PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

Scheduling provides project manager with important information needed for executing the project in an effi cient manner. During project implementation, many uncertain variables dynamically aff ect activities duration and cost. Probability theory was used earlier and then extensively for project scheduling under uncertain environment. Various models have been developed based on analytical or simulation methods. However, techniques based on probability theory require historic data of similar activities. In the absence of historic data, subjective probabilities have to be elicited from an expert. Simulation techniques have been criticized for their complexity and expense in terms of computation time and expertise required to extracting the knowledge. Fuzzy systems have an increasing role to play in augmenting traditional methods of decision making in the design, control and management. In this paper, project scheduling under uncertainty environment is reviewed. The use of probability t...

2025, Annals of Operations Research

Infinitesimal perturbation analysis and score function gradient estimators are developed for PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) networks and analyzed for potential use for prescriptive project management. In particular, a stochastic version of the familiar deterministic "project crashing" problem is considered. A heuristic using the gradient estimators is developed and shown to give close to locally optimal performance relatively quickly. An attempt is made to characterize the amount of variability in networks that would warrant the use of this heuristic by comparing its performance experimentally to that of the standard linear programming approach using only the task means (ignoring variability).

2024, Industrial Engineering Journal

This short communication presents a practical demonstration of utilizing Microsoft Excel for solving Critical Path Method (CPM) problems. The CPM is a method used to determine the order of longest dependent tasks and find the least time required for its completion. By employing Excel's features and functions effectively, engineering students will learn how to determine the critical path and calculate project duration. Step-by-step instructions and screenshots are provided to guide the students through the process, making it accessible to both beginners and experienced Excel users alike. The algorithm and procedure are explained with the help of a typical CPM problem. Through this demonstration, the students will gain valuable insights into utilizing Excel as a powerful tool for Industrial engineering.

2024, 32nd Annual Frontiers in Education

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology's (ABET's) accreditation reform effort designed to foster effective "program evaluation" uses a set of criteria. This method allows programs to be flexible to many stakeholder needs. It also allows them to innovate while still maintaining a strong emphasis on educational quality. This process accreditation philosophy encourages "student outcomes" over mere "program inputs." The outcomes philosophy encouraged constructive interaction with program stakeholders to maintain competitive quality and relevance. Program Evaluation and Review Technique is outcomes based evaluation to examine the outcomes of projects and processes used in implementing student learning for accountability, effectiveness and continuous quality improvements. ABET uses all the seven items suggested below as indicators of "Program Evaluation," as a process. However, the reserved acronym for project evaluation and management is, "Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)." This paper will address an Exemplary "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" (EXPERT) using Projects, for the evaluation of outcomes and implementation of quality. Using an effective student project development from inception to implementation, the evidence will be shown that, "outcomes assessment and the implementation of quality processes using student projects' learning outcomes are producing the desired innovation in educational programs."

2024, Behavior research methods and instrumentation

2024, Interdisciplinary Management Research

A challenging branch of mathematics called Graph Theory was the inspiration for developing two important procedures which are quite illustrative, and whose principles are relatively easy to understand and learn. This has certainly contributed to the importance that these procedures have gained in practice. These are the network planning technique for planning and monitoring of projects, and the decision tree procedure which is used to illustrate decision making problems JEL classification: C44, C61, O22

2024, An Investigation into Guitar Methods Used in Amateur Guitar Education

The study examined the content of methods used in amateur guitar education, namely "Guitar Method for Children" (Bülent İşbilen & Özhan Gölebatmaz), "Classical Guitar Method" (Ahmet Kanneci), "Easy Training Method for Classical Guitar" (Bülent İşbilen & Güray Demir), "Classical Guitar Method" (Murat İşbilen), "Arenas I" (Rodriguez Arenas), "Guitar Method I" (Ziya Aydıntan), and "Introductory Method for Classical Guitar" (Bekir Küçükay). The research employed a scanning model. In the data collection phase, methods were obtained, and their contents were examined for topics such as the Historical Development of Classical Guitar, Basic Information, Tuning of the Guitar, Nails, Starting Positions, Visuals, Study and Piece Descriptions, Speed Terminology, and Table of Contents. The results, presented in tables, revealed that two of the methods lacked a table of contents, speed terminology was only presented in one method for all pieces and studies, and topics such as nails and tuning of the guitar were not covered in most methods.

2023, International Journal of Information and Operations Management Education

In this paper, we present an application of Excel spreadsheets in teaching the traditional Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical Path Method. This spreadsheet approach can be used in class with little cost in time or effort because it eliminates the need for tedious calculations and extensive algebraic manipulations, yet the students can understand and apply the algorithm without the black-box features that characterise most of the commercial project management software. To maintain a direct relationship with the traditional method, the spreadsheet uses the same familiar forward and backward operations required in the traditional manual calculations to find the critical path. Similar spreadsheet models are combined with the Solver in Excel to perform cost analysis by linear programming.

2023, Engineering

Time-cost trade off problem (TCTP), known in the literature as project crashing problem (PCP) and project speeding up problem (PSP) is a part of project management in planning phase. In this problem, determining the optimal levels of activity durations and activity costs which satisfy the project goal(s), leads to a balance between the project completion time and the project total cost. A large amount of literature has studied this problem under various behavior of cost function. But, in all of them, influence of discount has not been investigated. Hence, in this paper, TCTP would be studied considering the influence of discount on the resource price, using genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of proposed idea has been tested on a medium scale test problem and several computational experiments have been conducted to investigate the appropriate levels of proposed GA considering accuracy and computational time.

2023, 32nd Annual Frontiers in Education

2023

Project planning inevitably involves uncertainty. The basic input parameters for planning (time, cost and resources for each activity) are not deterministic and are affected by various sources of uncertainty. Moreover, there is a causal relationship between these uncertainty sources and project parameters; this causality is ignored in current state-of-the-art project planning techniques (such as simulation techniques). In this paper we present an approach, using Bayesian network modelling, that addresses both uncertainty and causality in project management. Bayesian networks have been widely used in a range of decision-support applications, but the application to project management is novel. The model we present empowers the traditional Critical Path Method (CPM) to handle uncertainty and also provides explanatory analysis to elicit, represent, and manage different sources of uncertainty in project planning.

2023, Shanlax International Journal of Education

The aim of this study is to prepare activity-based lesson plans for amateur guitar education to teach basic positioning and playing techniques, and to test the effectiveness of this teaching method. The research model is a single-group pretest-posttest design, and it was carried out with 5 students at the beginner level for 4 lessons of instructional process. The data obtained from performance tests were evaluated based on a 5-point Likert scale determined by three field experts, and the average success scores of the students for the relevant unit were determined. As a result of the evaluation, student achievements ranged between 87.19-100, and it was concluded that guitar education based on activity-based lesson plans was successful.

2023, Activity-Based Positioning and Playing Technique Instruction and Implementation in Amature Guitar Education

2023, 32nd Annual Frontiers in Education

2022, Applied Soft Computing

2022, International Journal of Engineering Research & Science (IJOER)

There are two common used methods to find the minimum completion time for a project scheduling. These methods are Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT). In CPM, a network diagram, which is Activity on Node (AON), is drawn and the slack time for every activity is calculated such that the project’s critical path could be found. It is important that the critical path can suggest the shortest possible completion time. On the other hand, PERT concerns on uncertainty and risk in a project. It has three time estimates, which are optimistic, pessimistic and most likely, and all the time estimates mentioned follows the beta distribution. Besides, the probability in completing the project within certain duration is calculated by using the standard normal distribution. As the risk cannot be avoided in a project, it is important to keep track on any changes and to minimize the completion time for a project. Both of the methods are used to calculate the shorte...

2022

The loss of nuclear material into the environment by leakage or theft is a serious problem. The same is true for the loss of chemical reagents from a chemical production or purification process. The present article shows how the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) can be used by a facility manager to deal with these problems. It also provides a way to look at the overall production process rather than just at individual material balance areas, as has often been the case in the past.

2022, International journal of engineering research and technology

Optimization problems in project management have been traditionally solved by two distinctive approaches: heuristic methods and optimization techniques. Although heuristic methods can handle large-size projects; they do not guarantee optimal solutions. In this paper, a linear mathematical optimization model for fuzzy project time cost trade off problem is developed. An illustration is provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

2022

The global market today is very competitive. Completion of projects on time and estimating the project completion time is still difficult in some areas like in the printing industry, where skill also plays a predominant role. The print production activities require human judgment and skill to accomplish the job. The raw materials properties used in the printing process influence runability of the printing machine. Controlling these factors in the production environment is very difficult. Estimating the stochastic job completion time by Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) uses approximate calculation of standard deviation σ and the activity expected time Texp. The project scheduled time Tsch is greatly influenced by standard deviation. The most popular N-method of standard deviation adopted in calculating the Tsch in two conditions where Tmin and Tmax are closer to Tmaen and in extreme time estimate condition to Tmin and Tmax. Permutation and combinations of the Tmin, Tmea...

2022

The global market today is very competitive. Completion of projects on time and estimating the project completion time is still difficult in some areas like in the printing industry, where skill also plays a predominant role. The print production activities require human judgment and skill to accomplish the job. The raw materials properties used in the printing process influence runability of the printing machine. Controlling these factors in the production environment is very difficult. Estimating the stochastic job completion time by Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) uses approximate calculation of standard deviation σ and the activity expected time T exp. The project scheduled time T sch is greatly influenced by standard deviation. The most popular N-method of standard deviation adopted in calculating the T sch in two conditions where T min and T max are closer to T maen and in extreme time estimate condition to T min and T max. Permutation and combinations of the T min , T mean and T max are used to calculate T sch of the project by a software developed for the purpose. The T sch obtained in these three methods studied with the actual projects completion time over a period of time.

2022, Proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction

The sequence of design activities is vital, particularly in interdisciplinary projects. Sequencing of activities is influenced by the information dependency among the activities. The dependency relationships among the design activities in a project are of three types-independent, dependent and interdependent or loops. Interdependent activities (or loops) require assumed information to start and progress. If these assumptions are erroneous, it can lead to rework of a single or a group of dependent activities. One of the challenges in planning the sequencing of design activities is to decide on appropriate information or assumptions which can be made to break the interdependent activities (or loops). Conventional tools such as Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are not suitable for representing information flow because interdependent activities or loops cannot be modeled. Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) has been identified as a potential tool to model feedback loops/ cycles. One of the main difficulties in implementing DSM is in comprehensively identifying the activities and information dependencies which are required to formulate the DSM. Based on the experience in attempting to develop a DSM for an interdisciplinary project, the authors have proposed a new approach in identifying all the possible activities and their information dependencies. A prototype software also had been developed in Excel VBA for implementing the methodology. The proposed concepts are illustrated through application to Induced Draft Cooling Tower (IDCT) projects. This illustration is multidisciplinary in nature consisting of mechanical, civil, electrical and instrumentation. The proposed concept has proven fruitful and hence this approach is anticipated beneficial for construction applications.

2022, … Symposium on Automation and Robotics in …

Abstract The sequence of design activities is vital, particularly in interdisciplinary projects. Sequencing of activities is influenced by the information dependency among the activities. The dependency relationships among the design... more

2021, Conference on Frontiers in Education

2021

We develop a bicriteria model for the resource allocation problem in PERT networks, in which the total direct costs of the project as the first objective, and the mean of project completion time as the second objective are minimized. The activity durations are assumed to be independent random variables with either exponential or Erlang distributions, in which the mean of each activity duration is a non-increasing function of the amount of resource allocated to it. The direct cost of each activity is assumed to be a non-decreasing function of the amount of resource allocated to it. Finally, we use the goal attainment method to solve the related bicriteria optimal control problem numerically, by converting this problem to a related bicriteria nonlinear programming, and obtain the optimal values of the resources allocated to the activities.

2021, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi

Projects consist of interconnected dimensions such as objective, time, resource and environment. Use of these dimensions in a controlled way and their effective scheduling brings the project success. Project scheduling process includes defining project activities, and estimation of time and resources to be used for the activities. At this point, the project resource-scheduling problems have begun to attract more attention after Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are developed one after the other. However, complexity and difficulty of CPM and PERT processes led to the use of these techniques through artificial intelligence methods such as Genetic Algorithm (GA). In this study, an algorithm was proposed and developed, which determines critical path, critical activities and project completion duration by using GA, instead of CPM and PERT techniques used for network analysis within the scope of project management. The purpose of using GA was that these algorithms are an effective method for solution of complex optimization problems. Therefore, correct decisions can be made for implemented project activities by using obtained results. Thus, optimum results were obtained in a shorter time than the CPM and PERT techniques by using the model based on the dynamic algorithm. It is expected that this study will contribute to the performance field (time, speed, low error etc.) of other studies.

2021, Technological and Economic Development of Economy

This paper proposes a new framework in addressing time-cost trade-off problem (TCTP) under uncertainty. First critical path analysis is carried out based on developing a new interval-valued fuzzy (IVF)-program evaluation and review technique (PERT) approach. Then, non-conformance risks that influence on execution quality of activities are identified and evaluated based on a new approach that considers probability of risk along with impacts on time, cost, and performance. Then, a new mathematical model under IVF uncertainty is presented to decrease project total time while considering time, cost and quality loss cost that is determined in form of rework or modification cost. Finally, the approach categorizes the activities in three groups based on their level of criticality. Outcome of this methodology is a scheduling that addresses time, cost and quality trade-offs in addition to categorizing activities in different groups based on being on the critical path. Therefore, the project ...

2021, The Journal of the Operational Research Society

We describe a new exact procedure for the discrete time/cost trade-off problem in deterministic activity-on-the-arc net\vorks of the CP:tv1 type, where the duration of each activity is a discrete, nonincreasing function of the amount of a single resource committed to it. The objective is to construct the complete and efficient time/cost profile over the set of feasible project durations. The procedure uses a horizon-varying approach based on the iterative optimal solution of the problem of minimizing the sum of the resource use over all activities subject to the activity precedence constraints and a project deadline. This optimal solution is derived using a branch-and-bound procedure which computes lower bounds by making convex piecewise linear underestimations of the discrete time/cost trade-off curves of the activities to be used as input for an adapted version of the Fulkerson labelling algorithm for the linear time/cost trade-off problem. Branching involves the selection of an activity in order to partition its set of execution modes into two subsets which are used to derive improved convex piecewise linear underestimations. The procedure has been programmed in Visual C++ under Windows NT and has been validated using a factorial experiment on a large set of problem instances.

2021, European Journal of Operational Research

Difficulties with the interpretation of the parameters of the beta distribution let Malcolm et al. (1959) to suggest in the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) their by now classical expressions for the mean and variance for activity completion for practical applications. In this note, we shall provide an alternative for the PERT variance expression addressing a concern raised by Hahn (2008) regarding the constant PERT variance assumption given the range for an activity's duration, while retaining the original PERT mean expression. Moreover, our approach ensures that an activity's elicited most likely value aligns with the beta distribution's mode. While this was the original intent of Malcolm et al. (1959), their method of selecting beta parameters via the PERT mean and variance is not consistent in this manner.

2021, European Journal of Operational Research

2021, International Journal of Project Management

The paper introduces and develops a method for investigating the application of mathematical programming to the concept of crashing in Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). The main objective is the minimization of the pessimistic time estimate in PERT networks by investing additional amounts of money in the activities on the critical path. The constructed mathematical model, which is built in terms of additional amounts of money that must be invested, shows that minimizing the pessimistic time decreases project duration and, at the same time, reduces its variance. The result of applying the model showed that the probability of realizing the terminal node is increased.

2021, CogITo Smart Journal

Lintasan kritis merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting dan perlu diperhatikan dalam penjadwalan proyek, karena lintasan kritis mempunyai dampak terhadap terlambat atau tidaknya suatu proyek. Terdapat kenaikan pada angka pertumbuhan proyek di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, untuk mendukung keberhasilan proyek tersebut, maka dilakukanlah penelitian terhadap pencarian lintasan kritis. Sehingga nantinya hasil dari penelitian ini berguna bagi para developer yang ingin membuat aplikasi yang menerapkan pencarian lintasan kritis. Parameter dari algoritma ini adalah waktu, yaitu : Earliest Start (ES), Early Finish (EF), Last Start (LS), dan Last Finish (LF). Algoritma Steepest-ascent Hill Climbing berguna untuk mencari goal berdasarkan nilai heuristik terbaik. Nilai heuristik terbaik yang dijadikan acuan adalah slack time dari kegiatan. Algoritma Backtracking merupakan perbaikan dari algoritma Brute-Force yang berbasis DFS (Deep-First Search). Jurnal ini membahas tentang algoritma Steepest-asc...

2021, Conference on Frontiers in Education

2021, International Journal of Project Management

2021

Critical path is a sequence of activity between a project's start and finish that takes the longest time to complete. CPM (Critical Path Method) is a mathematical algorithm that helps you analyze, plan, and schedule complex projects. Each project consists of a number of tasks and activities that are interconnected and essential for project's success. The more complex the project gets, the more demanding the project management is. That's where CPM comes in hand. At its core, CPM is a powerful tool that allows you to identify the longest path of planned tasks necessary to meet the deadlines and identify the early start and finish dates.   Critical path is the sequential activities from start to the end of a project. Although many projects have only one critical path, some projects may have more than one critical paths depending on the flow logic used in the project  The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following:   A list of all activities required to complete the project (typically categorized within a work breakdown structure The time (duration) that each activity will take to completion, The dependencies between the activities  .

2021

Growing concern in management of energy due to the increasing energy costs, has forced managers to optimize the amount of energy required to provide products and services. This research integrates an energy-based resource investment project-scheduling problem (RIP) under a multi-skilled structure of the resources. The proposed energy-based multi-skilled resource investment problem (EB-MSRIP) consists of a single project with a set of tasks that require several skills to be competed. Each skill could be applied in several levels of efficiency, each including significant energy and implementation costs. Similar to RIPs, in the EB-MSRIP the required levels of skills are considered as decision variables and a bi-objective formulation is proposed for the problem. The first objective of the model minimizes total cost with regards to energy consumption cost and implementation cost of required multi-skilled resources, and the second one minimizes the project's makespan. The epsilon constraint method has been used to validate the developed formulation on several small-size instances. For larger problem instances, as epsilon constraint method fails to obtain a solution, the multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO) algorithm has been implemented to tackle the problems. The key control parameters of the proposed MOACO are tuned by Taguchi method. Computational results in terms of several measures, including MID, DM, NPS and SNS, determine notable advantages of proposed MOACO. Keywords: Multi-skilled project scheduling resource investment problem Energy usage Ant colony optimization 129 1-Introduction Wise consumption of energy resources has gained increasing attention in many fields of engineering as a necessity for sustainable development. In addition, many researchers have found energy-oriented solutions to help decision makers with efficient management of their energy usage. Contriving energy-based frameworks within scheduling problems has been one of the most attractive ideas, which result in several real-life solutions for different applications. The reference [1] developed a mathematical formulation for the single machine scheduling problem with variable energy tariffs. The paper [2] presented a novel scheduling model which integrates the economic and ecological issues under a time-of-use energy tariff. In [3], a multi-objective framework for scheduling of a micro-grid was developed to minimize the total operation cost and the emission caused by generating utilities. [4] proposed an evolutionary algorithm for better consumption energy use in agriculture system. Recently, [5] developed a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm for managing Energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for agricultural systems. Due to the growing attraction of energy optimization methods, in this research we aim to introduce an energy-based extension of resource investment problem (RIP) in project-scheduling problem under a multi-skilled structure of the resources. The resource investment problem (RIP) which is sometimes called as resource availability cost problem (RAC) is an attractive version of resource constraint project scheduling problem (RCPSP) which was initially proposed by [6]. This reference introduced the RIP problem and proved its NP-hardness proof. Afterwards, many researchers studied different extensions of RIPs. RIP has been recently focused to be implemented in different fields of optimization problems. Production design [7], software engineering [8], military capability planning [9], research and development project management [10], and project scheduling [11, 12] are just a few practical cases of RIP implementations. Looking at the literature available on resource availability cost problem (RAC), one could refer to [13] that implemented the path relinking and genetic algorithm for RACP. Their experimental results confirm the supremacy of the algorithm. [14] represented a time-dependent resource cost and tardiness penalty model to tackle the resource investment problem which aims to minimize the sum of resource cost and the tardiness cost. Besides RIP, the other concentration aspect of this research is on the multi-skilled project scheduling problem (MSPSP). Generally defined, in multi-skilled project scheduling problem (MSPSP), each of the project's tasks is considered to require several skills to be accomplished wherein the candidate skills are represented in different levels of efficiency associated with significant implementation costs and completion time. Likewise RIPs, the software development, research and development projects, chemical industry and maintenance projects are just a few potentials of this field of study. Many researchers have focused on multi-skill project scheduling problem within which we can refer to [15] that considered a model for MSPSP that is being solved by two complementary and efficient lower bounds, adapted from known lower bounds for the classic RCPSP. [16] studies the project scheduling problem considering multiple skills that cannot be mastered by all workforces involved. He proposes several methods to solve the problem that include heuristics, meta-heuristics and a branch-and-bound algorithm. [17, 18] consider multi

2021

ABSTRAK Perencanaan program kesehatan harus disertai dengan suatu proposal sebagai term of references atau acuan karena memerlukan dana dan pertanggungjawaban secara ilmiah. Dalam vaksinasi COVID-19, penyusunan proposal terutama dilakukan saat tahapan pengembangan vaksin COVID-19. Jenis proposal yang disusun adalah proposal penelitian pengembangan yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan temuan untuk memecahkan permasalahan. Sedangkan Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) adalah teknik analitis yang dapat diterapkan dalam pemantauan dan pengendalian program kesehatan. Penelitian ini secara khusus membahas tentang penggunaan teknik PERT dalam melaksanakan Program Vaksinasi COVID-19. Teknik PERT dapat membantu dalam menjawab perkiraan waktu penyelesaian program, mengidentifikasi kegiatan yang disertai

2020, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

2019

Perkembangan teknologi komunikasi melalui perangkat yang kecil secara nirkabel dengan kontrol pintar (wireless small device with smart controlling) semakin pesat. Sebelumnya ketergantungan perangkat ini adalah ruang lingkup yang terbatas... more

2018, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management

Fuzzy logic has been proposed as an alternate ap-proach for quantifying uncertainty relating to project activity du-ration. The fuzzy logic approach may be suitable in the situations where past data are either unavailable or not relevant, the definition of the activity itself is somewhat unclear, or the notion of the activ-ity's completion is vague. The purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology for fuzzy critical path analysis that is consistent with the extension principle of fuzzy logic. It is the direct general-ization of critical path analysis to the fuzzy domains, and resolves some of the problems expressed in the fuzzy critical path literature, especially in computing the fuzzy backward pass of the project network and fuzzy activity criticality. Here the uncertainty is rep-resented by three possible time estimates in a way that is similar to the well-known program evaluation and review technique (PERT) approach. Another important advantage of the proposed appro...

2018, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management

Fuzzy logic has been proposed as an alternate approach for quantifying uncertainty relating to project activity duration. The fuzzy logic approach may be suitable in the situations where past data are either unavailable or not relevant, the definition of the activity itself is somewhat unclear, or the notion of the activity's completion is vague. The purpose of this paper is to present a new methodology for fuzzy critical path analysis that is consistent with the extension principle of fuzzy logic. It is the direct generalization of critical path analysis to the fuzzy domains, and resolves some of the problems expressed in the fuzzy critical path literature, especially in computing the fuzzy backward pass of the project network and fuzzy activity criticality. Here the uncertainty is represented by three possible time estimates in a way that is similar to the well-known program evaluation and review technique (PERT) approach. Another important advantage of the proposed approach is that one integrated procedure determines both the fuzzy set of critical path lengths and fuzzy activity criticality. The proposed approach constructs the membership function for the fuzzy set of critical path lengths and the fuzzy activity criticality by solving a series of mathematical programming problems. The proposed method is successfully tested on well-known problem sets, and is shown to offer computation times that should allow it to help project managers better understand and manage project schedule uncertainty.

2017

The article explicated a case that has been reported in the progress and implementation process of the project. In the document found that risks characterized by high risk. After analysis by using one of the main traditional methods are still widely recommended (Critical-Path Analysis), it was found that: The planning described in the project baseline of the project was confirmed done without the use of this method. This article also found some weaknesses in the planning of scheduling that has been prepared, which caused the vulnerability and become potentially pose a risk, not only in the form of the addition of a significant project, but the effect on the implementation and outcome.

2017

— There are two common used methods to find the minimum completion time for a project scheduling. These methods are Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT). In CPM, a network diagram, which is Activity on Node (AON), is drawn and the slack time for every activity is calculated such that the project's critical path could be found. It is important that the critical path can suggest the shortest possible completion time. On the other hand, PERT concerns on uncertainty and risk in a project. It has three time estimates, which are optimistic, pessimistic and most likely, and all the time estimates mentioned follows the beta distribution. Besides, the probability in completing the project within certain duration is calculated by using the standard normal distribution. As the risk cannot be avoided in a project, it is important to keep track on any changes and to minimize the completion time for a project. Both of the methods are used to calculate the shortest possible completion time, slack and critical path. The difference between these methods is CPM has only one determined time estimate, while PERT has three time estimates, which shows the uncertainty in the duration of an activity in a project. For illustration, the data used for the construction of a three-room house was studied. The results show that the minimum completion time for the project is 44 days with a success probability 0.91. In conclusion, CPM and PERT are practical tool in the project scheduling.

2017, Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

2017

101511123085) Dwi Trisana Wardanis (101511123123) AJ IKM SEMESTER III PEMINATAN AKK FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2016 ii KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur Alhamdulillah kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas Manajemen Mutu Jasa Bidang Kesehatan ini dengan tepat waktu. Topik yang kami bahas mengenai metode PERT dan CPM.. Adapun maksud dan tujuan kami dalam menyelesaikan tugas ini adalah untuk menambah pengetahuan kami mengenai materi tersebut. Terima kasih kami ucapkan kepada dosen pembimbing kami, Dr. Setya Haksama, drg., M. Kes atas bimbingan beliau hingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas ini.