Middle Eastern History Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Middle East Bulletin | Center for Mediterranean, Middle East and Islamic Studies

The fall of the Asad regime in December 2024 marked a turning point in Syria’s history, heralding a new era for the war-torn country. How might this ‘new Syria’ look like? Given HTS’s ideology – despite its transformation and the extent thereof- is Syria about to transform into an Islamist hub attracting Islamist movements and/or serving as a role model in the region? Furthermore, within a changing Middle East, could Syria regain its 1970s-1980s status as a major regional actor? While it is too early to offer any predictions, since developments are constantly unfolding, this article will attempt to cautiously approach these timely questions.

2025

While historiographical research on the Turkish War of Independence has
predominantly focused on the Western Front, this emphasis has led to the neglect of
other critical theaters of struggle. One such overlooked episode is the campaign for
Mosul, where another branch of the Kemalist movement engaged in a fierce battle
during the peak of the Western Front operations. In this context, Ali Şefik Özdemir Bey,
directly assigned by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, demonstrated remarkable capabilities
within the realm of irregular warfare. The Revandiz Operation, a key military endeavor
in one of the most volatile regions of the Middle East, constituted a significant step
toward resolving the Mosul Question and reflected Turkey’s persistent commitment to
the National Pact (Misak-ı Millî). The covert nature of the operation and its subsequent
marginalization in historical narratives stand in stark contrast to its strategic
importance. A comprehensive analysis of the Revandiz Operation not only enhances
our understanding of the Turkish War of Independence but also sheds light on the tribal
dynamics of the region and the complex role of British intelligence. The story of
Özdemir Bey’s arduous struggle thus serves as both a representation of the broader
contest over Mosul and an extension of Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s vision, warranting
deeper scholarly attention.

2025, Majils Dawly Lil –Lugatil-Arabiyyah ,Beirut

2025, Majils Dawly Lil –Lugatil-Arabiyyah, Beirut

2025, The Gulf in World History

2025, MajilsDawly Lil –Lugatil-Arabiyyah, Beirut

2025, Ad-Dalil Journal of National Association of Teachers of Arabic and Islamic Studies.(NATAIS). Ogun State, Nigeria

It is no doubt that, the level of economic meltdown-cum- fluctuations faced by Nigerians today,
arose as a result of the poor implementation and control of effective financial policy. Succinctly,
the strenuous and overarching efforts of Nigerian scholars in supplementing government’s
efforts by providing lasting solutions to this economic menace through the production of literary
works addressing socio-economic challenges in Nigeria are in vain. Therefore, this paper aimed
to explore the role of Arabic drama in contributing to financial policy in Nigeria. The paper
discussed the concept and rationale for Arabic drama in Arabic literature. Likewise, the genesis
and development of Arabic drama in Nigeria were examined. Also, the concept of financial
policy, its objectives and development were discussed. The role of financial policy in the
development of economic activities in the country was also illustrated. Negative effects of non
implementation of good financial policy in the development of Nigeria economy was enumerated
through the selected Nigeria Arabic drama texts understudy

2025, National Association of Teachers of Arabic and Islamic Studies. (NATAIS) ‘s Journal. Ekiti State, Nigeria

Despite the quantum commitments and immense contributions o f Nigerian Arabic poets into Arabic literary genres, led to the production o f their anthologies in different themes and styles. Arabic narrative poetry has not been favourably received the great attentions o f Nigerian Arabic scholars like other genres. Therefore, A l-Khalijat Wanabdat o f Ibrahim S a 'id Ahmad Gambari is to be examined by looking at the concept o f Arabic Narrative Poetry and its rationale in Arabic literary heritage. Likewise, the emergence o f Arabic Narrative Poetry in Nigerian Authorship and how it is specially explored in Ibrahim Sa 'id Ahmad Gam bari's poetry would be discussed.

2025, Al-Hikmah Journalof Humanities

This research aims to study the new phenomenon in the Nigerion Arabic
Literature, as it is an attempl to rediscover the modality or monitor what
occurred to Nigerian Arabic literature over the periods of time in term of
developments, growth and progress, likewise the new phenomena that clinched
to it which unite its old and traditional Status. What should be asked in this
paper is (hat, is there any Nigerian Arabic literature? What is the Status of
Arabic language and literature in Nigeria? What are the levels of scholarship
and prowess of Nigerian scholars in Arabic literature? On which platform do
Nigerian erudite scholars written their Arabic literature before the emergence
of the new horizon in their own literature? What is the type of new phenomena
in Nigerian Arabic literature? In response to these afore-said questions, this
research would be aiming to study the analytical and descriptive of a new
phenomenon in Nigerian Arabic literature, before delving into the main point
of the discussion, this research •would be focus on the study of the Status of
Arabic literature in Nigeria, with the highlight on Nigeria geographical
location, Also, this it would discuss the concept of the term “New
Phenomenon" and its relevance to this research work.

2025, Journal of Islamic Manuscripts

Embedded in a lively research trend in the Arabic manuscript studies, this contribution aims at providing a preliminary picture of the library of the Beiruti physician Yūsuf Ṣayfī. The latter’s manuscript collection, currently kept at the University of Leeds, will be thoroughly analysed with regard to its codicological and palaeographical features as well as its thematic arrangement. Whereas Yūsuf Ṣayfī’s library can be consistently classified as a specialised collection of medical texts, his approach to book culture as exhibited in the collection is heterogenous. Through the evidence of the manuscripts, a partial profile of this unknown man and his library will be sketched. The specificities identified in this case study will be then mirrored into its reference framework, that is, 13th-/19th-century Bilād al-Shām, thereby enabling us to contextualise Yūsuf Ṣayfī’s library into the book and literary culture of this fascinating (and revolutionary) period in the history of the Arabic-speaking world.

2025, Al-Hikmah Journal of Humanities, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

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2025, Al-Hikmah Journal of Humanities

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2025, Majalatul 'Asimah : مجلة العاصمة

2025

Could tensions in the Middle East be easing? U.S. President Donald Trump announced this morning a "total and complete" ceasefire between Iran and Israel. This comes on the heels of a dramatic escalation: Iran attacked a US air base in Qatar after Washington struck 3 key Iranian nuclear facilities, following a wave of Israeli bombardments.
This Breakfast Special unpacks the implications of the crisis. What ripple effects could reach Singapore and the wider region?
Dr. James M. Dorsey, Adjunct Senior Fellow at Nanyang Technological University’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, and Bhavan Jaipragas, Deputy Opinion Editor at The Straits Times, join the Breakfast Show to break it down.

2025, Journal of Arabian Studies

Journal of Arabian Studies is the only journal focusing on the Arabian Peninsula, its surrounding waters, and their connections with the Western Indian Ocean (from West India to East Africa), from Antiquity to the present day. It covers a wide range of topics, in all disciplines in the social sciences and the humanities. It presents the results of new observations and original research, providing authoritative information in an accessible way to appeal to the general reader as well as the specialist.

2025

This thesis seeks to explain the motivations for United States Government actions regarding Palestine from 1945 to 1948. The conclusion, based upon accumulated primary research and secondary sources, is that the United States government involved itself Palestinian conflict for humanitarian reasons and was then unable to extract itself from the conflict due to Cold War considerations. The United States did not seek a solution to the Arab-Zionist quandary itself, which would have involved directly confronting the competing nationalist goals of the two groups. Instead, Washington’s earliest actions focused on relocating Jewish victims of the Holocaust to Palestine, and formed its later policies around Cold War concerns. Research for this thesis was drawn primarily from documents found in volumes of the Foreign Relations of the United States. Other primary sources include the NSA archives, the London Times, and documents in The Israel-Arab Reader, edited by Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubi...

2025

One of the most striking dimensions of the Russian Empire's expansionist policies towards the Turkestan region was the discursive and strategic framework constructed around the practice of slavery. Throughout the long-term process extending from the 16th century to the late 19th century, the issue of Russian captives held in the Khanates of Bukhara and Khiva consistently occupied a central position in the agenda of the Russians. However, diplomatic negotiations concerning prisoner exchanges or the release of captives largely failed, paving the way for Russia to activate military options. Russia's military intervention in Turkestan was legitimized through a discourse that portrayed the Tsarist ideology and the imperial rhetoric of the period as committed to the abolition of slavery. Nevertheless, archival documents, travel accounts, and contemporary testimonies reveal that this discourse was largely based on political manipulation. Although slavery was officially abolished following the Russian domination of the Khanate of Khiva in 1873, it is evident that the slave trade and practices of captivity in the region continued for some time. For the khanates, the existence of Russian captives was not merely a matter of war booty; rather, it functioned as a strategic instrument providing negotiating superiority against Russia. This situation transformed the phenomenon of captivity from a mere economic activity into a crucial component of politics and diplomacy. On the other hand, for Russia, this issue was positioned at the very center of the argument of "humanitarian intervention" that justified its policy of conquest in Central Asia; yet in practice, it became clear that the primary motivation of this intervention did not go beyond the liberation of Russian captives. Russia did not aim for a profound transformation of the social and economic infrastructure of slavery in the region, a fact that became evident in its colonial practices. The role of the Turkmen groups in the slave trade constituted another complex dimension of this process. The entanglement of ethnic, sectarian, and economic factors in this structure not only shaped Russo-Turkestan relations but also formed an essential part of the internal dynamics between the khanates. Ultimately, the abolition of slavery in Turkestan was not so much the direct result of Russian intervention as it was the consequence of local resistance movements, internal rebellions, and broader processes of social transformation. The strategy of the Tsarist administration to present itself as a "liberator" was essentially a discursive construction that masked its imperial expansion. In this context, the question of slavery evolved into an ideological apparatus skillfully designed by Russia to legitimize its military and political expansion in Central Asia, becoming a striking example of the classical tension between imperial politics and humanitarian rhetoric.

2025, American Journal of Islam and Society

This study examines the concept of obedience to the ruler in Islam focusing on prominent ḥadīth collections, primarily Ibn al-Athīr's Jāmiʿ al-Uṣūl fī Aḥādīth al-Rasūl. It conducts a comprehensive textual and contextual analysis, extending its exploration to classical and contemporary works of Islamic political thought. The primary objective is to unveil insightful clues

2025, Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi

2025

Although al-Jildakī is one of the most important Arabic alchemists in history, he is still a shadowy, mysterious figure as are most of the Arabic alchemists. Fortunately, modern scholarly research has shown increasing interest in uncovering the mysteries surrounding the life of this celebrated alchemist. In this contribution, we aim to shed light on certain aspects of the enigmatic aura surrounding al-Jildakī, particularly regarding the geographical scope of his scientific activity, his places of residence, discussing whether he is Egyptian by origin or not. The second part of this paper will concern his opus magnum and maybe his latest work al-Miṣbāḥ fī asrār ʿilm al-miftāḥ ("The lamp, on the secrets of the science of the key"), in which al-Jildakī has collected all of his knowledge in alchemy, his important concepts, principles and views. Al-Miṣbāḥ is considered a summary of his previous books. The discussion will clarify al-Miṣbāḥ's authenticity, correct title, and whether al-Jildakī wrote the book in two parts as he mentions in the preface, which consequently may give a hint about al-Jildakī's deathdate.

2025

Son dönemlerde iç savaşın, çatışmaların ve terör gruplarının devlet dışı paramiliter unsurların faaliyet gösterdiği bir yer haline gelen Suriye toprakları, yaklaşık 400 yıl Osmanlılar tarafından yönetilmiştir. Suriye, 1516 yılında I. Selim'in Mercidabık Savaşı'nda Memlukleri yenmesiyle Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Fetih sonrası Suriye, Arap/Şam olarak adlandırılan bir beylerbeylik haline getirildi. Osmanlı Devleti'nin klasik devri (fetihten 16. yüzyıl sonuna kadar ), Suriye'nin idari yapısının temellerinin atıldığı ve şekillendiği bir dönem oldu. Bu dönemde Suriye, Osmanlı yönetiminin merkeziyetçi ve eyalet sistemine dayalı idari yapısı içinde yerini aldı. Yine bu dönemde Suriye; idari, ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve dini açıdan Osmanlı yönetiminin etkisi altında şekillendi. Bu çalışmamızda, Osmanlı klasik döneminde Suriye ile ilgili yayımlanmış arşiv belgeleri ve çalışmalardan yola çıkarak bölgedeki Osmanlı idaresi hakkında bir değerlendirme yapmaya çalışacağız.

2025

July-August MADRASSA-MILITANCY CONTROVERSY IN PAKISTAN: WHAT THE STAKEHOLDERS THINK? *Tahir Mahmood Butt; Zahid Yaseen; Muhammad Riaz Government College Gujranwala *Corresponding author: Tahir Mahmood Butt tahirbut786@gmail.com Cell# 0307-8827102 ABSTRACT: Madrassa militancy controversy in Pakistan has been a topic of hot debates in recent years. Some scholars discuss madrassa as a source of radical ideology and a security threat to the modern world. Some others think it as a net of social security services for underprivileged strata of the society. What is the position of real stakeholders of madrassa, this is the core objective of this paper to explore it. This paper is based on the data acquired by twenty in-depth interview of madrassa teachers belonging to different sects in Gujranwala. The study found no sect-based variation in responses; however, the opinion of respondents on the issue of madrassa-militancy correlation was divided into diverse dimensions. Almost all the respon...

2025

Islamic leaders (imams) play a critical role in guiding the spiritual, moral, and social well-being of their communities. In Masumgballa Chiefdom, many imams are committed to their roles but lack access to continuous Islamic education and leadership development. This proposed training program aims to equip all imams in the chiefdom with enhanced knowledge in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), Quranic interpretation (tafsir), public speaking, and proper prayer leadership. By strengthening their capabilities, the program will improve the quality of religious services and promote unity and peace within the Muslim community.

2025, Saeculum Christianum

Although almost every sea was dominated by Royal Navy, it couldn’t reach every single place in the world. Trade company’s ships and fully armed merchant ships many times had to take care of themselves. The East India Company had an independent policy that goes beyond the subcontinent. During the first decade of 19th century, the most difficult problem to solve (except the problems of India) was the Persian Gulf, which appeared to be the source of many profits and problems, that wasn’t easy to solve and took a lots of time to conclude. The Treaty of 1820 solved the problems of sea and overland campaigns. The times before signing the agreement and the way, it was created are included in this article.

2025, Saeculum Christianum

2025, Osmanlı Araştırmaları

One of the most important cities of Iraq on the eastern border of the Ottoman Empire was the province of Basra, where international trade was active and which could also be considered as a gateway to India. Basra was also of high importance for the United States of America because it was the trade centre of the East and the gateway to the South Asian market, and because of the presence of oil in the neighbouring province of Khuzestan. In the vacuum created by the Ottoman Empire’s loss of power in the region in the 19th century, America, which wanted to create an area of dominance for itself, carried out activities here. Accordingly, the Arabian Mission, founded by American Protestant missionaries at the end of the 19th century, established a station in Basra, which was identified as its first target for education and health activities. In 1911, it opened a hospital in Basra under the name of Lansing Memorial, and Protestant doctors and nurses affiliated with the Arabian Mission started to serve there. This study focuses on the activities of the Arabian Mission in Basra starting from the end of the 19th century. The primary sources of this research are the documents of the Ottoman Archives and the publications of the Arabian Mission, while literature on the Arabian Mission has also been used.

2025, Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi

Iranian Shiite ulema played a key role in the prevalence of Shiite population in Iraqi provinces of Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. The Iranian ulema’s first missionary activities began in cities which were accepted as sacred by Shiite believers and it was gradually expanded to all lands of Iraq. As a counter-policy to the Iranian ulema’s missionary activities, the Ottoman government took some measures to restrict the activities of Iranian ulema and the number of Shiite populations in Iraq. However, Ottoman government could not prevent the change of demographic map of Shiite population from the minority to the majority in Iraq. In this respect, this article will examine the Ottoman governmental policies towards Shiite groups in Iraq by rethinking the subject of sectarianism within a broader historical context, specifically within a late imperial framework. In other words, the main purpose of this study is to show the policies of the Ottoman administration to cope with the spread of Shiite belief among Iraqi people. This study will also explain the reasons for the growth of the Shiite supremacy in Iraq by basing on a number of documents from the Ottoman archives which reflect the ideology of government’s officials in the late- nineteenth century.

2025, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

This article examines the Great Britain's political and economic intervention into the Ottoman Iraqi region and the Persian Gulf in the late nineteenth century. It aims to show how Britain's political and economic hegemony imposed towards the Iraqi region and Persian Gulf militarily and politically. There is a large literature of academic study on the British policy towards Iraqi region and the Persian Gulf in the nineteenth century. To contribute to this considerable literature, this article will examine the factors of the growth of British economic and political hegemony in Iraqi region and the Persian Gulf by referring to the report of Müşir Nusret Pasha who had served long years in Iraqi region as the Honorary Inspector of the Sixth Army. The principal point of this article is to investigate various aspects of Britain's expanding penetration into the Persian Gulf and Iraqi region given the detailed report of Müşir Nusret Pasha. Another focal point of this article is to show how the British penetration into Persian Gulf and Iraqi region was perceived by the Ottoman official Nusret Pasha. Müşir Nusret Pasha pointed out that Britain's growing influence in these regions is a potential

2025, Itinerario

Scholars working on mandate Iraq have demonstrated the centrality of indiscriminate air power in the British Empire's "policing" tactics, recognising an intimate link between the Royal Air Force and mandatory rule. Less clear, however, is how Iraq's emergence as a node in interwar commercial aviation routes was also the product of British control. Foregrounding the activities of the British airline Imperial Airways (1924-1939) sheds light on the imperial roots of air tourism in Iraq. Using government records and the archives of Imperial Airways-alongside popular press books, magazines, newspapers, and ephemeral promotional material-this article draws attention to how Imperial Airways' proponents talked about air travel in Iraq both as a boon for the British Empire and as a means of "developing" the mandated state itself. In this latter vein, promoters of "air-mindedness" emphasised Iraq's antiquity for multiple ends. First, and perhaps most obvious, to make it more enticing for tourists. Second, they juxtaposed an image of Iraq as frozen in the past with aviation's modernising potential. Ultimately, in foregrounding civic aviation, this article aims to contribute to the nascent historiography of tourism in Iraq alongside broader debates about transportation infrastructure, culture, and empire in the interwar period.

2025, Türkiyat Mecmuası

Çok zengin ve çeşitli olan eski Türk nesri mahsulleri arasındaı
biyografya örneklerine nisbeten az rastlanır. Bunlardan her bakımdan,
ilg i çekici olan ikis i ilk önce yabancı şarkiyatçıların dikkatini çekmiş,
ve Almancaya çevrilmiştir

2025

This paper deals with the rise to power of Gamal Abdel Nasser as the president of Egypt and his attempt to create a pan Arab secular nationalism in the Middle East.

2025, The Emamzadeh Yahya at Varamin: An Online Exhibition of an Iranian Shrine, directed and edited by Keelan Overton

This is my English translation of an essay by Ahmad Khamehyar, originally written in Persian for the open-access online exhibition The Emamzadeh Yahya at Varamin: An Online Exhibition of an Iranian Shrine, directed and edited by Keelan... more

2025, Again Rubbed Smooth (Exhibition at AUB Gallery)

The essay, Caesura, was written for the exhibition 'Again Rubbed Smooth: A Moment in Time' at the American University of Beirut's Galleries (2018). This was a curatorial intervention into The Permanent Collection at the AUB. 'Caesura'... more

2025

Course Description: Introduction to Religious Studies offers students a fundamental introduction to religious terms and concepts, providing them the opportunity to explore dimensions of faith and belief reflected in the Christian... more

2025

Türk kültür coğrafyası çok geniş bir zemini ve bu genişlik içinde pek çok merkezi içerir. Bu bildiride Türk kültür coğrafyasının önemli merkezlerinden birisi olan Herat ele alınmıştır. Bildirimizde Herat'ı bütün yönleriyle değil, Ali Şir Nevai'den başlayarak Türk dünyasında yazılmış tezkirelerdeki şairler yönünden ele aldık. Bu araştırma esnasında Türk tezkirelerinde Herat'da doğmuş, Herat'da yaşamış ve Herat'ta ölmüş 64 şair tespit ettik. Sayfa sınırlamasından dolayı bildiride sadece Herat'ta doğan, yaşayan ve ölen 29 şairin kısa biyografisine yer verdik ve bir şekilde Herat'ta bulunmuş 35 şairi de dipnotta gösterdik.

2025, Unconquered States: Non-European Powers in the Age of Empire

2025

Here I show how the name of a very old character from the Middle Eastern mythology matches with a very old Türkic title.

2025, Diyâr

This paper examines the letters of the Ottoman Grand Vizier and commander-in-chief of the 1769 campaign, Yağlıkçızâde Mehmed Emin Pasha, in order to advance the understanding of Ottoman notions of expertise. Military expertise has always been seen as a fundamental part of discussions of Ottoman modernization, and its perceived absence prior to the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768-1774 is cited as one of the many reasons why the Ottomans 'lagged' behind. This article attempts to understand what constituted expertise for the Ottoman elite before the major catastrophes of the war and puts forward an intertwining relationship between perceptions of expertise and sedition.

2025, مجلة جامعة زاخو للعلوم الانسانیة

The 17th century is considered one of the dark periods in the history of the Kurdish Emirates, because there is no such an inclusive book tackling their history. Unlike the book Sharafnameh written by Prince Sharafkhan Badlisi, which covered the history of Kurdistan throughout the 16th century, there is little information that can be found among some Ottoman and Safavid sources. The Emirate of Soran is one of those emirates that may have received the lion's share of neglect and lack of attention, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries. Therefore, the researcher, who writes on the history of the aforementioned emirate, must search through ancient documents, records, and manuscripts in archives, requiring a consuming time and effort.
This study examines the history of Soran in one of its most important eras, which was the era of Princess Khanzadeh Khatun, the first woman to hold the position of Sanjakbey in the Ottoman Empire. However, the published and available information about this princess is rare to an extent that some regarded her as a fictional heroine in the Kurdish oral literature.
The research paper is divided into two main sections. Section one is devoted to tackle the life of Khanzadeh Khatun and her administrative, political and military role. Section two examines the four princes of the Sanjaks in Soran, namely: Harir and Dowian, Erbil, Shamamak and Koya. It is worth noting that most of the information in our study is published for the first time.
The study has mainly depended on the Ottoman placement records (also known as the Ruus registers) and the records of directing the timariots (timar), the chieftains (zeamet), and the Sultan orders preserved in the Muhimme Dafteri, the various Ottoman documents, as well as the Safavid and Ottoman sources that dealt with topics from the history of the Emirate of Soran during the reign of the princess Khanzadeh Khatun.

2025, The Islamic Journal of Women and the Family

Couples' psychological rights are the basis of their duties. It means that rights and duties are mutually exclusive. This analytical-documentary research was conducted with the aim of explaining couples' psychological rights from the perspective of Quranic verses and narratives and their educational duties using the Ijtihadi method; thus, all the related written sources were studied and the educational interpretation of the verses and narratives about the subject of the research were reviewed and analyzed, and an Islamic approach to couples' psychological rights and their educational duties were deduced from them. The results showed that in the educational view of Islam, humans' duties are necessary for the rights and are exclusive to their psychological rights, and because the attention of couples to the psychological rights and the related educational duties provides the basis for their well-being and happiness, it is of great importance. The educational duties related to couples' psychological rights, which were deduced from the verses and narratives in the present research, are as follows: providing peace, honor and dignity, positivity, attention to blessing, cooperation, good manners, forgiveness, self-sacrifice, grooming, affection and sexual satisfaction.

2025, The Routledge Companion to the Literature of the U.S. South

The Routledge Companion to the Literature of the U.S. South. Edited by Monica Carol Miller, Katharine A. Burnett, and Todd Hagstette. Routledge, 2022. 49-52.

2025

LE STYLE, C'EST L'HOMME MEME" Buffon's remark throws an illuminating light on our study of literary styles, which, in turn, contributes to our comprehension and full appreciation of literature. Traditionally, people estimate the style of a given literary work by their own impression of it. However, as men's experiences in life are varied from one another, the same book can impress them differently. Even the same person, if in a different mood, can draw a different impression from the same book. In a word, impression being something subjective, the estimation of a literary style based on it admits of fluctuation. Then, how can our estimation of a literary work be more objective and our way of appraising it be more scientific? That is the problem I shall try to tackle within this paper. A literary style is composed of many elements, such as syntactical structures, choice of words, figures of speech, imagery, and rhetorical devices. However, I shall confine myself to a syntactical analysis of Mr. Collins' letter, with the view to presenting a way of relatively objective estimation of Jane Austen's style and more accurate comprehension and appreciation of Pride and Prejudice. Hunsford, near Westerham, Kent, 15th October Dear Sir, The disagreement subsisting between yourself and my late honoured father always gave me much uneasiness, and since I have had the misfortune to lose him,

2025

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2025, Relics of Colonialism: An Introduction to African Politics

This chapter examines the trajectory of Egypt’s struggle for sovereignty from the 19th century through the mid-20th century, focusing on the interplay between colonial interests, military influence, and nationalist resistance. Initially driven by strategic and commercial interests, British involvement in Egypt deepened following financial crises caused by infrastructure investments and unsustainable debt. The resulting "veiled protectorate" led to increasing foreign control, culminating in direct British military intervention in 1882 to suppress nationalist uprisings led by Ahmed Urabi. Despite formal independence in 1922, British influence remained dominant through military presence and political manipulation until the 1952 revolution. The chapter also highlights Egypt's evolving identity during British and French colonization, noting efforts at modernization and the persistent struggle against foreign dominance. The eventual withdrawal of British forces in 1956, following the Suez Crisis, signaled the end of colonial rule and the beginning of a new era under the Arab Republic of Egypt. The chapter underscores the enduring legacy of colonialism in shaping Egypt’s political structures, economic orientation, and national consciousness.

2025

Author(s): McCollum, Jonathan | Advisor(s): Gelvin, James L | Abstract: The Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912), now remembered primarily as Italy’s war for what is now Libya, swelled from a localized colonial invasion into a significant Mediterranean conflict and a global cause ci?½li?½bre that attracted support and aid for the embattled Ottoman regime from diverse locations both inside and outside the borders of the empire. This dissertation examines the means by which the Ottoman Empire erected an asymmetric defense of its last North African provinces to preserve its territory and empire from Italian occupation and annexation. Drawing on sources in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Greek, and Judeo-Spanish, this study demonstrates how the Sublime Porte and the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) initially deployed a rhetoric of unity, constitutionalism, and international law to protect the empire from the Italian invasion. Due to the efficacy of Italian diplomacy, the Ottomans, unable to enli...