Military culture Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Military History, Afghanistan, Military culture

The conquest of the North American wilderness and its native population by English settlers is one of the most compelling topics in American history. The military misadventures of the English colonists in New England illuminated tensions between American conditions and European military conventions. Successful Indian attacks on colonial forces during King Philip’s War have led some contemporary and modern observers to conclude that the combination of firearms and Indian tactics was too potent for English forces, relying on conventional European tactics. Consequently, it has been argued, exposure to Indian tactics improved the efficiency of English military forces by forcing them to ‘unlearn’ what their European military manuals had taught them. Chet demonstrates that English soldiery did not improve when “textbook knowledge of European tactics” was complemented by experience in wilderness warfare. Moreover, King Philip’s War and the later colonial wars were not won through a succession of tactical victories, but through logistical campaigns of attrition.
A comparison between the first generation of European veteran commanders in America and the supposedly “Americanized” commanders of the later colonial wars reflects poorly on the latter. Similarly, the British army’s tactical victories during the Seven Years’ War indicate that the British were, in fact, more successful than provincials in countering the challenges of wilderness warfare. Colonists’ military ordeals during the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth century did not lead to a reevaluation and transformation of their military doctrine. Rather than revitalizing the settlers’ military establishments, these episodes highlighted the ongoing degeneration of colonial armed forces. Indeed, it was the poor performance of colonial forces in King Philip’s War and King William’s War that led colonial magistrates to address their shortcomings through greater reliance on British forces and imperial administrators. Thus, English military achievements in New England during the eighteenth century reflected an increasing degree of British participation, as well as British planning, administration, and command.

MEMORIES OF AN ARGENTINE MILITARY DRAFTEE IN THE TIMES OF THE ONGANÍA DICTATORSHIP (1969)
Pocos meses después de haber archivado el cilicio me incorporé al ejército en cumplimiento del servicio militar obligatorio. Llegué como a la pubertad, totalmente desprevenido. Aunque me desgarraba abandonar por un año la universidad y esa novedad que había venido con ella y con mi vida en Buenos Aires, los amigos, pensé que algo de gimnasia y deportes no me vendrían mal. Llevé conmigo mi equipo de tenis. Arribé al cuartel, cumplí con los trámites necesarios, llegó la noche y me dispuse a descansar, ansioso por emprender la nueva aventura. A las cinco de la mañana me despertó un fuerte y punzante silbato soplado casi adentro de mi oído izquierdo. Percibí aturdido que me ordenaban saltar de la cama y correr desde la pared hasta el corredor central y desde allí hasta la pared, una y otra vez. El ejercicio duró media hora. La jaqueca inducida por el pito perduró todo el día, junto con un tormento de gritos iracundos y órdenes destempladas e irracionales que se sucedieron una tras otra durante toda la jornada y se perpetuaron, más allá, durante semanas y meses. «Un silbato estridente a las cinco de la mañana soplado a escasos centímetros de un oído que es un canal de comunicación a un cerebro profundamente dormido es como un estilete que penetra en la masa encefálica, la revuelve y la lanza al mundo en estado de ebullición. Las imágenes que ingresan a esa conciencia a través de ojos repentina, dolorosamente abiertos, son como las burbujas de un jarro de agua hirviente que saltan alocadas, y las órdenes que el sargento grita con ladrido de perro rabioso y homicida, laceran la mente como lo haría esa agua volcada sobre la piel. A partir de allí, todo el día es una sucesión de gritos que retumban sobre el trasfondo de aquel silbato cuyo eco no se apaga nunca. Las ondas sucesivas de ultrajes al sistema nervioso y a la autoestima se acumulan con ritmo creciente y demencial, perpetrando una violación que es mucho más profunda que un asalto sexual porque abarca una dimensión ilimitada de nuestra humanidad. Un solo día en la vida de un soldado es la peor de las vejaciones. Padece la enajenación y total amputación de su albedrío, depositado en las manos de un sargento ignorante, irresponsable,

- by Carlos Escudé
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- Self and Identity, Argentina, Military culture

A junior commander seeking to expand their knowledge, insight and emotional intelligence would do well to supplement contemporary examples with timeworn, but nonetheless enduring, lessons from antiquity. Interrogation of Homer’s 'The Iliad'
can serve to exercise and nourish the moral and intellectual components of fighting power, whilst also developing understanding of military ethos, providing examples worthy of emulation or avoidance, and contextualising the nature of war.

- by Benjamin Gray
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- Homer, Military culture, Military Leadership, The Iliad

Японские боевые искусства в русскоязычной литературе xix – начала xx веков Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются основные публикации, вышедшие в XIX – XX веках в Российской Империи, в которых упоминаются японские боевые искусства. Знакомство с японскими боевыми искусствами происходило параллельно знакомству с культурой и историей Японии. Первые упоминания о японских боевых искусствах можно встретить уже в записках капитана Головнина, изданных в 1818 году. Спектр рассмотренных публикаций включает научные и журнальные статьи, мемуары исторических личностей, русские переводы иностранной учебной и научно-популярной литературы. При написании статьи использовались основные ме-тоды исторического исследования: историко-генетический и историко-типологический, также использовался источниковедческий анализ. Статья призвана внести вклад в изучение истории японских боевых искусств в России, истории российского спорта, рукопашного боя и отечественного востоковедения. В статье отражен интерес дореволюционной русскоязычной публики к японским боевым искусствам и культуре в целом, а также этапы накопления практических и теоретических знаний в этой области. Отдельные печатные источники впервые использованы в качестве исторического материала для изучения рассматриваемого вопроса.

- by Anton Lestev
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- Japanese Studies, Social and Cultural Anthropology, Martial Arts, Military culture
- by Charles D Allen
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- Trust, Military culture, Civil-military relations, Military Professionalism

This paper was made possible in part due to the support of the Palm Center and the Naval Academy Research Committee. The opinions in this article however are solely those of the authors' and not necessarily of the organizations supporting... more

- by Clementine Fujimura
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- Social and Cultural Anthropology, LGBT Issues, Military culture

A specific cultural awareness and educational preparation is necessary to most effectively minister to US Military personnel and Veterans. US Military Service Members and Veterans are a unique and the only voluntary minority group in the United States of America. At different eras in American history US Military Service Members and Veterans have been lauded and despised by the people they serve. Normally marginalized and viewed on the periphery of the majority culture. The majority culture of the US historically defines minorities by race and ethnic origin. Now, sexual identity and religion are definitions that are used to identify minority populations by the US Majority culture. US Military Service Members and Veterans defy these majority culture categories of minority. US Military Service Members and Veterans are visually, socially and ethnically a diverse population. US Military Culture members embrace and live values formative of the original American social and cultural identity. Additionally, other values that make the success of US Military operations possible seem incongruent with the expressed values of the contemporary US Majority culture. Among these values are obedience and personal responsibility. All of these values must be introduced, fostered and bred into US Military Service Members. These same values are practical expressions of the reality of a life lived in a culture that existence is predicated on a need that is greater than the individual members of that culture, or that cultural group as a whole. To facilitate effective ministry to this underserved population New York Theological Seminary adopted and implemented a new Doctor of Ministry Curriculum using its standard DMin program platform.

- by J. E . Anderson
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- Sociology of the Military, Mental Health, Military Veterans, Combat Veterans

The raise of the importance of the cultural identity and of the inherent
frictions generated by this determine the need for all the military and civilian leaders of the
understanding of the cultural and societal norms of the population where it functions and
operates.
ISAF represented over the years not only a test for NATO, but it showed the relevance
of the organization within the contemporary security environment.. Operating over the last
Decade, ISAF increased its presence and experienced a serial of enhancements related to the
development of NATO Doctrine for stability operations and counterinsurgency. This analysis
is done base don the need to understand the way different cultures inside ISAF are interrelated
and they are developing efficient functional mechanisms in a military multinational
Environment, within the Afghan Theatre of Operations. This interest was generated also by
the fact that Romania is taking part to the Mission with military forces, not only in Regional
Initiatives, but also in different Theatre of Operations, inside some Observer Missions.

- by Rita Palaghia
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- Intercultural Communication, NATO, Culture, Military culture

Among the Slavic metal-plastic of the 7th century, an important place is occupied by the belt sets of the heraldic style. They acted as one of the most important components of military culture, combining both an aesthetic and a status function. In the Slavic antiquities, most of the finds of silver and bronze details of belts are associated with the hoard of the Middle Dnepr region.This category of things is a valuable source for studying the culture and military-political development of the Slavic tribes of the early Middle Ages.
The book is intended for archaeologists, historians and all who are interested in the history of Ukraine and its cultural heritage.

- by Andrii Skyba
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- Military History, Early Medieval Archaeology, Military culture, Early Medieval Art

By Steve Gerras, Leonard Wong, Charles D. Allen Explanations for the success of militaries both in war and peace have traditionally focused on key factors such as technology, leadership, personnel, training, or a combination of all of... more

- by Charles D Allen
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- Organizational Behavior, Military culture

Military Cultures, as a rule, do not change easily. Turkish military culture stands out here, however, having undergone several stark changes within the last century. This book focuses on modern Turkish politics by giving special reference to civil-military relations and military culture. Turkish people give very strong importance on soldiery and even sanctify the status of 'martyrdom'. This obliges us to analyse cultural determinants of civil-military relations to understand the reasons of ongoing military interventions in politics. Under which circumstances do Turkish military officers believe that military rule is more favourable than civilian rule? Why did the Turkish people applaud a number of military interventions in the past? To answer these questions we analysed Turkish military culture comprehensively and separated its transformation into three periods, namely revolutionist (1908-1945), guardianship (1945-1999) and depoliticisation (1999-2013). While analysing each part, we also noted their impacts on Turkish politics and Turkish society as well as the reasons that shape the so-called close linkage between military and society.

This paper aims to provide an understanding of the relationship between terrorism and technology. It considers how technology is used by terrorists and the factors which drive terrorist innovation and the use of specific technologies. It also looks at how technologies are currently being used for Counter Terrorism (CT). It assesses that the current approach to understanding the terrorists’ use of technology is an instrumental one. An approach which considers also the symbolic, ideological and organisational factors affecting terrorists’ technology choices can provide a more valuable insight into terrorist groups as well as providing a predictive capability.
The challenge of CT responses in a rapidly changing technological landscape requires a greater investment in research and development, the costs of which can be mitigated by greater burden sharing between organisations and countries; training and joint operations between the military, Police and intelligence agencies as well as with other government and international organisations and standardisation of data formats.
The full benefit of the rapid advances in CT technology cannot be realised without an agile procurement, legal and safety governance framework. Otherwise, terrorists will seize and maintain the initiative. The investment in technology development, acquisition and the people to maintain and exploit it could lead to a technology ‘arms race’ where the terrorists have an asymmetric advantage over states. Consequently, strategies will need to be adopted which appropriately balance investment to the risk as well as balancing investment in CT with wider defence and security needs.
The importance of the link between technology and terrorism, the centrality of terrorism to current defence and security and the rapid evolution of both technology and terrorist techniques requires a change in military culture to think differently about the threat and to work differently with other CT organizations to counter it. Wide ranging education and training initiatives exposing the various issues relating to terrorism and technology can help achieve the new approach and cultural change needed to improve CT effectiveness. Several recommendations are made based on the findings and conclusions of this research.

- by Afzal Ashraf
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- Technology, Terrorism, NATO, Procurement
- by Ben Wadham
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- Military culture, Civil-military relations, Critical Military Studies

Utilizing the concept of military culture, USSOUTHCOM has commissioned FIU-JGI to conduct country-studies in order to explain how Latin American militaries will behave in the context of interactions and engagements with the U.S. military.... more

- by John Polga-Hecimovich
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- Venezuela, Democracy, Military culture, Armed Forces
- by Candice Sarah Menat
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- Military History, Military Science, Sociology of the Military, Geopolitics
- by Sam Challis
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- Religion, History, Military History, Archaeology

Like all repetitive human interaction, even war has been institutionalized and fought according to conventions and norms. Historically, this institutionalization is apparent from the way war has been compared to the duel, first in the 14th century and most famously by Carl von Clausewitz 5 centuries later. This article continues this train of thought and argues that the observed limits of Western " professional orthodoxy " and " strategic vocabulary " can be traced to how war has been institutionalized by the military profession. This offers an alternative explanation to the prevailing views of why the West has struggled in contemporary wars: it is the fundamental mismatch between these professional norms in the West and those held by their opponents that forms the biggest asymmetry in contemporary war. As this asymmetry is unlikely to disappear, these professional norms need to be reconsidered: just like the aristocracy with the duel by the late 19th century, the Western military profession appears stuck in an institution that is increasingly becoming obsolete. Without such reconsideration, the attainment of decision – the central strategic objective in war – and hence victory in future wars will remain uncertain.

- by Brian R Price
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- Military History, Medieval Literature, Medieval History, Military culture

En este artículo, se analizan las características del Ejército español en 1975. Para ello, se parte de la idea de que el franquismo convirtió a las Fuerzas Armadas, y más concretamente al Ejército de Tierra, en su principal bastión defensivo; dotándole de una cultura militar homologable con la del mundo occidental, de una fuerte cohesión y sobre todo de una posición autónoma y superior dentro del organigrama administrativo. Era precisamente esta posición, unida a su organización territorial y a la ideología de sus componentes, la que permitía a la institución militar vigilar y mediatizar cualquier cambio institucional del Estado, actuando así como garantes legales del franquismo.

Der Beitrag behandelt Heftromanserien, die während des Ersten Weltkriegs diesen zum Thema machten und ausgesprochen umstritten waren. Während einige Politiker sie durchaus als Propagandainstrumente schätzten, sah die von Pädagogen und "Schundkämpfern" dominierte Öffentlichkeit darin gefährlichen "Kriegsschund". In großen Teilen des deutschen Kaiserreichs wurden entsprechende Heftreihen auf Anordnung der militärischen Befehlshaber verboten. Das wirft die Frage auf, wieso Militärs gegen eine solche populäre Propagandamöglichkeit vorgingen.

- by Kaspar Maase
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- Sociology of the Military, World War I, Censorship (History), Military and Politics

В статье рассмотрены основные черты образа тэнгу в японской мифологии и народных сказках. Рассмотрен процесс формирования образа тэнгу под воздействием древних традиций и культов, содержащих в своей основе тотемные, шаманские и анимистические элементы. Впервые рассмотрено влияние культа ворона Ятагарасу на формирование образа тэнгу. Выделены основные черты и характеристики архетипа древне-японского воина в шаманской традиции воинской культуры Японии.

- by Anton Lestev
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- Mythology And Folklore, Japanese Studies, Anthropology, Mythology

The late sixteenth-century religious wars prompted a Protestant movement within the Elizabethan regime that sought state-sanctioned military intervention in aid of the Dutch rebels. Printed military news also became a popular genre during this period. This article seeks to re-examine the journalistic legacy of soldier-poet Thomas Churchyard through a close reading of his 1580 account of the English pillaging of Mechelen by a group of English mercenaries. Churchyard’s text was the product of his connections to interventionist statesmen and the widespread vilification of Spaniards. His pamphlet utilised popular motifs that vindicated religious violence and exploited inchoate notions of journalistic credibility.

- by Holger Mölder
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- International Security, Military and Politics, Military culture, Baltic States

Este trabajo explora las características del Ejército peruano decimonónico hasta fechas previas a la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883). Plantea que el Ejército decimonónico fue una institución débil, producto de la consolidación en la primera mitad de la centuria de una cultura militar, expresada en una serie de prácticas relacionadas con la guerra. Esta cultura militar imposibilitó los intentos de reforma que se ensayaron durante el ciclo de crecimiento económico del boom del guano (1845-1874) y fue la que practicó el Ejército peruano en la derrota de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883).

Comprising a conceptual framework, seven substantive chapters, a critical individual synthesis reflecting on the book itself and a summary conclusion, this edited book provides a set of constructive conceptual and empirical contributions to international relations, political science, and military studies. Its key argument is that national military power is too often simplistically equated with states' material and human resources, ignoring the divergent effectiveness with which states make actual use of them. In sum, and certain conceptual challenges notwithstanding, Creating Military Power provides a rather well-accomplished and differentiated analysis of the manifold sources of military power, making it a welcomed contribution to the ongoing reconceptualization of military power. With latent US ethnocentrism in some of its chapters, it is also recommendable to all those interested in the state of current US scholarship on international security studies

- by Jonas Hagmann
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- Military Science, Power System, Military culture, Military Effectiveness

The limits and consequences of humanitarian military operations continue to be major issues in Western public debates on global security, democracy and human rights. This article focuses on the intersection of war and humanitarianism, situating the study of humanitarian militarism within a European context in which a reinvigorated proliferation of the military ethos coexists with ongoing transformations in European military culture and a resurgence of nation-state ideologies. Building on a reeection of the historical consolidation of humanitarian militarism and interviews conducted with soldiers, the paper explores the politics of humanity produced by humanitarian militarism.

- by Antonio De Lauri
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- Humanitarianism, War Studies, Anthropology of humanitarism, Military culture
- by Martin Kohlrausch
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- Festivals and music, First World War, Military culture, France

The paper discusses the topic of the regiment cultures in the Imperial (and) Royal Army, which flourished in the second half of the 19th century and in the first decade of the 20th century, and also speaks about the regiment ideologies which emerged in their wake. The main purpose is formulating the questions, mainly in relation to Hungary, rather than explicating the whole problem. In the regiments of the Habsburg Army, a special organisation in many aspects, the ideologies evolved on the basis of symbols, traditions, rituals, customs and institutions. The unique, supranational ideologies promoted loyalty to the Emperor and Austrian patriotism, and in a time of mass armies their task was to strengthen the sense of community and camaraderie, to raise loyalty to the ruling dynasty in the subjects, and to spread the Austrian idea of state. All these intentions strengthened the army’s integrative role within the empire. However, the military leadership’s insisting on the unity of the officer corps and the army, and on the ideal of a common motherland raises many questions, including to what extent was the evolution of a regiment identity possible, what kind of role could locality play in the self-identification of the regiment following the introduction of the territorial army organisation, and how could this influence the relationship between hungarian society and the common army

- by Balázs Tangl
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- Military History, Ideology, Military culture, Civil-military relations
- by Fredrik Eriksson and +1
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- History, Military History, Baltic Sea Region Studies, Cultures Of Memory

Im öffentlichen Diskurs über den Afghanistan-Einsatz der Bundeswehr dominierten von Beginn an politisch-strategische und legitimatorische Fragen. Wie Soldaten den Einsatz selbst wahrnehmen, welche Erfahrungen mit direkter und indirekter... more

- by Julius Heß
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- Military culture, Military Sociology, ISAF, Bundeswehr

At the beginning of the Great War, the British Empire incorporated around a fifth of the world's population and around a quarter of its surface land. This commanding position was under threat, however, from strong powers in continental Europe and from within the Empire itself. Uprisings in India in the 1850s, and the rise of Irish nationalism in the later nineteenth century, meant that in the latter part of Victoria's reign the British state faced threats from within and without its borders, borders it sought to consolidate in a number of colonial wars. It did so with an Army which many felt was increasingly unfit for purpose. Not least because of harsh discipline and high mortality rates, especially from tropical diseases in the colonies, the Army had long had a reputation as the last refuge of scoundrels. 1 Add to this the fact that, in the earlier nineteenth century, the Army had often been used to quell workers' protests, and the result was that relatively few men joined up – and of those, even fewer were actually fit for the job. In her survey of how, from the 1850s, the British establishment sought to respond to these pressures, Heather Streets has traced a discourse of »martial races« that marked off three ethnicities – Scottish Highlanders, Indian Sikhs and Nepalese Gurkhas – as being endowed with fundamentally masculine qualities of valour, honour and determination to fight. 2 All had earned their reputation during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and were contrasted specifically to those units from other parts of India that had risen up against the crown; men from those parts of India were thereafter portrayed in derogatory, effeminate terms. 3 The Highlanders 1 On flogging and other forms of punishment in the army in this period, see e. g. M. J. Grant: Music and Punishment in the British Army in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, in: the world of music (new series) 2/1 (2013) = Music and Torture | Music and Punishment, pp. 9–30. 2 Heather Streets: Martial Races. The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914, Manchester / New York 2004. 3 The language of this discourse was influenced by gender stereotypes as much as racial ones. A key event was the Siege of Kapur, which resulted in the deaths of 125 British women and children. As Streets reports, media reporting on this issue – particularly in The Times – »made it clear that the murder of British women and children set the rebellion apart from other conflicts, that ›normal‹ conditions of war did not exist in India, and that the rebels themselves – as well as their grievances – were illegitimate«; as a result »the tremendous complexity of events in and around north central India during the rebellion became lost to a narrative about vengeance, (white) female purity, British masculine honour and rebel dishonour« (p. 41). Streets notes that contemporary accounts used all of the accoutrements of Victorian melodrama to narrate tales

- by Morag Josephine Grant
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- Military Music, Sociology of Music, Military culture, Singing
- by Charles D Allen
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- Military culture, Military Sociology, Military Studies, Military Professionalism

While the Royal Air Force was born in war, it was created in peace. In his 1919 memorandum on the Permanent Organization of the Royal Air Force, Air Marshal Sir Hugh Trenchard outlined his vision for the development of the Service. In this strategy, Trenchard developed the idea of generating an ‘Air Force spirit’ that provided the basis of the RAF’s development in the years after the First World War. The basis for this process was the creation of specific institutions and structures that helped generate a culture that allowed the RAF to establish itself as it dealt with challenges from its sister services. This article explores the character of that culture and ethos and in analysing the early years of the RAF through a cultural lens, suggests that Trenchard’s so-called ‘doctrine’ was focussed more on organisational developments rather than air power thinking as has often been suggested.

- by Ross Mahoney
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- Military History, War Studies, Political Science, Air Power History
- by Robin Goodman
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- Critical Theory, Cultural Studies, Military culture, Military

Объектом исследования являются морально-нравственные императивы рыцарей Мальтийского Ордена. Подробно рассмотрены основные для самоидентификации рыцаря понятия: честь, преданность, справедливость, милость и послушание в контексте формирования особой системы военно-религиозных Орденов. Несмотря на универсальность этих понятий, в различных воинских сообществах и культурах их смысловая наполненность, а также локализация различны, что предопределяет важность изучения вопроса о душевных устремлениях, духовном поиске человека, о его морально-нравственных императивах при изучении особенности той или иной культуры. Помимо общеисторических методов исследования, стоит выделить социально-психологический и компаративный (сравнительно-культурологический) методы, использованные для описания формирования системы морально-нравственных императивов рыцарей духовного Ордена и их сравнения с аналогичными понятиями у мирских рыцарей. В качестве основного вывода данного исследования показан переход совершенный членами Мальтийского Ордена от узкофеодального мышления к мышлению общего христианского мира, обще-христианского блага, являющийся предтечей современных гуманистических идей и международных организаций, оказывающих гуманитарную помощь во всех уголках планеты. Именно рыцари духовных Орденов впервые смогли противопоставить и воплотить в жизнь идею общего блага идее наживы и личной выгоды.
Ключевые слова: Мальтийский Орден, Честь, Преданность, Императив, Экзистенция, Рыцарство, Мораль, Христианство, Крестовые походы, Воинская культура
http://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=-33684

- by Anton Lestev
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- Christianity, European History, European Studies, Anthropology

The normal thinking with veterans is that a person is either a civilian or in the military and that they transit out of the military to become a civilian again. This article discusses those concepts and argues that there are 3 states, Civilian, Military and Ex-military who are known as Veterans. It further argues that individuals do not transit out of the military as to transit means to change and there is no change when leaving, only adjustment. The transition is in the initial stage where a civilian become military and then lives in a specific military culture that continually rehearses itself. People cannot unlearn their lived history and therefore an individual is a civilian, then a service person (military) and then a civilian with service knowledge and culture, i.e. a veteran.

- by Peter Hurst
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- Military Science, Military Veterans, Combat Veterans, Military and Politics