Non-profit Management Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Organizational culture: is the individual's actions of the organization and the meanings of its operations. Culture encompasses the principles, visions, symbols, views, and also thoughts and feelings. As a means of identifying, it is also the outline of those collective habits and expectations that are meant to guide organizational members. Management style: is distinctive ways to make decisions and to appeal to employees. It can be classified into two major contrasting types and is also divided into separate styles in the broad sections. Nonprofit organization: is an agency that uses excessive returns rather than distributing them as benefits or incentives to accomplish its objectives. While nonprofit organization is allowed to produce monetary gains, the organization must preserve them for its self-preservation, growth, or projects.

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- Organizational Culture, Non-profit Management, Management Styles

Nonprofit organizations are facing a challenge sim- ilar to that of many other organizations: the old structures don’t apply anymore, and the new ones are yet to be found. This challenge is created by the rise of the Internet, the evolution of two-way com- munication, and the development of new tools that put greater social impact in the hands of ordinary people. In this article, I explore the shift in the role of organizations, and how nonprofits can address the challenges created by this shift.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate, through the lens of the gift-giving theory, volunteers’ motivations for intending to stay with organizations.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 379 volunteers from 30 charitable organizations operating in Italy’s socio-healthcare service sector. Bootstrapped mediation analysis was used to test the hypothesized relationships.
Findings – Volunteers’ reciprocal attitudes and gift-giving intentions partially mediated the relationship between motives and intentions to stay.
Practical implications – Policy makers of charitable organizations are advised to be more responsive to behavioral signals revealing volunteers’ motivations, attitudes, and intentions. Managers should appropriately align organizational responsiveness with volunteers’ commitment through gift-giving exchange systems.
Originality/value – The findings reveal that reciprocity and gift giving are significant organizational variables greatly influencing volunteers’ intentions to stay with organizations. Signaling theory is used to explain how volunteers’ attitudes are linked with organizational responsiveness. Furthermore, this study is the first to use an Italian setting to consider motives, reciprocity, and gift giving as they relate to intentions to stay.
Keywords Motivation, Reciprocity, Bootstrapped multiple mediation, Organizational behaviour, Non-profit organizations, Gift giving
Paper type Research paper

- by Lamberto Zollo and +1
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- Strategic Management, Non-profit Management, Bootstrap (Statistics)

In this assignment, you will demonstrate how to best understand and evaluate the critical features of your external environment.

Companies are increasingly relying on alternative promotional activities, such as word-of-mouth communication (WOM), to reach their target markets. From a consumer protection perspective this may be troubling, as consumers may not always be aware of what is commercially motivated WOM and what is not. Based on a synthesis of the literature, this article develops the first practitioner-friendly model, which explains WOM’s effectiveness as an information source for consumers and why it is a powerful tool for nonprofit organizations and government agencies. Then nine recommendations are developed to help nonprofit organizations and government agencies use WOM more effectively as a proconsumer tool. This is the first article to conceptualize proconsumer WOM rather than naturally occurring WOM or commercial WOM and to specifically focus on WOM to protect and educate consumers. The study paves the way to an untapped research area; that of proconsumer WOM by nonprofit organizations and government agencies.

- by Bodo Lang
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- Marketing, Government, Non-profit Management, Social Media

This paper is based upon TreeHouse, the nonprofit organization that I have chosen to conduct a review for strategic planning The paper will illustrate the organization's history; examine their mission and value statements, services that... more

- by Laurie Tanner
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- Non-profit Management
- by Filbert Lam
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- Geography, Human Geography, Climate Change, Participatory Research

How are nonprofits using information technology (IT) to enhance mission-related outcomes and boost organizational performance? In this paper we examine large-scale survey data of nonprofits’ technology planning, acquisition, and implementation to assess the strategic use of IT in these organizations. We further evaluate their strategic technology-use potential through an examination of those IT-related competencies and practices that the literature deems critical for the successful strategic employment of technology resources. We find several promising developments alongside significant deficits in the strategic utilization of IT, especially in the areas of financial sustainability, strategic communications and relationship-building, and collaborations and partnerships. To boost IT’s mission-related impact, nonprofits will have to enhance their organizational capacities in long-term IT planning; budgeting, staffing, and training; performance measurement; Internet and website capabilities; and the vision, support, and involvement of senior management. Accordingly, we end with recommendations for overcoming some of the most pressing challenges.

This church explores a new model for vitality and local impact for local congregations- The Ministry Hub. In this approach, valuable resources such as buildings and other assets held by individual congregations are for more than exclusive use, but things to generously share with a variety of community partners in a way that is mutually beneficial and consistent with the Gospel Ethic of Sharing.

- by Craig Sumey
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- Non-profit Management, Ecclesiology, Community Participation, Missional Ecclesiology

The purpose of this paper is to articulate a set of ethical standards for international volunteer tourism. The standards are focused on promoting fair trade learning principles in the management and operation of volunteer programmes. Because of the unique social mission, research, and evaluation capacities of higher education, we propose first applying these principles specifically to international volunteer programmes operating at the university-community nexus. These standards have emerged through a collaborative, in-person and online process during the last two years with input by numerous concerned global citizens, international education practitioners and researchers, nongovernmental organization representatives, and community members. The document shared below represents current ‘best practice’ for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the negative impacts of volunteer tourism programmes for both host communities and volunteers.

- by Cody Paris and +2
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Marketing, Tourism Management, Tourist Behavior

This article seeks to demonstrate the scope of the tax immunity of junior enterprises associations as educational entities that are part of the non-profit sector. Tax immunity is a fundamental right recognized by the Brazilian Constitution for some legal entities due to their corporate purpose. The research seeks to contextualize the junior enterprises as civil associations that are part of the non-profit sector and that carry out academic extension activities in Brazilian higher education institutions. At the end, the article lists the scope of this tax protection and the requirements that need to be met by legal entities with an educational purpose in order to enjoy this benefit.

Review of Samuel Abrams' book, Education and the Commercial Mindset (Harvard University Press, 2016), for Teachers College Record.

Existing research stops short of explaining why nonprofit organizations develop certain forms of collaborations instead of others. In this article, the authors combine resource dependency, institutional, and network theories to examine the factors that influence the likelihood that nonprofit organizations develop formal types of collaborative activities
vis-à-vis informal types. Based on the survey data of 95 urban charitable organizations,the study has found that an organization is more likely to increase the degree of formality of its collaborative activities when it is older, has a larger budget size, receives government funding but relies on fewer government funding streams, has more board linkages with other nonprofit organizations, and is not operating in the education and research or social service industry.

- by Muhittin Acar
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- Nonprofit Studies, Collaboration, Institutional Theory, Non-profit Management

È stato pubblicato sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 186 del 9 agosto 2019, il Decreto del Ministro del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali del 4 luglio 2019, recante le indicazioni per l'adozione delle Linee Guida per la redazione del bilancio sociale degli enti del Terzo Settore.
I soggetti tenuti alla redazione del bilancio sociale sono:
- gli enti di Terzo Settore diversi dalle imprese sociali, qualora abbiano ricavi o entrate superiori a un milione di euro annuo;
- tutte le imprese sociali, ivi comprese le cooperative sociali e i loro consorzi, indipendentemente dalla dimensione economica. I gruppi di imprese sociali sono tenuti a redigere il bilancio sociale in forma consolidata, cioè evidenziando gli esiti sociali di ciascun singolo ente, nonché del gruppo nel suo complesso;
- i Centri di Servizio per il Volontariato, indipendentemente dalla loro dimensione economica.
Le disposizioni di cui al Decreto del 4 luglio 2019 si applicano a partire dalla redazione del bilancio sociale relativo al primo esercizio successivo a quello in corso alla data di pubblicazione.

What affects donations? Is it all in the ask, or does brand image matter? In the nonprofit brands literature perceived influence of the organization are important factors that increase constituents' willingness to support an organization. We examined the association between a nonprofit organization's familiarity, trustworthiness and influence and the propensity of donations it receives. To this end, we used a questionnaire on attitudes towards nonprofit organizations and unaided recall of nonprofit organizations collected from a nationally representative sample. The attitudes data revealed that perceptions of nonprofits' effectiveness and trustworthiness in Israel are not particularly positive. A multivariate fractional polynomial regression on the unaided recall results shows that while familiarity and perceived effectiveness are positively associated with the propensity of donations to nonprofit organizations, trustworthiness is not. We explain this surprising result by changes in Israeli social policy, political culture, and trust in institutions. We suggest different efforts that organizations can make to enhance their brand image and consequently increase donations.

- by Hagai Katz
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- Marketing, Trust, Non-profit Management

Few elements of the twentieth century built environment have historically stirred as much optimism, ire, or nostalgia as neon signs. Despite a growing appreciation for its value by both municipalities and the general public, however, the fate of neon signage is far from secure. Significant barriers exist to its conservation and continued in situ existence, with beloved signs continuing to disappear and others languishing in states of disrepair. This project explores solutions to the question of how Portland, Oregon may better ensure that neon signs remain a vital part of its built environment. It argues that neon signs provide multiple civic benefits and advocates for a targeted blend of regulatory tools, economic incentives, and public advocacy and outreach aimed at fostering a socio-economic environment more supportive of their conservation and continued presence. This project first establishes a historic context that includes an overview of the history of neon signage and its relationship with public policy, followed by an outline of the many shining benefits these unique signs provide. By evaluating the relevant state and national tools available for protecting these valuable resources as well as focusing on the protections for Portland neon, it reveals potential for improvement. A curated survey of various strategies being employed around the country to protect neon signage identifies best practices, which are analyzed for their potential to be implemented effectively in Portland, culminating in a menu of recommendations for how city officials and neon advocates can best ensure a bright future for the city’s neon signs. While research and recommendations are geared specifically to neon-rich Portland, the project’s insights are general enough that their relevance extends to other cities as well.

- by Jeremy Ebersole
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- History, Architecture, Historic Preservation, Recreation & Leisure Studies
- by Tim Lehmann
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- Social Change, Organizational Theory, Social Entrepreneurship, Case Study Research

A review of recent research was conducted to assemble evidence on the impact that Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI) may have on improving student learning outcomes. IRI is an instructional tool designed to deliver a family of active learning packages via radio broadcast using a dual-audience approach. IRI exposes students to regular, curriculum-based learning content while modeling effective learning activities and classroom organization techniques for teachers. As IRI continues to be called upon to improve teaching and learning in low-resource and hard-to-reach areas, a better understanding of the empirical data available is critical to guide the way forward. IRI has been implemented by Education Development Center, Inc. (EDC) in over 50 countries over the past 30 years. This paper is a review of existing student and teacher data collected by EDC's IRI projects. Effect sizes are used to summarize what is known about the effect of IRI on student learning gains in Grades K-4 for English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, and Local Language. In all, student test results from 13 projects, ranging from Nicaragua in 1977 through Indonesia in 2008, are reviewed, as are teacher observation outcomes from Mali and Madagascar.

This paper examined the question, “Can volunteers be effectively managed to achieve the goals of the organization?”. The research uncovered many organizations who had achieved great success with their volunteer programs. However, this only seemed to occur if a strategic plan and sound management practices were put in place. Research suggests several key components that help assure the effective use of volunteers.
Keywords: Volunteering, volunteer management practices, non-profit organization

- by Peggy Heid
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- Management, Non-profit Management, Volunteerism

ABSTRACT The federal government provides for an array of benefits and services for the multitude of refugees who arrive in the United States each year. Generally, the government contracts implementation of these services to local nonprofit refugee resettlement organizations. This article examines the role of these organizations in implementing the Department of State’s Reception and Placement program. Specifically, this study focuses on the how caseworkers secure housing for newly arrived refugee clients in a context shaped not only by fluctuations in refugee admissions and allocations but also by federal contracts and performance standards. This article uses street-level organizations theory as a guide to analyze original data collected from a comparative organizational ethnography of 2 local urban refugee resettlement organizations. Key findings include that the structure of the refugee admissions and allocation system drives financial instability down to the local level, and that the ability of the local organizations to secure safe, sanitary housing differ based on the extent to which caseworkers prioritize fostering strong relationships with landlords. These findings have implications for how policy makers think about refugee allocations as well as for the ways in which social workers and administrators provide housing related services to their refugee clients.

- by Joerg Ladny
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- Leadership, Non-profit Management

This report was produced as part of the dissemination of my PhD research. It may be circulated freely, with due acknowledgement of authorship.

Au printemps 2020, en contrepoint de ce qui a été appelé le « Grand confinement », des milliers de travailleur·euses·s ont continué à travailler quotidiennement à l’extérieur de leur domicile, s’exposant au risque de contracter la COVID-19, faisant souvent face à une hausse de leur charge de travail et devant composer avec les défis de conciliation travail-famille-étude. Qualifié·e·s d’« essentiels », ces travailleur·euse·s et leurs emplois ont été au cœur de l’action publique ; ils incarnent la tension entre les besoins vitaux de la population et la préservation du système économique capitaliste. S’inscrivant dans le prolongement des
réflexions sur le rôle de l’État dans la structuration des marchés du travail, ce projet de recherche cherche à répondre aux questions suivantes : comment les interventions provinciales et fédérales ont-elles façonné le maintien et la reprise des activités économiques durant la première vague de COVID-19 au Québec ? Comment les rapports de genre, de race et de classe ont-ils structuré ces interventions ? Et quelles divisions du travail ont alors été mobilisées et (re) produites par l’action publique ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cet rapport jette un regard croisé sur quatre études de cas portant sur des secteurs d’emplois spécifiques : 1) le secteur des centres d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD), 2) les organismes d’action communautaire autonome, 3) l’exploitation maraichère et 4) l’industrie de la construction.

- by Mylene Fauvel
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- Non-profit Management, Agricultural Economics, Construction, Public policies

The intent of this paper, entitled, “What Makes a High Impact Nonprofit Organization?”, is to explore the key elements, strategies techniques, proven methods and theories to establish a high impact nonprofit. With the present paper I have identified the key elements for non-profit development and administration. Furthermore, I learnt different theories and perspectives to understand high impact nonprofits and come up with new issues in order to bare the mechanisms and strategies to make high impact nonprofit organizations. Especially, I talked about a role of nonprofits to address the political, social economic problems, which the government organizations are lacking to overcome in the society
Reading materials for the paper were selected from the course materials, books, published papers, articles, university reports, journal articles for review. The primary focus is on American scholars with some references to international researchers and experiences. In this paper, various scholars’ perspectives about nonprofits management were studied and it is generally accepted that, nonprofits are vital for upgrading civil society through implementing high impact social programs. In fact, high impact nonprofits ground itself in increased efficiency, more thoroughgoing equity, and/or greater participation and responsiveness of public organizations to citizens. Therefore, in the paper I questioned what strategies and theories we should use to make a high impact nonprofit to deliver the efficient public services and to be responsive to the citizens.
Another reason for studying high impact nonprofits is associated with my future plans to contribute to the civil society development through strengthening and modernizing local nonprofits for social and economic development to increase self-reliance of the citizens.
In the conclusion of the paper, I discuss the outcomes of research and my perspectives about high impact nonprofits. Finally, the paper studies importance of nonprofits in establishing democratic and transparent societies.

Corporations dominate our societies. They employ us, sell to us, and influence how we think and who we vote for, while their economic interests dictate local, national, and global agendas. Written in clear and accessible terms, this much-needed textbook provides critical perspectives on all aspects of the relationship between business and society: from an historical analysis of the spread of capitalism as the foundation of the 'corporate' revolution in the late nineteenth-century to the regulation, ethics, and exclusionary implications of business in contemporary society. Furthermore, it examines how corporate power and capitalism might be resisted, outlining a range of alternatives, from the social economy through to new forms of open access or commons ownership.

- by Kean Birch and +1
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- Critical Theory, Business, Organizational Behavior, Business Administration

The main aim of this chapter is to reconsider the impact of the overwhelming construction of “municipal cultural facilities”to the ecosystem of Japan’s arts and culture after the 1980s. The policy heavily inclined towards construction happened in the aftermath of rapid economic growth, sided with an effort to bolster the autonomy of local governments. Based on the idea that culture will vitalize the local community and bring sophistication, municipalities built well equipped, carefully designed, luxurious public cultural centers throughout the country, only to find them in need of specialized, long-term management, not to mention the economic burden. Arts management and cultural policy research had developed rapidly under such circumstances, to fill the gap between the high quality cultural halls and its inefficient use.
Despite the fact that a lack of a comprehensive cultural policy resulted in the redundancy of cultural facilities, this chapter will argue that they did not only shape the arts management studies in Japan to be in today’s form, but also triggered the discussion of the accountability of cultural policy amidst the dichotomy of “foreign” (western) and “original” (Japanese) culture; contributed to the creation of distinctive community programs; as well as aided in shaping the national cultural policy by invigorating the discussion of the role of the arts in the society.

- by Mio Yachita
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- Japanese Studies, Cultural Policy, Museum Studies, Not-for-profit Organisations

This research investigates how non-profit organizations achieve financially sustainability. Financial sustainability is defined here as the mix of revenue and expense management strategies that enable an organization to pursue its mission and mandate over the long term. The research closely examines five different community-based, non-profit organizations operating in Canada. It involves a review of their sources of revenue, the way they manage their expenses, and the beliefs, actions and decision-making practices that underlie their abilities to sustain the pursuit of their mission with vigor and determination. Themes prevalent within the literature as contributing to financial sustainability include: sound financial practices, active fund development, strategic planning and thinking, and the capacity to innovate. The title of this research is: “Non-Profit Financial Sustainability.”
Keywords: non-profit organizations, financial practices, fund development, strategic planning and thinking, innovation, and financial sustainability.

Боловсрол мэдлэг эзэмших, эрүүл мэндийн тусламж үйлчилгээ авах, гамшиг ослоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх боломжоор хангагдах зэрэг иргэдийн үндсэн эрхээ эдлэхэд зайлшгүй шаардлагатай суурь үйлчилгээг тэгш хүргэх нөхцөлийг бүрдүүлэх нь аль ч төрийн үүрэг билээ. Харин энэхүү үүргийг иргэдийн өөрсдийн оролцоо, хяналттайгаар хэрэгжүүлэх нь хамгийн үр өгөөжтэй байх тул улс орнууд нийтэд тустай үйл ажиллагааг хөхиүлэн дэмжих бодлогыг хөгжүүлж иржээ. Түүхээс үзвэл, 1600-аад оны үеэс эхлэн нийгмийн эмзэг хэсгийг дэмжих ашгийн бус зорилготой, сайн дурын үйл ажиллагааг Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс (АНУ) болон Европын улс орнуудад төрийн бодлогоор дэмжин зохицуулж ирсэн байна.
Ашгийн бус салбар нь нийгэмд хэрэгцээтэй байгаа үйл ажиллагааг нийтийн сайн сайхны төлөө хэрэгжүүлдгээрээ чухал ач холбог- долтой юм. Нийтэд зориулсан үйлчилгээг төр дангаараа бүрэн хүргэх нөөц хязгаарлагдмал нөхцөлд иргэдийн санаачилгыг дэмжсэнээр нийгмийн эмзэг асуудлыг амжилттай шийдвэрлэх боломж нэмэгддэг. Нөгөө талаас, ашгийн бус салбар хөгжсөнөөр энэрэнгүй сэтгэлийн үүднээс нийгмийн эмзэг хэсэгт туслах, дэмжих санаачилга, хөдөлгөөн илүү зохион байгуулалттай бөгөөд чиглэсэн зорилгодоо нийцтэй, үр өгөөжтэй болж хүмүүнлэг нийгмийг бүрдүүлэхэд хувь нэмэр оруулдаг.
Монгол Улсын хувьд төрийн хяналттай социалист дэглэмээс иргэний ардчилсан нийгэмд шилжих чиг баримжааг 1990 оноос баримтлан, хүмүүнлэг, энэрэнгүй нийгмийн орчныг бүрдүүлэхийг эрхэмлэн зорьж, улс төр, эдийн засаг, нийгмийн өргөн хүрээтэй өөрчлөн байгуулалтыг эхлүүлсэн билээ. БНМАУ- ын Ардын Их Хурлаас 1992 онд баталсан Үндсэн хуульд "иргэн"-ний эрх, эрх чөлөөг төв болгон шинээр томьёолж, иргэнд хүрэх төрийн үйлчилгээ, иргэний эрхээ эдлэх, хэрэгжүүлэхэд шаардлагатай нөхцөл, баталгааг бүрдүүлэх үүргийг төрд хүлээлгэсэн. Тэрчлэн, Үндсэн хуулиараа хүмүүнлэг, иргэний ардчилсан нийгэм цогцлуулан хөгжүүлэхийг эрхэм зорилго болгосон манай улсын хувьд ч нийтэд тустай чиг үүргийг хэрэгжүүлэх иргэдийн оролцоо, санаачилгыг дэмжсэн хуулийн зохицуулалт шинээр бий болж байна. Харин ашгийн бус, нийтэд тустай үйл ажиллагааг дэмжсэн заалт зарим хуульд тусаж батлагдсан хэдий ч цогц шинжтэй эрх зүйн оновчтой зохицуулалт болж хараахан чадаагүй байна.
Судалгааны багийн зүгээс өмнө нь хийгдсэн ашгийн бус салбарт хамаарах судалгаануудыг тоймлон мета-анализ хийж, мөн энэ салбарт ажиллаж байгаа Хөдөө аж ахуйн их сургууль, Чойжин ламын сүм музей зэрэг байгууллагуудыг кейс болгон авч үзэв. Үр дүнд нь судалгааны үндсэн асуудлаа тодорхойлж, социологийн (анкет) судалгаагаар ашгийн бус салбарт үйл ажиллагаа явуулж буй аж ахуйн нэгж, байгууллага, хувь хүмүүсийн хандлагыг тодорхойллоо. Үүний үндсэн дээр
манай орны ашгийн бус салбарын эрх зүйн орчныг бусад улс орны жишиг туршлагатай харьцуулан судалж, цаашид боловсронгуй болгох чиглэл, практик алхмыг тодруулах зорилт тавин ажиллав. Судалгааны үр дүнд ашгийн бус салбарын өнөөгийн нөхцөл байдалд үнэлгээ дүгнэлт өгч, цаашид хэрхэн хөгжүүлэх талаар Зөвлөмж боловсруулан энэхүү тайланд багтааж, бодлого тодорхойлогчдод хүргүүлэхээр зорьж ажиллалаа.

Appeal or fundraising letters are often used to persuade people to contribute to worthy causes or to underwrite philanthropic programs (Connor, 2000). These letters are designed to solicit donations and so share common context, structure and other linguistic elements. This essay aims to examine fundraising discourse in a framework with a-priori strong bond and high level of personal trust between the soliciting party and the donor. This essay considers appeal letters addressed to former students of the University of Oxford by the Development Offices of the central university and colleges. This is also an attempt to trace a set of common linguistic patterns employed to achieve a persuasive effects.

Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Dhaka, Bangladesh

- by Mugambwa Joshua
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- Non-profit Management

My dissertation examines the non-profit sector in Victoria, BC. The literature review was used to test selected theories of business strategy, human resource behaviours and social entrepreneurship theory in a thorough and critical manner.... more

- by Jean Severin
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- Non-profit Management

International development NGOs are increasingly concerned with learning from their experiences. At the same time, the development field has seen growing interest in exploring and analyzing its own failures. This paper brings these two ideas together to consider how INGOs can better diagnose their own failures and generate useful knowledge from them. Drawing on established organizational learning concepts, it develops a typology of failure for INGOs and identifies principles for how development organizations can learn better from failures.

The Boys & Girls Clubs of South Park (BGCSP) is a youth service 501(c)3 serving Park County, Colorado. With over 60% of Park County’s workforce commuting to another county for employment the need for affordable out-of-school youth care is apparent, but the need for
BGCSP goes further. These rural communities need local opportunities for children. This isolated population is a food desert, medical desert, and had limited industry. The schools lack resources and the population is projected to see unprecedented growth over the next eight years.
The need for BGCSP is apparent, but what is their impact? The following chapters are an assessment of BGCSP using mixed methods research. Through the use of interviews, ripple effects mapping, various data, finances, club documents and public documents, these chapters were formed. The use of qualitative and quantitative data created a balanced, in-depth picture of
this organization’s assets, accomplishments and areas of opportunity.

O presente projeto de pesquisa buscou identificar os principais desafios enfrentados por rol selecionado de organizações populares com finalidade lucrativa localizadas na América do Sul durante nove meses ao longo de 2011. Para tanto se realizou coleta de dados em 12 organizações distribuídas entre quatro países ao longo de viagem de bicicleta pela América do Sul durante cerca de um ano. Após análise de dados coletados, onde se procurou grupar as experiências visitadas em categorias tipo-ideal, conclui-se que em todos os casos examinados há necessidade de apoio público para desafios tais como formação gerencial, assessoria financeira e acesso ao crédito.

- by Dorothy Lord
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- Non-profit Management, Bullying (Psychology)
- by Madiha Ali
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- Leadership, Non-profit Management