Op amp Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

This paper presents the design and analysis of a Practical Differentiator circuit implemented using CMOS technology, with a focus on enhancing stability and bandwidth performance. Practical differentiators play a crucial role in realtime signal processing applications such as edge detection, motion sensing, and biomedical instrumentation. To overcome the limitations of ideal differentiators, such as noise sensitivity and instability at high frequencies, additional components like resistors and capacitors are incorporated to realize a stable and reliable system. The differentiator is designed using a custom CMOS operational amplifier that integrates a Miller capacitor and a nullifying resistor, offering improved frequency characteristics and reduced phase distortion. The input to the system is a sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 50 mV and a frequency of 4 kHz. The proposed design achieves a gain of 78 dB, a phase margin of 78°, a gain margin of 48 dB, a bandwidth of 1.4 kHz, and a unity gain bandwidth of 10 MHz These results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed practical differentiator in high-performance analog applications.

2025, International Journal of Computational and Electronic Aspects in Engineering

A signal generator is used in many applications in electronic measurement and teaching. Many types of signal generators are in a fixed operating mode with limited utilized signals. This research aims to design a highly accurate multi-functional, multi-waveform economic signal generator based on an Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) that can provide waveforms commonly used in electronics experiments. The output values of the waveforms of the signal generator are square, triangle, and sine wave, and the output frequency was obtained in the range of (50 Hz-4 kHz). The signal generator designed in this paper is a simple, practical experiment with low-cost features and an important application. A circuit of generator based on OP-AMP employs resistors and capacitors to shape the output signals. Additionally, a volume control component is integrated to allow for easy adjustment of the frequency. The research achieved good results for sinusoidal, triangle, and square waves, where multiple frequencies up to 4KHz and different voltage peaks at +5V, +10V, and +15V were obtained.

2025

In engineering education, an understanding of the operation and design of an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) will equip students with essential knowledge, particularly in electronics. ADC circuit is a type of analog and mixed signal (AMS) circuit, where in this paper, the Sigma Delta ADC is chosen as a study case. Instructional software is an education tool that could enhance students' learning process, and can be used to highlight the key areas of mixed signal design. Additional detailed information will be created through the use of simulation and verification tools with specific examples of mixed-signal design. These include problems in mixed signal design methodologies and flows, modeling and verification. The goal is to provide real world examples and hands on experience for students who will have access to the educational material through software modules and be able to customize their learning experience to meet specific needs.

2025

This paper presents a high slew-rate operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based on a non-linear current mirror which dramatically reduces the quiescent current. The proposed circuit achieves less quiescent current than previously proposed architectures since no additional bias branches are needed. The compactness of the proposed architecture does not require so much silicon area as other more complex adaptive bias architectures. The proposed technique is compared with previous state of the art high slew-rate architectures. Additionally, this novel architecture was used to design a non-symmetrical OTA which was part of the feedback loop of a switchedcapacitor DC-DC converter. This OTA occupies 420 lm 2 fabricated in a 130 nm technology. Measurements results are presented showing that a slew-rate enhancement, from 1.5 to 535 mV/ls, is achieved in an OTA biased with 50 nA and loaded with 50 pF.

2025, IJSR

Aim of This work is to Design a second order discrete time sigma delta modulator for low frequency high resolution
applications, which can be used in data converters (sigma delta ADC) where high resolution is required for more accuracy in signal
processing’s. A real world is analogue but easier to process digital data ex: speech, image processing’s. Analog signal contains too
much unnecessary data ADC samples the data and splits into finite information. Sigma delta ADC is very much suitable for less area
low frequency and high resolution data conversions. Now the aim is to design a sigma delta modulator in which these parameters plays
major role 1) resolution 2) order 3) OSR 3) power consumption 4)SNR 5)SNDR 6)dynamic Range. This design is carried out with the
180nM CMOS technology at an operating voltage of ±700mV, and the results are tested with the help of Cadence Virtuoso Spectre
Circuit Simulator.

2025, IJSR

Aim of This work is to Design a second order discrete time sigma delta modulator for low frequency high resolution applications, which can be used in data converters (sigma delta ADC) where high resolution is required for more accuracy in signal processing’s. A real world is analogue but easier to process digital data ex: speech, image processing’s. Analog signal contains too much unnecessary data ADC samples the data and splits into finite information. Sigma delta ADC is very much suitable for less area low frequency and high resolution data conversions. Now the aim is to design a sigma delta modulator in which these parameters plays major role 1) resolution 2) order 3) OSR 3) power consumption 4)SNR 5)SNDR 6)dynamic Range. This design is carried out with the 180nM CMOS technology at an operating voltage of ±700mV, and the results are tested with the help of Cadence Virtuoso Spectre Circuit Simulator.

2024

Penguat operasional atau Operational Amplifier merupakan sebuah komponen elektronika yang tersusun dari resistor, diode, dan transistor. Penyusunan Op-Amp tersebut disusun dalam sebuah rangkain yang terintegrasi atau biasa yang dikenal dengan Integrated Circuit (IC). (Harrock, 1985)
Dalam penggunaannya Op-Amp dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu penguat linier dan penguat tidak linier. Penguat linier merupakan penguat yang tetap mempertahankan bentuk sinyal masukan, yang termasuk dalam penguat ini antara lain penguat non inverting, penjumlah diferensial dan penguat instrumentasi. Sedangkan penguat tidak linier merupakan penguat yang bentuk sinyal keluarannya tidak sama dengan bentuk sinyal keluarannya tidak sama dengan bentuk sinyal masukannya, diantaranya komparator, integrator, diferensiator, pengubah bentuk gelombang dan pembangkit gelombang. (Septiawan, 2016)
Rangkaian diferensiator memiliki keluaran sama dengan keluaran rangkaian penapis lolos tinggi (High Pass Filter). Keluaran dari rangkaian ini merupakan differensial dari masuka

2024

Abstract-A 0.35 μm op-amp configuration with a slew rate in excess of 10 V/μs and a unity gain bandwidth of 5 MHz with load capacitance of 10 pf is proposed.Dynamic technique that runs on a large current source when the rate of change of input is larger than a pre-decided value. All the operational amplifier parameter like Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMRR) , Input Common Mode Ration (ICMR),Open loop gain, Bandwidth, unity gain bandwidth, are same before and after the Dynamic bias circuit is added .

2024

This paper proposes a low power CMOS operational amplifier which operates at 1.8 V power supply. The unique behavior of the MOS transistors in sub-thres hold region not only allows a designer to work at l ow input bias current but also at low voltage. While operating th e device at weak inversion results low power dissip ation but dynamic range is degraded. Designing of two-stage Op-Amp is a multi-dimensional optimization problem where optimization of one or more parameters may easily r esult into degradation of others. The Op-Amp is des igned to exhibit a unity gain frequency of 17.3 MHz and exh ibits a gain of 62.04dB. The proposed design uses a smaller compensation capacitor (CC), which improves the slew rate and also, benefits for the area of compensat ion circuit. In order to verify the viability two-stage Op-Amp a t SCNO 180 nm CMOS technology is designed and verified and power consumption is reduced.

2024

Aim of This work is to Design a second order discrete time sigma delta modulator for low frequency high resolution applications, which can be used in data converters (sigma delta ADC) where high resolution is required for more accuracy in signal processing’s. A real world is analogue but easier to process digital data ex: speech, image processing’s. Analog signal contains too much unnecessary data ADC samples the data and splits into finite information. Sigma delta ADC is very much suitable for less area low frequency and high resolution data conversions. Now the aim is to design a sigma delta modulator in which these parameters plays major role 1) resolution 2) order 3) OSR 3) power consumption 4)SNR 5)SNDR 6)dynamic Range. This design is carried out with the 180nM CMOS technology at an operating voltage of ±700mV, and the results are tested with the help of Cadence Virtuoso Spectre Circuit Simulator.

2024, FOREX Publication

An electronic oscillator is generally a major part of electrical, electronic and communications circuits and systems and it is can be divided into linear and nonlinear families. Wien Bridge is a type of RC phase shift oscillators mostly used for around 1MHz and its design adopts positive feedback technology. In this research, novel look the reasons for the inability to achieve high frequencies was understanding and the ambiguity was removing from the determinants of obtaining a high frequency signal for this type of oscillators, also, new results were obtained with a unique presentation. The output formula for the oscillation resonant frequency was deriving based on the oscillator’s theory. The design has beaning successfully achieved by using a practical high-performance op-amp and from the simulation results the frequency bandwidth was 50.7211 MHZ from,VLF (9.83 HZ ) to VHF (50.73 MHZ) and. These unique and interesting scientific findings were encouraging.

2024, Automated_portable_low-cost_bright-field_and_fluorescence_microscope_with_autofocus_and_autoscanning_capabilities_BOEHM

Optical microscopy is a simple, yet essential, imaging technology. Conventional laboratory-grade optical microscopes are bulky and costly, confining their use to within laboratory settings and restricting their accessibility in regions of limited resources. With the aim of overcoming these limitations, we have realized a portable, low-cost, and highly automated optical microscope that integrates mass-manufactured components, including light-emitting diodes, a web camera, optical disk drives, and a microcontroller. Our implementation is capable of bright-field and fluorescence imaging with micrometer-scale resolution and controlled mechanical actuation of both the lens and sample. We interface the lighting, image capture, and mechanical actuators of the microscope into a single software environment, enabling automation of common microscope operations, such as image focusing and large-area sample visualization. Combination of mechanical actuation and software automation into a compact, low-cost microscope system is an important initial step toward the goal of making optical microscopy universally accessible, portable, and easy to use.

2024, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems

A novel analog fuzzy membership function generator architecture, based on current steering mirrors, for interval type-2 fuzzy controllers is proposed in this paper. The Footprint of Uncertainty (FOU), characteristic of an interval type-2 fuzzy set, is generated by this novel architecture, which uses current steering mirrors controlled by a voltage input and allows width variation based on a central line. This main feature makes the circuit inherently type-2, i.e., not dependent of any type-1 fuzzifier, unlike all previous analog fuzzifiers found in the literature. The circuit operates in current mode and is capable of generating trapezoidal, triangular, Z-shaped and S-shaped membership functions. Input currents allow shape configuration, whereas a digitally programmable current mirror provides different inclinations, making it fully programmable (shape, width of the FOU, inclination, and position). Simulations validating the architecture were performed with TSMC CMOS 0.18 m technology, in CADENCE software. The circuit was later fabricated and characterized. Experimental results confirmed its ability to work as a fuzzifier, with all specified features, showing to be suitable even for dedicated low power applications.

2024

CMOS instrumentation amplifier (IA) is an electronic circuit that operates on low supply voltage and requires less chip area. It is a very crucial electronic block for large number of applications since it can amplify small signals also. Its large gain can amplify smallest possible signal that may lie in between microvolts to millivolts. Its low power-low voltage characteristics make it implantable in human body. This paper reviews the design of IA for specific applications. Different design technologies have been discussed in this paper along with application based comparison table.

2024, International Journal

In design of analog circuits not only the gain and speed are important but power dissipation, supply voltage, linearity, noise and maximum voltage swing are also important. Noise limits the minimum signal level that a circuit can process with acceptable quality. Today analog designers constantly deal with the problem of noise because it trades with power dissipation, speed, and linearity. So in this paper a biquad GIC notch filter is design which provides low noise linearity. In this research, the design and VLSI implementation of active analog filter, based on the Generalized Impedance Converter (GIC) circuit, are presented. The analog features include the filter type (band pass, high pass, low pass or notch), the centre or cut off frequency, and the quality factor. The circuit is then modeled and simulated using the Cadence Design Tools software package. Active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active (amplifying) components, and require an outside power source. Operational amplifiers are frequently used in active filter designs. These can have high Q factor, and can achieve resonance without the use of inductors. This paper presents a new biquad GIC notch filter topology for image rejection in heterodyne receivers and Front End receiver applications. The circuit contains two op-amp, resistors, and capacitor topology for testing purposes. It is implemented with standard CMOS 0.18µm technology. The circuit consumes 0.54 mW of power with a open loop gain 0dB, 1 dB compression point the linear gain obtained +7.5dBm at 1.1 kHz and 105 degree phase response , from a 1.8V power supply optimum.

2024

It is well known that real op-amps do not share most of the desirable characteristics of an ideal one, particularly those of gain and output impedance. When presented with a capacitive load, such as a MOSFET or ADC, feedback in an op-amp circuit can quickly become unstable. This thesis studies and characterizes an op-amp's output impedance and how its interaction with this type of load creates a parasitic pole which leads to instability. Applying ideas from feedback control theory, a model for studying the problem is developed from which a generalized method for compensating the undesirable circumstance is formulated. Even in a zero-input state, many real op-amps driving capacitive loads can experience unforced oscillations. A case study is performed with three commonly used devices. First, the output impedance is determined by its dependence on the unity-gain bandwidth, load capacitance, and oscillation frequency. It is fitted into a second-order feedback control model that allows for an analytical study of the problem. It is then shown that a carefully designed passive network can be introduced between the load and op-amp to obtain a properly damped system free of oscillation and well-behaved. Using a shunt resistor is a known and commonly used method for lowering an opamp's output impedance to gain stability. This work considers the converse addition of a series capacitor to instead lower the load capacitance seen by the op-amp, a seemingly complementary method that achieves the same goal. A generalized, composite compensation method is developed that uses both the shunt resistor and series capacitora strategy not yet found in literature. Relevant formulas for damping ratio and natural frequency are derived that allow the design of a passive compensation network. Furthermore, tradeoffs between compensation, voltage swing, current consumption, and power usage are considered. An emphasis is placed on comparing simulated versus real circuits to highlight the fact that any problem is much worse in real-life than in a simulation. SPICE models and programs aim to de-idealize certain device characteristics, but often cannot account for environmental conditions and manufacturing variance. Thus, an importance is placed on experimental verification guided by simulations.

2024

In this paper, a low power low transconductance operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is designed for biomedical application such as the EEG and ECG. To achieve a very low transconductance with low power the OTA should operate in sub threshold region. For better linearity of the OTA, the multi-tanh doublet linearization technique is used. In this design 90nm CMOS technology is used with ±0.35V supply voltage. The linear range of the OTA is 200mV and the power dissipation is below 6nW. The transconductance value of the OTA is 50nS for biomedical EEG Application and 62.68mS for biomedical ECG Application, Which can be tuned by varying in control voltage VC. The 3-db cutoff frequency required for ECG and EEG is 250Hz and 200Hz respectively.

2024, 2017 40th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP)

The transfer function of fractional-order differentiators and integrators can be approximated through the utilization of appropriate integer-order transfer functions. Efficient tools towards this goal include the Continued Fraction Expansion as well as the Oustaloup's approximations. In this paper, the accuracy of the expressions derived through the various orders of these approximations, in terms of magnitude and phase response, is studied. In addition, the corresponding implementations derived using fundamental active cells such as operational amplifiers, operational transconductance amplifiers, current conveyors, and current feedback operational amplifiers realized in commercially available discrete-component IC form are presented and compared.

2024

Modul 5 EL2101 Praktikum Rangkaian Elektrik yang berjudul “Respons Frekuensi dan Rangkaian Resonansi” merupakan modul praktikum yang mencakup serangkaian percobaan yang melibatkan beberapa jenis rangkaian menggunakan kombinasi komponen-komponen antara R, L, dan C guna mengamati respons frekuensi yang terjadi serta mengidentifikasi karakteristik-karakteristik dari fenomena resonansi. Percobaan-percobaan dalam modul ini terdiri dari enam buah, di antaranya percobaan 1: Pengaruh Frekuensi Diamati pada Domain Frekuensi, percobaan 2: Rangkaian Seri RLC, percobaan 3: Rangkaian Paralel RL, percobaan 4: Rangkaian Paralel L dengan Seri LC, percobaan 5: Rangkaian Seri C dengan Paralel LC, serta percobaan 6: Aplikasi Rangkaian Resonansi dalam Filter. Setelah menyelesaikan praktikum ini, praktikan dapat mengenali sifat-sifat dari rangkaian RLC serta resonansi seri, paralel, dan seri paralel. Praktikan juga dapat membedakan antara sifat-sifat resonansi seri dan paralel, serta dapat menghitung dan/atau memperkirakan nilai frekuensi resonansi dari rangkaian RLC.

2024

Modul 3 EL2101 Praktikum Rangkaian Elektrik yang berjudul "Rangkaian Penguat Operasional" merupakan modul praktikum yang mencakup sejumlah percobaan yang melibatkan berbagai macam jenis rangkaian operational amplifier (op-amp) standar. Percobaan-percobaan dalam modul ini terdiri dari lima buah, di antaranya percobaan rangkaian penguat non-inverting, percobaan rangkaian penguat inverting, rangkaian summer (penjumlah), rangkaian integrator, percobaan desain, dan percobaan aplikasi persamaan diferensial dengan rangkaian op-amp untuk osilator. Setelah menyelesaikan modul ini, praktikan dapat menyusun rangkaian di atas breadboard, memahami penggunaan op-amp, serta menggunakan rangkaianrangkaian standar op-amp dalam komputasi analog sederhana.

2024

Modul 4 EL2102 Praktikum Sistem Digital yang berjudul “Rangkaian Logika Sekuensial” merupakan modul praktikum yang mencakup serangkaian percobaan yang melibatkan beberapa rancangan sistem digital yang termasuk ke dalam kategori rangkaian logika sekuensial untuk dianalisis karakteristik-karakteristiknya. Percobaan-percobaan dalam modul ini terdiri dari empat buah, di antaranya percobaan 4A: Implementasi Desain FSM pada FPGA, percobaan 4B: Implementasi Modul VGA Driver, percobaan 4C: Menggabungkan Desain FSM dengan VGA Driver, dan percobaan 4D: Merancang Sebuah Kalkulator untuk Melakukan Operasi Spesifik. Setelah menyelesaikan praktikum ini, praktikan dapat mendesain rangkaian logika sekuensial untuk diimplementasikan ke dalam FPGA, mengenal dan memahami cara menggunakan hierarki dalam desain rangkaian, serta menggunakan FPGA sebagai prototipe system untuk memverifikasi fungsi rangkaian.

2024

Dalam penggunaannya Op-Amp dibagi menjadi dua jenis yaitu penguat linier dan penguat tidak linier. Penguat linier merupakan penguat yang tetap mempertahankan bentuk sinyal masukan, yang termasuk dalam penguat ini antara lain penguat non... more

2024, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

VLC is a complex system with lots of challenges in its implementation. One of its problems is noise that originated from internal and external sources (sunlight, artificial light, etc). Internal noise is originated from active components of analog front-end (AFE) circuit, which will be discussed in this paper, especially on the trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) domain. The noise characteristics of AFE circuit in VLC system has been analyzed using the variety of available commercial Op Amp and different types of the photodiode (Si, Si-PIN, Si APD). The approach of this research is based on analytical calculus and simulation using MATLAB®. The results of this research show that the main factor that affecting the noise is en, the feedback resistor (Rf), and junction capacitor in the photodiode (Cj). Besides that, the design concept of multi channel TIA (8 channel) using IC Op Amp, with consideration of pin number of each Op Amp, supply needs, the initial value of Rf, converter to 8-DIP a...

2023, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing

In this paper, subthreshold design and analysis of Silicon on Insulator Fin Field Effect Transistor (SOI FinFET) based two stage Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is presented for low power and low supply voltage in nanometre regime. The OTA design optimization is achieved by g m =I D methodology which helps to determine the device aspect ratios. Compactness is achieved by using nanometre FinFET technology. The OTA design is simulated using 30 nm SOI FinFET Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Common Multi-gate (BSIM-CMG) model, with bias current and supply voltage of 20 nA and AE0:5V;respectively. The simulation results in subthreshold regime of FinFET based two stage OTA has a gain of 57 dB with a phase margin of 69.81 degree, Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) of 61.55 dB and power consumption of 108 nW.

2023, International Journal

2023, International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing

Differential Amplifier is a primary building block of analog and mixed signal circuit for pre-processing and signal conditioning of analog signal. FINFET devices with high-k gate oxide at 22nm technology are predominantly used for high speed and low power complex VLSI circuits. FINFET based differential amplifiers are widely used in ADC’s and signal Processing applications due to their advantages in terms of power dissipation. Analog front end of complex VLSI circuits need to offer high gain, higher stability and low noise figure. Designing of FINFET based VLSI sub-circuits requires proper design procedure that can provide designers flexibility in controlling the circuit performances. In this paper, differential amplifier is designed using model parameters of high-k FINFET in 22nm technology. The conventional procedures for designing MOSFET based differential amplifier are modified for designing FINFET based differential amplifier. Schematic capture is carried out in Cadence environ...

2023, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing

This paper presents for the first time all the steps required in optimal design of carbon nano tube field effect transistor (CNTFET) based single stage operational transconductance amplifier and two stage operational amplifier using transconductance to drain current ratio (g m =I D) technique for low voltage and low power applications. As square law model failed to produce exact behavior in short channel devices as well as moderate and weak inversion behavior of the transistor. Therefore, g m =I D methodology is used to design analog circuits in short channel devices to overcome the shortcomings of square law models. Also, the design using g m =I D methodology does not consider the inversion region of the transistor like square law equations. The g m =I D methodology is a well-established technique for CMOS analog IC design but CMOS has continuous width while CNTFET width is discrete and depends on different parameters like number of tubes, pitch and diameter of the carbon nanotube. Therefore, there is a need of a design methodology to design analog circuits using CNTFETs. Circuit performance has been investigated extensively using HSPICE simulation.

2023

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineeing CERTIFICATE Certified that the project work entitled "Design of Absorptive Bandstop Filter using 180nm Bi-CMOS Technology"is carried out by Ms. G S Nimitha(1VA18EC033), Mr. Madan G(1VA19EC044), Mr. KrishnaMurthy R Adiga(1VA19EC041), Ms. Sai Dhanya U(1VA19EC098), bonafide students of SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bengaluru, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belagavi during the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.

2023, Advances in Mathematics

2023, IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing

2023, 2019 IEEE 28th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)

In this paper, an approach to design a fractionalorder integral operator s  where-1 < λ< 0, using an analogue technique, is presented. The integrator with a constant phase angle-80.1 degree (i.e. order l =-0.89), bandwidth greater than 3 decades, and maximum relative phase error 1.38% is designed by cascade connection of first-order bilinear transfer segments and first-order low-pass filter. The performance of suggested realization is demonstrated in a fractional-order proportionalintegral (FOPI ) controller described with proportional constant 1.37 and integration constant 2.28. The design specification corresponds to a speed control system of an armature controlled DC motor, which is often used in mechatronic and other fields of control theory. The behavior of both proposed analogue circuits employing two-stage Op-Amps is confirmed by SPICE simulations using TSMC 0.18 μm level-7 LO EPI SCN018 CMOS process parameters with ±0.9 V supply voltages.

2023, IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing

2023

Laporan ini terdiri dari 4 Bab, dimana pada bab 1 membahas tentang Rangkaian Penguat Operasional yang terdapat pengenalan Op Amp dengan melakukan perobaan Penguatan Inverting, penguatan non inverting, penguat summing, penguat integrator dan penguat oscilator. Kemudian pada Bab 2 membahas gejala transien yang melakukan percobaan gejala transien dengan induktor dan gejala transien tanpa induktor, Selanjutnya pada Bab 3 yaitu membahas Rangkaian AC dengan melakukan percobaan rangkaian RC, Rangkaian RL, Rangkaian Diferensiator dan Rangkaian Integrator adapun untuk bab 4 yaitu membahas tentang Rangkaian Resonansi dengan melakukan percobaan dengan membuat percobaan rangkaian Resonansi Seri, Resonansi Paralel dan rangkaian resonansi dengan Filter

2023, Computer Science and Information Technologies

This article describes the process of design and simulation of a high-swing fully differential telescopic operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Due to the common gate-common source (CG and CS) cascode structure, the gain is very high. To maximize this gain, the load must also be selected such as two current sources. This circuit has the higher voltage in output than current Op-Amps in accordance with desirable characteristics. The loss of power of this operating amplifier are very low and in milliwatts. With use of a power supply of 1.8 V, it achieves a high-swing 1.2 V, a differential gain of 76.333 dB, ωuGB of 412 MHz, and >50 dB CMRR. This new design through the simulations and analytically shows that the high-swing fully differential telescopic Op-Amp retains its high CMRR even at high frequencies.

2023, International Journal for Advance Research and Development

Nowadays food production is a major concern. The prices of off-season vegetables & fruits are increasing day by day just because of storage & poor production due to which quality also degrades. This project comes with an idea of the production of vegetation during the off-season. We are offering all the required factors for proper agriculture even in the off-season. It will be a revolution in agriculture which can serve the increasing population with quality assurance at cheaper rates. As it is very clear from the title i.e. “CREATING AGRICULTURAL CLIMATIC CONDITION”, we are dealing with the climatic condition which is not favorable for the desired crop. Such an environment will be created which helps the crop to grow naturally even in the off-season. Mainly work has been done on three factors, those are moisture content in the soil, temperature & light. The whole setup is fully automated which is useful as well as eco-friendly.

2023, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems

This paper describes a wide-band sharp-rejection active-RC low pass filter (LPF) for pulse-based UWB IEEE 802.15.4a WPA applications. Sharp rejection is attributed to the combination of different AC characteristic of three biquads in series. A simple operational amplifier (Op-amp) is adopted to ensure high frequency performance for the designed filter. The LPF is designed in 0.13µm TSMC CMOS process. The cutoff frequency is 380MHz with about 50% of the tuning range from 300-500MHz. The rejection is 40 dB at 600 MHz. The passband ripple is less than 1.5dB and the filter consumes 4.6mA from 1.2V supply. Core chip size is 580 x 700µm 2 .

2023, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing

This paper presents a high linearity wideband sharp roll-off Opamp-RC low-pass filter (LPF) for Ultra wideband (UWB) applications. The proposed LPF is composed of three biquads' transfer functions with different Q-factors in series. Sharp roll-off is attributed to the steep slope of the peaking of a biquad transfer function with a high Q-factor. The superposition of these biquads also helps extend the bandwidth of the overall LPF transfer function without the cost of extra power dissipation. The effects of biquad arrangements on noise and linearity performances are investigated. A simple operational amplifier (op-amp) is adopted to ensure high frequency characteristics and high linearity performance for the designed filter. The LPF is implemented in 0.13-lm IBM CMOS process from 1.5 V supply. The measured cutoff frequency is 264 MHz with the pass-band ripple of less than 1 dB. Digital frequency tuning is implemented with 40% of tuning range around the cutoff frequency. The amount of out-of-band rejection at 290 MHz and at twice cutoff frequency is 12 dB and about 50 dB, respectively. Good linearity with IIP3 of 23 dBm is obtained. The 6th-order LPF dissipates only 12 mW with the active chip size of 400 9 640 lm 2 .

2023

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2023, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

This brief presents a generic model to emulate distortion circuits using operational amplifiers and diodes. Distortion circuits are widely used for enhancing the sound of guitars and other musical instruments. This brief introduces a new model for an ideal operational amplifier that does not include implicit equations and is thus suitable for implementation using wave digital filters (WDFs). Furthermore, a novel WDF model for a diode is proposed using the Lambert W function. A comparison of output signals of the proposed models to those obtained from a reference simulation using SPICE shows that the distortion characteristics are accurately reproduced over a wide frequency range. Additionally, the proposed model enables real-time emulation of distortion circuits using ten multiplications, 22 additions, and two interpolations from a lookup table per output sample.

2023, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research

As India is an agriculture oriented country and the rate at which water resources are depleting is a dangerous threat hence there is a need of smart and efficient way of irrigation. At present most of the farmers have been using irrigation techniques through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get dried. Over-irrigation can increase energy consumption and water cost as well as leaching of fertilizers below the root zone, erosion, and transport of soil and chemical particles to the drainage ditches. Irrigators who monitor soil moisture levels in the field greatly increase their ability to conserve water and energy, optimize crop yields, and avoid soil erosion and water pollution. This paper described to provide an automatic irrigation system using AT89S51 microcontroller, thereby saving time, money & power of the farmer. With this automated technology of irrigation the human intervention can be minimized. This system is best suited for places where water is scarce and has to be used in limited quantity.

2023

This paper shows the features of current-conveyors and their application in the amplifiers domain. Key words: Circuits, current-conveyors, current-amplifiers. 1.

2023, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs

A scheme for low voltage rail-to-rail operation with improved common mode rejection ratio is introduced. It can operate with single supply voltages close to a transistor's threshold voltage and it is very compact and power efficient. It is based on a differential amplifier with floating gate input transistors featuring dynamical adjustment of a floating gate biasing voltage. This reduces significantly common mode voltage variations at the input terminals of the differential pair. The implementation of single ended two stage class AB operational amplifiers based on this scheme is discussed. Experimental results of a test chip in 0.5 m CMOS technology that validates the proposed scheme are presented. Index Terms-Analog integrated circuits, operational amplifiers, low voltage, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).

2023, International Journal for Scientific Research and Development

This paper describes about different types of voltage followers. Each follower has its own advantages and limitations. The voltage follower can be characterized with current mirror source current or it can be used as a ideal current source. Voltage Follower is one of the most important analog circuits required in many analog integrated circuits. Input impedance of op amp is very high, giving effective isolation of the output from the signal source.

2022, Journal of Nanomaterials

Difference differential amplifiers (DDA), which were built on FinFET and carbon nanotube FET (CNTFET), are frequently used for signal processing owing to their advantages of low-power dissipation and reduced device dimension. In this work, high-performance DDA was established using CNTFET model parameters as well as FinFET 7 nm and 14 nm technology. The DDA circuit used in this scenario was identically the same to the one used previously. With the use of Verilog AMS code-based Stanford model parameters applied CNTFET and 7 nm and 14 nm FinFETs, schematic capture and simulations of the DDA were carried out in the Symica environment. The mostly used measurements for assessing the performance of operational amplifiers were also adopted for DDA. The CNTFET-based difference differential amplifiers have slew rates of 10.8 V/femtosecond and 11.2 mV/femtosecond, respectively, with settling times of 0.65 femtosecond and 0.43 femtosecond, respectively. The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) ...

2022, Applied Sciences

This paper targets on the design and analysis of specific types of transfer functions obtained by the summing operation of integer-order and fractional-order two-port responses. Various operations provided by fractional-order, two-terminal devices have been studied recently. However, this topic needs to be further studied, and the topologies need to be analyzed in order to extend the state of the art. The studied topology utilizes the passive solution of a constant-phase element (with order equal to 0.5) implemented by parallel resistor–capacitor circuit (RC) sections operating as a fractional-order two-port. The integer-order part is implemented by operational amplifier-based lossless integrators and differentiators in branches with electronically adjustable gain, useful for time constant tuning. Four possible cases of the fractional-order and integer-order two-port interconnections are analyzed analytically, by PSpice simulations and also experimentally in the frequency range betw...

2022

Circuit designing has traditionally been amalgamated with CMOS model. However increasing demand of portable electronics and the need to lower the power consumption has led to expeditious progress in low power VLSI design. With the advent of modern CNTFET based technology, customary silicon based CMOS devices are being replaced. The present paper attempts to analyse the performance of CNT based Tristate Buffer and further design a 2X1 Multiplexer (MUX) using the designed CNT Tristate Buffer. Design and simulation of CNT based Tristate Buffer and 2X1 MUX is compared with their conventional MOS counterparts using HSPICE and the analysis has been performed at 45 nm technology node. It is thereby concluded from the results that CNT based Tri State Buffer and Multiplexer are faster, more accurate and less power consuming than conventional MOS Tri State Buffer and Multiplexer.