными типами воды. Первоначально были изучены физико-химические свойства воды Каспийского моря и технической воды. Затем образцы керна измельчались и смешивались с различными типами воды (водой Каспийского моря, технической и дистиллированной). Лабораторные анализы проводились через раз-ные промежутки времени (3, 10 и 28 дней).

2025, Scientific Petroleum

As a result of analyzing solutions and dry residues obtained during the study of the interaction of core samples with various types of water, it was found that the interaction of the core with distilled water resulted in the dissolution of Na++K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3- ions and other components, leading to a decrease in the mass of the core dry residue by more than 2.0%. Interaction of the core with technical water led to an increase in mass by approximately 1.0%. In the case of seawater, the mass of the core dry residue decreased by more than 1.0%. The conducted research proves that the interaction of the core with different types of water causes certain physico-chemical processes, as a result of which the dissolution and precipitation of various salts occur. These results can have significant practical value in conducting analysis and determining the composition of various solutions.

2025, International Journal of Metallurgical Engineering

The coking process is based on the transformation of coal into coke at high temperature. In non-recovery coke oven, heating is usually asymmetric, this may be due to the fact that heating is provided by controlled combustion of volatile matter of charged cake at oven crown and sole flue.In the present investigation, a simp lified temperature profiles were simu lated to typical temperature pro files of the non-recovery coke oven. The selection criterions of ovens were based on the oven temperature and coking time. Based on measurement of heating pattern, a numerical methodology was proposed for predicting temperature of the intermed iate point by using Lagrange interpolation method. Further, a MATLA B-based algorith m was used to predict the same heating pattern based on actual temperature profile in a non-recovery oven. The model was tested and validated with actual temperature profile of six industrial ovens. The model also reproduces the main feature of the measured temperature profile and shown good agreement with experimental data of industrial oven. The pred icted temperature pro file can discriminate d ifferent operating conditions and works well even at low level of temperature deviation. These variations will affect the heating rate and coking cycle, superimposed on the oven crown and sole temperature pattern. However, the operating temperatures were the most important factor fo r normal operation and found that the heating rate of normal operation was varied in the range of 1.06 -0.62℃/ min at a height of 200mm fro m top & bottom and centre of the charged cake.

2025, Case Studies in Engineering Failure Analysis

Various degradation mechanisms are characterized in gas turbine rotor blades due to service conditions such as: high temperature and stress. Failure of turbine blade can have the tremendous effects on the safety and performance of the gas turbine engine. This paper investigates a first stage turbine blade failure in a 6.5 MW gas turbine. The blade is made of nickel-based superalloy, and the failure occurred in the airfoils after 6500 h of operation. Several examinations were carried out in order to identify potential failure reasons such as: visual examination, fractography and microstructural characterization used by optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The precipitated phases morphology (carbides and γ′ (Ni3Al)) changed in the airfoil for example γ′ resolved and re-deposited in addition to decomposition of carbides. Furthermore, the fracture surface exhibits the local melting occurred and re-solidified in the leading edge. From analysis and experimental results of this study, overheating is shown to be the main reason of blade failure.

2025

Pipa PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) adalah salah satu jenis pipa yang paling banyak digunakan di berbagai sektor, terutama untuk sistem perpipaan rumah tangga, industri, dan pertanian.

2025, ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ

Ushbu maqolada temirni rudadan biogidrometallurgik usulda
ajratib olish texnologiyasi ko‘rib chiqilgan. Jarayon anaerob bakteriyalar yordamida
temirning noeruvchan Fe³⁺ shaklini eruvchan Fe²⁺ shaklga aylantirishga asoslangan.
Bakteriyalar organik moddalar metabolizmi natijasida karbonat angidrid hosil qilib,
eritmadagi temirning eruvchanligini oshiradi. Maqolada karbonat angidridni
eritmada ushlab turish orqali temirni yuqori samaradorlik bilan eritmaga o‘tkazish va
eritmani tozalash bosqichlari haqida ma’lumot berilgan. Elektroliz yordamida metall
temirni eritmadan ajratib olish usuli ham o‘rganilgan. Ushbu texnologiya an’anaviy
yuqori haroratli usullarga nisbatan ekologik xavfsizroq va energiyani tejaydi, ammo
jarayonning sekinligi va qo‘shimcha xarajatlar iqtisodiy samaradorlikka ta’sir
ko‘rsatadi. Bu maqola biogidrometallurgik usulni sanoat miqyosida qo‘llash
imkoniyatlarini ko‘rsatib, past sifatli rudalar va chiqindilarni qayta ishlashda yangi
imkoniyatlar yaratadi.

2025

Historicamente, os cerâmicos são uns dos materiais mais antigos do mundo, em virtude do seu emprego desde a pré-história. São compostos inorgânicos formados por elementos metálicos e não metálicos, ligados através de ligações iônicas e/ou covalentes. As propriedades destes materiais são determinadas pelo tipo de ligação atômica, seu caráter amorfo ou cristalino, bem como pelos métodos de seu processamento. São caracterizados por apresentar propriedades tais como: resistência a altas temperaturas e a corrosão, dureza, são isolantes térmicos e elétricos.
Cerâmicas a base de argilas, como peças decorativas, louças de mesa e relacionadas com a construção civil (louças sanitárias, cimento, tijolos, revestimento de piso ou parede), são classificadas como cerâmicas tradicionais. São elaboradas a partir de materiais naturais (ou pouco beneficiadas), de pureza variável, e com pouca exigência de controle em seu processamento.
As cerâmicas avançadas ou cerâmicas de Engenharia são produzidas a partir de matérias primas sintéticas (óxidos, nitretos, carbetos e outros) ou beneficiadas industrialmente, com alto grau de pureza, e processamento controlado rigosamente. Estas cerâmicas são utilizadas em aplicações tecnológicas, estando presentes nas indústrias de componentes eletrônicos, de comunicação, automotiva, naval, aeroespacial, biomédica, e em muitas outras áreas industriais.
Tendo em vista a importância dos materiais cerâmicos ao promover um resultado significativo na sociedade, visto que estão presentes em diferentes aplicações indústrias, este livro apresenta diferentes pesquisas relacionadas a estudos originais e de revisões bibliográficas na abordagem dessa área da ciência e engenharia de materiais.

2025

Полезная модель относится к сельскохозяйственной технике, в частности к оборудованию для сушки влажного растительного сырья с применением тепла при производстве кормов. Вихревая сушилка влажных кормов включает сушильную камеру с коническим дном и с патрубками для ввода газа-теплоносителя и для ввода сырья в ее нижней секции, патрубком для вывода использованного газа-теплоносителя и высушенного материала в верхней секции камеры, расположенный под сушильной камерой привод с приводным валом, проходящим через отверстие в днище камеры в ее нижнюю секцию, четыре измельчающих рабочих органа с возможностью вращения в горизонтальной плоскости и один измельчающе-перемешивающий рабочий орган с возможностью вращения, элементы которого размещены в плоскостях, параллельных коническому дну камеры, соединенные с приводным валом в нижней секции камеры, причем измельчающие рабочие органы имеют S-образную форму и лезвие вдоль боковой поверхности, измельчающе-перемешивающий рабочий орган имеет лезвие вдоль боковой поверхности, в верхней секции сушильной камеры имеется трубопровод в форме витка спирали, один конец которого соединен со средней секцией сушильной камеры, а другой - с патрубком для вывода использованного газа-теплоносителя и высушенного материала. Полезная модель позволит обеспечить повышение эффективности сушки влажных материалов, в частности кормов, предотвращение их комкования и возврат из верхней части сушильной камеры частиц высушенного материала в ее нижнюю часть.
The useful model relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to equipment for drying wet plant raw materials with the use of heat in feed production. Swirl dryer of wet feeds includes a drying chamber with a conical bottom and with spigots for input of gas-heat carrier and for input of raw materials in its lower section, a spigot for output of used gas-heat carrier and dried material in the upper section of the chamber, a drive located under the drying chamber with a drive shaft passing through an opening in the bottom of the chamber to its lower section, four chopping operating parts with the possibility of rotation in the horizontal plane and one chopping-stirring operating part with the possibility of rotation, elements of which are placed in planes parallel to the conical bed of the chamber, connected to the drive shaft in the lower section of the chamber, and the shredding operating parts have S-shape and a blade along the lateral surface, the shredding-stirring operating part has a blade along the lateral surface, in the upper section of the drying chamber there is a pipeline in the form of a spiral coil, one end of which is connected to the middle section of the drying chamber, and the other end of which is connected to the spigot for the outlet of the used heating gas and dried material. The useful model will allow to provide increase of efficiency of drying of wet materials, in particular feeds, prevention of their clumping and return of dried particles from the upper part of the drying chamber of the dried material particles to its lower part.

2025, PNIPU Bulletin. The mechanical engineering, materials science.

2025

Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti ''Metallurgiya'' kafedrasi dotsenti Beknazarova Gulnoza Berdiyor qizi, Toshkent davlat texnika universiteti ''Metallurgiya'' kafedrasi katta o'qituvchisi Bektamishov Quvonchbek G'ayrat o'g'li, Toshkent davlat texnika universitetitalabasi Annotatsiya. Ushbu maqolada temirni rudadan biogidrometallurgik usulda ajratib olish texnologiyasi ko'rib chiqilgan. Jarayon anaerob bakteriyalar yordamida temirning noeruvchan Fe³⁺ shaklini eruvchan Fe²⁺ shaklga aylantirishga asoslangan.

2025, Technological Applied Sciences

Bu calismada referans numunenin kimyasal kompozisyonuna sirasiyla agirlikca %0.05 ve %0.075 oraninda niyobyum ve vanadyum ilave edilmesiyle uretilen yeni alasimlarin korozyon mekanizmasi %3.5 NaCl ortaminda arastirilmistir. Korozyon mekanizmasinin anlik belirlenmesine olanak saglayan Dinamik Elektrokimyasal Empedans Spektroskopisi (DEIS) yontemi ilk defa bu calismayla mikroalasim elementlerinin korozyona etkisinin belirlenmesinde kullanilmistir. Hazirlanan numunelerin yuzey morfolojisi 15 saat suren DEIS deneyleri sonunda optik mikroskopla incelenerek elektrokimyasal verilerle kiyaslanmistir. Deney sonuclarina gore niyobyum ve vanadyum miktarindaki artisin imal edilen yeni alasimlarin %3.5 NaCl ortaminda olusan korozyon hizini azalttigini gostermektedir. Deney sonunda elde edilen R ct degeri, alasim elementlerinin ilavesiyle ortalama %44 ila %57 oraninda artis gostermektedir. DEIS verileri ile optik resimler birbirini destekler niteliktedir. Alasim elementleri ilave edilmeyen numune...

2025, International journal of metallurgical engineering

Hydrated alu mina fro m three different sources like sodium alu minate liquor, waste alu miniu m dross and synthetic salt like alu miniu m sulfate were studied to obtain various form of alu miniu m hydro xide. Boeh mite (A l 2 O 3 .H 2 O), a form of hydrated alu mina, has better performance in obtaining alu mina, as the enthalpy of dehydration of boehmite is less as compared to gibbsite due to the less number of water mo lecules in the crystal lattice as compared to gibbsite. Precipitation of hydrated alumina was also studied by using synthetic alu miniu m sulfate solution with aqueous ammonia and alternating the sequence of reagent addition. Subsequently, the variation in the p H of precip itation and fo llo wed by variat ion of the ageing temperature produced a range of hydrated alu mina with different phases and crystallin ities. In another option hydrated alu mina was precipitated fro m the sulfuric acid leach liquor of waste aluminiu m dross by varying the pH of the precipitation followed by temperature o f ageing.

2025, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü

İnsanlık, belki de var olduğu ilk günden bu yana, hep bir şeyleri merak etmiş, incelemiş ve bulduklarıyla yetinmeyip araştırmaya devam etmiştir. Hiç bitmeyen bu merak ve araştırmalar sonucu bulduklarına yenilerini eklemiş ve teknoloji kavramının ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Ekonomideki gelişimlerin başlıca temel dayanağını teknolojik yeniliklerin sunmuş olduğu fırsatlar oluşturmaktadır. Malzeme teknolojisi açısından teknolojik gelişmelerin ilk basamağını malzeme özelliklerinin incelenmesi teşkil etmekte ve bu özellikler diğer bir tabir ile davranışlar malzemelerin içyapılarından etkilenmektedir. Malzeme içyapıları imalat esnasında uygulanan ısı ve deformasyondan etkilenerek değişim gösterebildiklerinden, imalat süreci sonunda malzeme özellikleri başlangıç malzemesinden ya da tasarımda dikkate alınandan farklı olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çeliklerin sıcak yığma işlemi esnasında ve sonrasında mikro yapı değişimlerine ait literatürde bulunan ve kabul edilen malzeme modelleme kriterleri incelenmiştir. Ardından 1040 çeliği üzerinde yapılan çeşitli sıcaklıklardaki sıcak yığma deneyleri sonrasında numunelerin sertlikleri, mikro yapı görünümleri incelenmiş, sonuçlar modellemeler ile karşılaştırılmış ve irdelenmiştir. Öncelikle tüm yaşamım boyunca kararlarımın doğruluğuna inanıp bana olan desteklerini hiç esirgemeyen aileme; bilgi, deneyim ve sabrı ile bana rehberlik eden danışman hocam Sayın Doç. Dr. Şafak YILMAZ' a ve varlıkları ile hayatıma anlam katan arkadaşlarım Görkem KIZILTAN, Emrah DENİZ ve Nur PEHLİVANOĞLU' na teşekkürlerimi sunarım.