Pharmaceutical preparations Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Journal of the Indian Institute of Science

The method of choice to determine the structure of matter at atomic resolution and at the molecular level is X-ray crystallography. Max von Laue discovered X-ray diffraction by crystals (1912) and William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg complemented the theory with the design of an X-ray spectrometer and the famous Bragg's Law (1913). India has been an integral part of the history and development of X-ray diffraction since the work of Kedareswar Banerjee on direct methods in solving the crystal structures of naphthalene and anthrancene in the 1930s. A vertical take-off of the subject of chemical crystallography to crystal engineering happened in the last two decades. Today chemical crystallography and crystal engineering have spread horizontally into the allied fields of materials science, drug design, pharmaceutical development, nanomaterials, gas storage and solar energy devices. This account summarizes the evolution of X-ray diffraction from a fundamental technique to understanding structure-property relationships to the next challenges in studying the microstructure of crystalline solids.

2025, IntechOpen

Complementary or Alternative Medicine, like Homeopathic medicine, is made from plant, animal, and mineral kingdoms and sometimes from biochemical substances. Most of the Homeopathic remedies come from plant-based drugs. The presences of the bioactive compound in the plants are responsible for the overall therapeutic efficacy of Homeopathic medicines. The presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols in plant drugs acts as a natural source of antioxidant substances of high importance. The concentration of these bioactive compounds and their antioxidant activity indicates that these compounds contribute to the intense antioxidant activity of Homeopathic drugs. The scope of the present research is to provide detailed information on plant-based Homeopathic medicines containing specific active compounds, which justify their typical medicinal usage in Homeopathy. It is one of the big reasons for the cure and healing properties of Complementary or Alternative Medicine medicines.

2025, Antibiotics in Human Urine

Soil health is critical for food security and safety, but different sources of pollutants permanently threaten it. Ecosanitation products like human urine can contribute to the antibiotic burden of soil and consequently affect plant growth. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of five commonly used antibiotics in human urine and the effects of ciprofloxacin on wheat upon exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations. Antibiotics were extracted from the eco-sanitation product (urine) using a liquid-liquid extraction process and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Wheat seeds (n = 15) were treated with ciprofloxacin concentrations (1-50 µg/mL) at an exposure time of 24, 48, and 72 h to assess the effect on seed germination, biomass, root, and shoot lengths. The highest mean concentration in urine was observed for ciprofloxacin (21.24 ± 9.50 µg/mL), followed by sulfamethoxazole (6.47 ± 0.48 µg/mL), levofloxacin (2.91 ± 0.23 µg/mL), and oxytetracycline (1.86 ± 0.26 µg/mL), while the lowest was observed for ofloxacin (1.23 ± 0.45 µg/mL). A significant difference was observed among the means at P ≤ 0.05. Wheat germination did not show any significant effect upon exposure. The results also showed time and dose-dependent decreases in wheat biomass, root, and shoot lengths. At 48 h and 72 h exposures, the biomass decreased from 0.90 g to 0.40 g and from 1.30 g to 0.70 g with an increase in concentrations from 1 µg/mL to 50 µg/mL, respectively. The root length showed a decrease of 14% to 45% (24 h), 18% to 60% (48 h), and 16% to 63% (72 h) at ciprofloxacin concentrations of 1 to 50 µg/mL, respectively. The shoot length also decreased from 0% to 33% in 24 h, 0% to 14% in 48 h, and 3.0% to 22% in 72 h at a concentration range of 1 to 50 µg/mL, respectively. Antibiotic residues in humans and the phytotoxic effect on wheat can potentially harm plant growth and introduce risks to human health; therefore, public awareness is essential to promote responsible antibiotic use to safeguard human health and the environment.

2025, BMC complementary and alternative medicine

Dietary supplements (DSs) can be purchased over-the-counter but may also be prescribed by medical personnel for specific therapeutic reasons. Few studies have examined this latter source of DSs despite the fact that 79% of physicians and 82% of nurses have recommended DSs to their patients. This investigation examined demographic factors associated with temporal trends in oral DS prescriptions filled by all United States (US) service members (SMs) from 2005 to 2013 (n = 1,427,080 ± 22,139, mean ± standard deviation per year). The Food and Drug Administration National Drug Code database and the formularies of the US Defense Health Agency's Pharmacoeconomic Center were queried to identify DSs available to SMs. The number of these DS prescriptions filled by all SMs from 2005 through 2013 was then obtained from the US Department of Defense Pharmacy Data Transaction System. Data were grouped by American Hospital Formulary System (AHFS) pharmacologic-therapeutic classifications and ex...

2025, Life

Turmeric is a strong-taste component of spices characteristic of Indian cuisine. It is obtained from the turmeric rhizome (Curcumae longae rhizoma) and has been used for thousands of years not only for culinary purposes, but also for medicinal purposes. It contains a group of organic compounds called curcuminoids. Curcumin is the main representative of this group of compounds which is also most frequently studied. In recent years, bioactive curcuminoids (including curcumin in the first place) have become more and more popular due to a wide spectrum of their biological activity. The anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiaging effects of curcumin have been confirmed by numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as in clinical trials. However, an obstacle to simple, clinical application of curcumin is its poor bioavailability (which is due to its hydrophobic nature) and its very weak water solubility. Therefore, many scientists are working on improving the solubilit...

2025, The Annals of occupational hygiene

A literature review and analysis of inhalation bioavailability data for large therapeutic proteins was conducted in order to develop a practical estimate of the inhalation bioavailability of these drugs. This value is incorporated into equations used to derive occupational exposure limits(OELs) to protect biopharmaceutical manufacturing workers from systemic effects. Descriptive statistics implies that a value of 0.05, or 5% is an accurate estimate for large therapeutic proteins (molecular weight ≥ 40kDa). This estimate is confirmed by pharmacokinetic modeling of data from a human daily repeat-dose inhalation study of immunoglobulin G. In conclusion, we recommend using 5% bioavailability by inhalation when developing OELs for large therapeutic proteins.

2025

We have successfully developed curcumin nanosuspension aimed for oral delivery. The main purpose is to improve bioavailability through enhancing its solubility. The nanoparticles were stabilized using various stabilizers including polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The average diameter of particles, microscopic appearance, and sedimentation of each preparation was observed and compared. Each stabilizer demonstrated different degree of inhibition of particle aggregation under electrolyte-containing simulated gastrointestinal (GIT) fluid. Non-ionic stabilizers (PVA, PVP, and TPGS) has shown to preserve the nanosuspension stability against electrolytes. In contrast, strong ionic surfactants such as SDS were found to be very sensitive to electrolytes. The results can provide useful information for the formulators to choose the most su...

2025, Talanta

A porous and hydrophilic sorbent material was used in an extraction system, assisted by electric fields, for the extraction of cocaine in saliva and subsequent determination by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography associated with sequential triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The cellulose-based material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Xray diffraction. The time and voltage variables applied in the extraction process were investigated through a Doehlert experimental design, and with the best conditions found (35min and 300 V) some validation parameters were evaluated. The established working range was 1-100 μg L -1 (R 2 > 0.99), and the detection and quantification limits determined were 0.3 and 0.8 μg L -1 , respectively. Recoveries from 80 to 115% and coefficient of variation ≤15 and 16% for intra-day and inter-day assays, respectively, were obtained for sample concentrations of LOQ, 5, 25, and 75 μg L -1 , indicating satisfactory accuracy and precision for the proposed method. In addition, the method presented no matrix effect, and the extraction efficiency was between 56 and 70%. The results showed that the material used has adequate physicochemical characteristics and can be applied as a sorbent and electrolyte support in multiphase extractions using electric fields.

2025, International Journal of Spectroscopy

Manganese is an essential element, but high levels in foods can be toxic mainly for children. A fast and efficient method to determine Mn in milk and other infant foods using slurries and liquid samples is presented. Slurries were prepared in ultrapure water with 10 minutes of sonication. Liquid samples were diluted in ultrapure water when necessary. Multivariate optimization was used to establish some optimal analytical parameters through a fractional factorial design and a central composite design. Slurred and diluted samples were analyzed directly by GF AAS. The method presented limit of detection of (0.98±0.04) μg L−1, characteristic mass of (2.9±0.3) pg (recommended value 2 pg), RSD of 2.3% (n=5), and linear range from 0.98 to 20.0 μg L−1 using iridium as permanent modifier. The accuracy was evaluated analyzing two certified reference materials: nonfat milk powder (SRM1549) and whole milk powder (SRM8435). The powdered samples concentrations were between 0.210 and 26.3 μg g−1.

2025, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

Tazarotene (TZR) is the first topical receptor-selective retinoid prodrug derived from vitamin A used for management of plaque psoriasis and efficacious in dealing of acne vulgaris, and photo aging. As per US food and drug administration (FDA), 0.1% strength of TZR is permitted for the treatment of acne. This article draws attention to various advanced and conventional analytical methods. The hyphenated and conventional chromatographic techniques such as LC-MS/MS and HPTLC, HPLC respectively. Moreover, spectrophotometric methods like UV/visible spectroscopy also used to quantify TZR as active pharmaceutical ingredient and its formulations, especially in topical preparations. Moreover, the TZR is required alternative methods for routine quality control and to estimate TZR in pharmaceutical dosage form especially in pharmacokinetic studies of topical preparation. This write up focus on critical review of characteristics, uses and the information about the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties, mechanisms of action and more emphasis on different analytical methods for estimation of TZR in pharmaceutical formulations.

2025

Placental syncytiotrophoblasts are known to express the efflux transporter proteins P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2, MRP2), which are supposed to be a functional part of the human placental barrier. With advancing gestational age, expression of ABCB1 decreases progressively whereas ABCC2 is more expressed. To evaluate to which extent they contribute to placental barrier function at term, permeability of talinolol, a substrate of both carriers, was measured using a validated human placenta perfusion model. We identified in randomized, cross-over experiments an unidirectional transfer of talinolol in feto-maternal direction because the materno-fetal transfer was significantly lower (0.663 ± 0.188 versus 0.394 ± 0.067 relative to creatinine permeability, p=0.012). Materno-fetal permeability was increased by the ABCC2 inhibitor probenecid (0.59 ± 0.15 versus 0.68 ± 0.13, p=0.028) and the non-specific inhibitor verapamil (0.53 ± 0.09 versus 0.66 ± 0.16, p=0.028) but was not influenced by the ABCB1 inhibitor PSC833 (0.48 ± 0.11 versus 0.46 ± 0.09, p=0.345). Genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 and ABCC2 lacked significant influence on expression of the carriers and permeability of talinolol, respectively. Conclusion: Materno-fetal transfer of talinolol is restricted by a unidirectional process that is influenced by inhibitors of ABCC2.

2025, Open Access Journal of Toxicology

A 42-year-old gentleman presented to hospital emergency department (ED), following a deliberate self-harm with an intentional overdose of 75mg Ramipril, 450mg Amlodipine and 10mg Penicillamine. His initial toxicology screen was negative for paracetamol, salicylate, alcohol or illicit drug. He had a single functioning left kidney, on background of hypertension, cysteinuria, chronic kidney disease (baseline creatinine 130-150).

2025, Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science

Introduction: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) play an increasingly pivotal role in confirmatory clinical trials with pressures to develop drug differentiation strategies. Claims based on primary endpoints that are included in the product label are likely to be fully promoted by the manufacturers; however, the extent to which manufacturers promote claims based on secondary PRO endpoints is unknown. The purpose of this review is to assess the extent of promotion of PRO label claims for 6 pharmaceutical products with nonprimary PRO endpoints. Methods: Six products were reviewed that received PRO label claims based on nonprimary PRO endpoints between 2006 and 2008. Promotional documents distributed in the United States by the drug manufacturers between the year of launch and 2011 were identified from a PharmaVoxx database. Circulation of these documents was calculated according to quarterly distributions. Two researchers reviewed the documents using standard criteria. Promotional activities based on nonprimary PRO endpoint claims were compared with total number of messages. Results: Manufacturers of the 6 products distributed 973 unique promotional documents 2998 times. Messages based on primary endpoints were distributed 1798 times, whereas messages relating to nonprimary PRO endpoints were distributed 1200 times (40% of distributions) and varied among products (4%-70%). Messages relating to PROs were targeted mostly at patients and consumers (65%) versus physicians and health care professionals (34%). Conclusions: Promotion of PRO messages based on nonprimary endpoints is much lower than those based on primary endpoints, suggesting that manufacturers do not always optimize the potential of PRO messages.

2025, Value in Health

their uninsured status. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of new health system from the perspective of the insured students one year after program implementation. METHODS: Based on the Chinese Customer Satisfaction Index and review of the literatures, we built a satisfaction evaluation system for URMS of university students, with one first-level, 7 second-level (Latent variable, xm) and 24 third-level indicators (Explicit variable, yn) to be scored on a five-point Likert-type scale. After pilot testing and subsequent adjustment, 400 questionnaires were issued to students in 4 universities in NE China. After obtaining the affecting order of third indexes to their corresponding secondary index through the correlation test, a Structural Equation Model (SEM) for the satisfaction assessment of URSM was built basing on the calculated Path coefficient between the xm and yn after multiple linear regressions. Goodness of fit statistics of SEM were used to assess the match between this model and satisfaction assessment. RESULTS: A total of 393 questionnaires were returned giving a recovered rate 98.3%. The path coefficients between xm and yn were: customer trust 1.26, the perceived quality 0.88, customer complaints 0.80, customer expectations 0.44, public information 0.31, and image of the government 0.29. The satisfaction score of UMRS (29.06 out of 69.75 points) showed very low satisfaction level of university students towards the program. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the satisfaction assessment model was suitable to this study. Based on the order of path coefficients, several reform proposals for improving university students' medical insurance are proposed, including establishing a multi-level medical insurance system with corresponding regulatory and monitoring mechanism of its performance; as well as enhancing awareness and education of students about health insurance.

2025, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Background: The purpose of this research was to fully explore the impact of endpoint type (primary vs. nonprimary) on decisions related to patient-reported outcome (PRO) labeling claims supported by PRO measures and to determine if nonprimary PRO endpoints are being fully optimized. This review examines the use of PROs as both primary and nonprimary endpoints in support of demonstration of treatment benefit of new molecular entities (NMEs) and biologic license applications (BLAs) in the United States in the years 2000 to 2012. Methods: All NMEs and BLAs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between January 2000 and June 2012 were identified using the FDA Drug Approval Reports Web page. Generic products granted tentative approvals were excluded. For all identified products, medical review sections from publicly available drug approval packages were reviewed to identify PRO endpoint status. Product labels (indication, clinical trials sections) were reviewed to determine the number and type of PRO claim. Results: A total of 308 NMEs/BLAs were identified. Of these, 70 NMEs/BLAs (23%) were granted PRO claims. The majority of product claims were for disease-or condition-specific signs and symptoms. Of the 70 products with PRO claims, a PRO was a primary endpoint for the vast majority (57 [81%]). A total of 19 of the 70 products were granted a PRO claim based on a nonprimary endpoint. While nonprimary endpoints were used most often to support claims of improved signs or symptoms, nonprimary endpoints were much more likely to support claims of higher order impacts. Conclusions: Successful PRO labeling claims are typically based on primary endpoints assessing signs and symptoms. Based on this research, studies with PROs as primary endpoints are far more likely to facilitate positive regulatory review and acceptance of PROs in support of labeling claims. Although inclusion of PROs as nonprimary endpoints in clinical trials has its challenges, recent PRO labels granted by the FDA show that they can indeed be candidates for PRO labeling claims as long as they are supported by evidence.

2025, Journal of Analytical Toxicology

Poor availability of reference standards for designer drugs, metabolites, and new substances prevents toxicology laboratories from rapidly responding to the changing analytical challenges of drug abuse. A novel screening approach comprising determination of accurate masses of sample components and comparison of these with databases of theoretical monoisotopic masses is described. Using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS), a routine mass search window of 20-30 ppm was applied to urine samples. The ultimate reference technique, liquid chromatography-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS), was capable of confirming the findings within a 3 ppm mass accuracy. Using a target database of 7640 compounds, the number of potential elemental formulas ranged from one to lhree with LC-TOFMS, and it was always one with LC-FTMS. In contrast to ordinary techniques requiring primary reference standards, the formula-based databases can be updated instantly with fresh numeric data from scientific literature and authority sources.

2025, The American Journal of Medicine

Many recently hospitalized patients lack knowledge about important aspects of their medications. We evaluated whether a structured discharge interview could improve medication knowledge. METHODS: Patients discharged with at least one discharge medication were recruited from two general internal medicine services (one experimental and one control) of a teaching hospital. During a 3-month baseline period, usual care at discharge was provided in both services. During the ensuing 3-month period, observation was continued in the control service; residents in the experimental service implemented the intervention, which consisted of a structured patient-centered discharge interview during which a computer-generated individualized treatment card was discussed with and provided to patients. One week after discharge, patients' knowledge about their medications was assessed by telephone. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 809 patients. After adjust-

2025, Frontiers in Marine Science

Marine biotechnology is an emerging field in Brazil and includes the exploration of marine microbial products, aquaculture, omics, isolation of biologically active compounds, identification of biosynthetic gene clusters from symbiotic microorganisms, investigation of invertebrate diseases caused by potentially pathogenic marine microbes, and development of antifouling compounds. Furthermore, the field also encompasses description of new biological niches, current threats, preservation strategies as well as its biotechnological potential. Finally, it is important to depict some of the major approaches and tools being employed to such end. To address the challenges of marine biotechnology, the Brazilian government, through the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communication, has established the National Research Network in Marine Biotechnology (BiotecMar) (www.biotecmar.sage.coppe.ufrj.br). Its main objective is to harness marine biodiversity and develop the marine bioeconomy through innovative research.

2025, Biomedical Chromatography

Drug development is a time-consuming and costly process. It is usually divided into four phases, although it is not always possible to draw a sharp line between the various stages. In phase I and II there are many molecules investigate and it is necessary to analyze all of them in a short period of time, with lower costs, and with high-throughput assay. During phase I relevant chemical-physical parameters like the acid dissociation constant, lipophilicity, solubility and stability must be analyzed. Classic techniques such as 'shake-flask' can be used, but instrumental analytical methods such as HPLC may be helpful to improve and enhance the productivity and reproducibility of the results. During phase II the activity of a drug and factors that may have an influence on it, like metabolic profile and transformations, impurities and plasma biding proteins, must be considered. In this field, recent hyphenated analytical methods, such as LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS or more complex couplings, can provide more complete information. The aim of this review is to report the processes required for the validation of drug efficacy with reference to the description of 'classic' and modern techniques used.

2025, Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare

Generic medicines are being promoted in many countries for their added benefits over branded drugs, such as reduced price, therapeutic equivalence, and convenience to the patients. However, generic prescribing is still not up to the optimum level in Nepal to assure access to costeffective, quality medicines to the public and to reduce the overall economic burden and practicerelated errors of medications. This review aimed to discuss the current scenario of generic medicine, generic prescribing, hurdles on the one hand, and potentials ways in promoting generic medicine usage and generic prescribing in Nepal on the other. Extensive literature on generic medicine usage and generic prescribing practice in Nepal was reviewed. This review found some of the major challenges to be addressed for the proper implementation of generic medicine prescribing, and utilization. These challenges include lack of facilities and competency to assure therapeutic equivalence of different brand-name medicines, lack of understanding about generic medicines among health care providers (HCPs) and the public, and lack of stringent regulation towards promoting generic medicines. Rational pharmaceutical promotion and awareness about generic medication to the medical students are also inevitable towards promoting the practice of generic medicines. The practice of generic medicine and generic prescribing is not possible without the assurance of therapeutically equivalent generic alternatives. The study recommended the prompt effort of the regulatory authority to enforce the generic prescribing and generic substitution policy through strengthening policies, procedures and laboratory testing to assure citizens' right to access to cost-effective, and affordable quality medicine, as the Nepal's National Health and Drug Policy mandated.

2025, Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

Objective To assess the variation in price among different brands of anticancer medicines available in hospital pharmacies at Nepalese cancer hospitals. Methods The price of different brands of the same anticancer medicines available in the hospital pharmacies of two cancer hospitals was assessed. Prices of different dosage forms such as a single tablet, capsule and vial were calculated. The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical industries was determined, and the percentage variation in price was calculated. The prices of medicines (brands) were also compared with the price determined by the government where available. Results Price variation was assessed for 31 anticancer medicines belonging to six broad categories. Prices were found to vary maximally among the following medicines, each belonging to separate categories: among alkylating agents, the price of temozolomide 100 mg capsule varied 308%; among antimetabolite ...

2025, Current Trends in Cancer Management

Antitumor benzothiazoles, including 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203; NSC 703786), non-fluorinated parent compound DF 203 (NSC 674495), and Phortress (NSC 710305), the lysyl amide prodrug of 5F 203, are experimental anticancer agents with activity in ovarian and breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo. These compounds require (and induce their own) metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (e.g., CYP1A1) for antitumor action. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is the main transcriptional regulator of CYP1A1, and we have previously demonstrated that DF 203 and 5F 203 are potent AhR ligands and trigger activation of AhR signaling in sensitive breast and ovarian cancer cells, causing nuclear translocation of AhR. We propose that AhR may represent a new molecular target in the treatment of ovarian tumors, and 5F 203 may exemplify a potential novel treatment. Furthermore, putative biomarkers of sensitivity to this agent have been identified.

2025, Ophthalmic Research

We have prepared and have evaluated "in vitro" release of memantine-loaded poly (anhydride) (Gantrez®) nanoparticles. Clinical safety and retinal toxicity induced by these nanoparticles unloaded after subtenon and intravitreal ocular injections had also been evaluated. Methods: This paper describes the preparation and characterization of this type of nanoparticles and as well as "in vitro" release study. Twenty three healthy New Zealand rabbits were used for clinical and histological evaluation after subtenon and intravitreal ocular injections of nanoparticles unloaded. The amount of drug associated to nanoparticles was 55 g of memantine/mg of nanoparticles. The release profile of memantine from this type of nanoparticles was characterized by a burst initial effect followed by a continuous release of the drug for at least 15 days. No relevant complications were found during the clinical follow up. The histological evaluation suggested that Gantrez® nanoparticles are well tolerated after subtenon ocular injection and that inflammation signs at the first days after intravitreal ocular injections can be considered a normal reaction of the defence mechanism of the eye.

2025, Laboratory Animals

Pregnancy diagnosis and embryo counting are important end points in reproductive, developmental biology and toxicology studies. The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for early pregnancy diagnosis and embryo counting in the laboratory rat. Female Wistar rats were subjected to whole-body MRI scanning using a 1.5T MRI scanner, employing a isotropic T2-weighted 3D short-tau inversion recovery sequence from day 8 to day 12 post coitum (pc) or without prior mating, under general anaesthesia for pregnancy diagnosis and embryo counting. MRI examination was followed by laparotomy and visual inspection of the uterus to verify MRI findings. By day 8 pc, uterine bulges, characteristic of pregnancy, were depicted as oval-shaped structures of high intensity signal. By day 10 pc, embryonic vesicles were detected at the medial side of the uterine bulges. Pregnancy was diagnosed with 0% false-negative diagnosis and 100% accura...

2025, Nursing & Health Sciences

This study examined registered nurses' overall compliance with accepted medication administration procedures, and explored the distractions they faced during medication administration at two acute care hospitals in Singapore. A total of 140 registered nurses, 70 from each hospital, participated in the study. At both hospitals, nurses were distracted by personnel, such as physicians, radiographers, patients not under their care, and telephone calls, during medication rounds. Deviations from accepted medication procedures were observed. At one hospital, the use of a vest during medication administration alone was not effective in avoiding distractions during medication administration. Environmental factors and distractions can impact on the safe administration of medications, because they not only impair nurses' level of concentration, but also add to their work pressure. Attention should be placed on eliminating distractions through the use of appropriate strategies. Strategies that could be considered include the conduct of education sessions with health professionals and patients about the importance of not interrupting nurses while they are administering medications, and changes in work design.

2025, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal

Context: Disasters are increasing worldwide, with more devastating effects than ever before. Hospitals must maintain their normal functions or have an evacuation plan due to the rate of damages at the time of a sudden disaster. The present study was conducted to determine the effective determinants and components in hospital evacuation decision-making. Evidence Acquisition: In this systematic review study, which was conducted in 2016, bibliographies, citation databases, and other available records such as international guidelines, documents and reports of organizations and academic dissertations were used to find an answer to the following question: What are the effective components in hospital evacuation decision-making? Finally, 34 articles were included in this systematic review. This systematic review article was checked with PRISMA checklist. The common factors affecting hospital emergency evacuation decision-making were classified into 4 general categories and 40 subcategories, which have been explored during thematic analysis. These 4 categories included hospital infrastructure consequences, threat, internal factors, and external factors. Level of risk was the most important component of threat category and it was mentioned in most of the reviewed literature. Loss of electricity and water, communication and transportation, resources such as staff, and removing patient devices were the most mentioned factors in hospital infrastructure consequences, external factors, and internal factors, respectively. Conclusions: Different variables affect the process of hospital emergency evacuation decision-making. Thus, further studies are needed to develop a decision-making tool for hospital emergency evacuations in Iran.

2025, European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

Predicting oral bioavailability (Foral) is of importance for estimating systemic exposure of orally administered drugs. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and simulation have been applied extensively in biopharmaceutics recently. The Oral Biopharmaceutical Tools (OrBiTo) project (Innovative Medicines Initiative) aims to develop and improve upon biopharmaceutical tools, including PBPK absorption models. A large-scale evaluation of PBPK models may be considered the first step. Here we characterise the OrBiTo active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) database for use in a large-scale simulation study. The OrBiTo database comprised 83 APIs and 1475 study arms. The database displayed a median logP of 3.60 (2.40-4.58), human blood-to-plasma ratio of 0.62 (0.57-0.71), and fraction unbound in plasma of 0.05 (0.01-0.17). The database mainly consisted of basic compounds (48.19%) and Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II compounds (55.81%). Median human intravenous c...

2025, Ozone: Science & Engineering

This article presents the results of the degradation of clofibric acid by ozonation. Furthermore, results of the toxic effect of clofibric acid and its intermediate compound, 4-chlorophene generated during the oxidation process, to alga Selenastrum capricornium, are also discussed. The degradation and mineralization of the compound are studied according to the optimized operating conditions. These variables include pH, conductivity, hydraulic retention time and the use of a mixing maze. All the trials are conducted in a purpose-built pilot-scale reactor. Working under the optimal operating conditions (pH = 9, HRT = 12.5 min and ozone dose = 14 ± 2 gN/m 3 ), a degradation value of 98% was obtained, although mineralization of the compound did not occur. Results show that clofibric acid and its intermediate are toxic during the first 10 min of treatment for concentrations equal to or greater than 1 mg/L. Under optimal conditions toxicity is not observed for any concentrations.

2025, Chemosphere

Adverse effects of pharmaceuticals evaluated in bacteria, microalgae and sea urchin. Environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals produce teratogenic effect in sea urchin. Standard acute toxicity tests are not sensitive enough to evaluate effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota. Endpoints applied in current guidelines are not suitable to evaluate effect of pharmaceuticals.

2025, Internal Medicine

Drug reaction eosinophilia with systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a potentially life threatening condition secondary to the usage of a wide type of drugs. A 38-year-old woman under allopurinol therapy for hyperuricemia was admitted in our department with fever and a diffuse cutaneous erythematous eruption. A few days after admission she developed rapidly progressive signs of acute liver and kidney failure. Subsequently, her clinical conditions shortly improved. The histologic findings obtained from skin and liver biopsies were consistent with a toxic drug reaction. The patient completely recovered and has been healthy for five years.

2025, Internal Medicine

2025, Chemical Engineering Journal

Stimuli-responsive proteins have gained a wide spread interest as functional biomaterials in drug delivery area. However, particular attention has been diverted to peptide-based materials due to their adaptability and reliable practical utility in biomedical applications under a range of physiological situations. Peptides exhibit a high degree of chemical and biophysical versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability compared to other responsive systems. Several peptide motifs have been identified to undergo significant changes in conformation as a result of their response to both internal and external stimuli including light, pH, temperature, enzymes, ionic species and redox reactions. Understanding the structure and functions of peptides both at micro and macro levels is necessary before they can be used as nano devices, as biosensors, in regenerative tissue engineering and in drug delivery. The present review provides an overview of the peptide-based stimuli responsive materials, their design and discussion of their potential setbacks and opportunities for further exploration in drug delivery applications. The design of peptide-based materials of desired architectures, their properties and potential applications will be discussed covering the literature of the past decade, with a focus on their responsiveness to external and internal stimuli.

2025, Journal of Controlled Release

Previously we have developed and statistically validated Quantitative Structure Property Relationship (QSPR) models that correlate drugs' structural, physical and chemical properties as well as experimental conditions with the relative efficiency of remote loading of drugs into liposomes (Cern et al, Journal of Controlled Release, 160(2012) 14-157). Herein, these models have been used to virtually screen a large drug database to identify novel candidate molecules for liposomal drug delivery. Computational hits were considered for experimental validation based on their predicted remote loading efficiency as well as additional considerations such as availability, recommended dose and relevance to the disease. Three compounds were selected for experimental testing which were confirmed to be correctly classified by our previously reported QSPR models developed with Iterative Stochastic Elimination (ISE) and k-nearest neighbors (kNN) approaches. In addition, 10 new molecules with known liposome remote loading efficiency that were not used in QSPR model development were identified in the published literature and employed as an additional model validation set. The external accuracy of the models was found to be as high as 82% or 92%, depending on the model. This study presents the first successful application of QSPR models for the computer-model-driven design of liposomal drugs.

2025, Journal of Controlled Release

Remote loading of liposomes by transmembrane gradients is one of the best approaches for achieving the high enough drug level per liposome required for the liposomal drug to be therapeutically efficacious. This breakthrough, which enabled the approval and clinical use of nanoliposomal drugs such as Doxil TM , has not been paralleled by an in-depth understanding that allows predicting loading efficiency of drugs. Here we describe how applying data-mining algorithms on a data bank based on Barenholz's laboratory's 15 years of liposome research experience on remote loading of 9 different drugs enabled us to build a model that relates drug physicochemical properties and loading conditions to loading efficiency. This model enables choosing candidate molecules for remote loading and optimizing loading conditions according to logical considerations. The model should also help in designing pro-drugs suitable for remote loading. Our approach is expected to improve and accelerate development of liposomal formulations for clinical applications.

2025, Journal of Controlled Release

Remote loading of liposomes by trans-membrane gradients is used to achieve therapeutically efficacious intra-liposome concentrations of drugs. We have developed Quantitative Structure Property Relationship (QSPR) models of remote liposome loading for a dataset including 60 drugs studied in 366 loading experiments internally or elsewhere. Both experimental conditions and computed chemical descriptors were employed as independent variables to predict the initial drug/ lipid ratio (D/L) required to achieve high loading efficiency. Both binary (to distinguish high vs. low initial D/L) and continuous (to predict real D/L values) models were generated using advanced machine learning approaches and five-fold external validation. The external prediction accuracy for binary models was as high as 91-96%; for continuous models the mean coefficient R 2 for regression between predicted versus observed values was 0.76-0.79. We conclude that QSPR models can be used to identify candidate drugs expected to have high remote loading capacity while simultaneously optimizing the design of formulation experiments.

2025

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome also known as DRESS syndrome is considered as a severe and potentially life-threatening adverse drug reaction. The pathogenesis of DRESS syndrome is still partially understood. Prior research has implicated viral infection or reactivation, specifically, human herpes viruses 6 and 7, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus. We report a case of DRESS syndrome induced by allopurinol occurring 22 months after starting the treatment and which might have been triggered by concomitant infections. A 72-year-old man was put on allopurinol in February 2021. Twenty months later, he was hospitalized for Klebsiella urinary tract infection associated with erysipelas that had evolved well after two weeks of antibiotherapy. On November 20, he presented a second episode of Enterococcus faecalis urinary tract infection. On December 5, he developed a pruritic maculopapular rash with fever (39.5°C). Skin examination showed a generalized infiltrated erythematous ma...

2025, Analytical Chemistry

Immobilized chirasil-nickel (nickel(I1) bis[3-(heptafluorobu-tanoy1)-(1R)-10-methylenecamphorate] chemically bonded to a poly(dimethylsi1oxane)) was employed for the separation of enantiomers by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography and gas chromatography. In SFC, the dependence of the retention behavior (k') and chiral separation factors (a) on applied pressure, density, and analysis temperature has been investigated for the two representative chiral test solute 1-phenylethanol and camphor. Even at high densities of the carbon dioxide mobile phase, the enantioselectivities measured at low temperatures under supercritical conditions were found to be similar to those expected from the extrapolation of hightemperature measurements in GC. Systematic variations in temperature or pressure in SFC resulted in unusual enantioselective peak-broadening phenomena, which were observed independently from the enantiomeric purity of the solutes. These phenomena were amplified substantially both under overload conditions and at reduced mobile-phase flow rates. Complexation chromatography allows the separation of enantiomers possessing atoms with lone-pair electrons (0, S, N, P) due to the presence of a fast and reversible coordination equilibrium with an electronically and coordinatively unsaturated nonracemic metal Thus, nickel(II), manganese( 11), or zinc( I I) bis [ 3-(heptafluorobutanoy1)-( I R)camphorate] can be employed either as ~hira-metals~-~ dissolved in an achiral liquid matrix as stationary phase or as chirasil-metalsa-10 by attaching the metal complex covalently to a siloxane polymer. The latter can be thermally crosslinked and/or immobilized onto the inner surface of fused silica capillaries, resulting in a nonextractable, thermally stable chiral stationary phase, which is also resistant to more dense mobile phases such as supercritical carbon dioxide in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)." Compared to capillary

2025, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

A systematic comparison between two labeling approaches for the investigation of the in vitro metabolic pattern of pharmaceutical drugs was performed by examining the use of (i) radiolabeled drugs analyzed with LC-MS-offline radiodetection and (ii) stable-isotope labeled drugs, used in a defined mixture with the unlabeled drug and analyzed by LC-MS with recognition of the specific isotopic pattern. 14 C was used for the radioisotope-approach and deuterium for the stable-isotope approach. Olanzapine, diclofenac and ketoconazole were chosen as model drugs, as they are commercially available in their non-, radio-and stable-isotope labeled forms. For all three model drugs, liver microsome-and hepatocyte-incubations (both from rat) were performed with various concentrations and incubation times for both, the radio-and the stable-isotope approaches. The metabolic pattern, including structure elucidation of all detected metabolites, was performed independently for all individual compounds and incubations. Subsequently, the metabolic patterns of the radio-, and the stable-isotope approaches were compared. In conclusion, all metabolites found with the radioisotope approach could also be found with the stable-isotope approach. Although the stableisotope approach does not provide a quantitative result, it can be considered to be a highly suited analytical alternative for early in vitro metabolism investigations, especially when radiolabeled drug analogues are not yet available and quantitative results are not yet necessary.

2025, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy

2025, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems

A novel method and software system for rational handling of time series of multi-channel measurements is presented. This quantitative learning tool, the On-The-Fly Processing (OTFP), develops reduced-rank bilinear subspace models that summarise massive streams of multivariate responses, capturing the evolving covariation patterns among the many input variables over time and space. Thereby, a considerable data compression can be achieved without significant loss of useful systematic information. The underlying proprietary OTFP methodology is relatively fast and simple -it is linear/bilinear and does not require a lot of raw data or huge cross-correlation matrices to be kept in memory. Unlike conventional compression methods, the approach allows the high-dimensional data stream to be graphically interpreted and quantitatively utilised -in its compressed state. Unlike adaptive moving-window methods, it allows all past and recent time points to be reconstructed and displayed simultaneously. This new approach is applied to four different case-studies: i) multi-channel Vis-NIR spectroscopy of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, a complex, ill understood chemical process; ii) quality control of oranges by hyperspectral imaging; iii) environmental monitoring by airborne hyperspectral imaging; iv) multisensor process analysis in the petrochemical industry. These examples demonstrate that the OTFP can automatically develop high-fidelity subspace data models, which simplify the storage/transmission and the interpretation of more or less continuous time series of high-dimensional measurements -to the extent there are covariations among the measured variables.

2025

The instrument standardization/calibration transfer problem has been addressed by a wide variety of methods. In this work, we investigate the ability of Generalized Least Squares (GLS) preprocessing methods to deal with artifacts causes by changes in spectroscopic instrumentation that would normally require the development of completely new calibration models. GLS preprocessing works by measuring a number of transfer samples on two instruments (or one instrument at separate times). These samples can be used to estimate an offset and shift in the covariance structure of the data due to instrument differences. The method of GLS preprocessing shown recently by Harald Martens et. al. can then be used to remove variation in the data which is not common to both instruments. Calibration models can then be built on data from one of the instruments and used on the other, with the GLS preprocessing applied prior to predictions on new samples. The GLS method is tested on two data sets from near infrared spectroscopy, one being pseudo-gasoline mixtures and the other corn measured on three instruments. Comparisons are made to other calibration transfer methods including Piece-wise Direct Standardization (PDS) and Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC).

2025, Water Environment Research

The goal of this review is to summarize new research published in the field of emerging pollutants in the past year. For the purpose of the review, unregulated and relatively new compounds found in wastewater, drinking water, recycled water and the environment were considered. The review consists of two parts, with Part I focusing on the occurrence of the contaminants in the media mentioned above, and Part II focusing on the treatment technologies.

2025, Journal of Applied Polymer Science

This article reports on the removal of colloidal suspensions of kaolinite, bentonite, and alumina using chitosan sulfate (ChS). ChS was synthesized by partial introduction of sulfate groups in the chitosan (Ch) structure. The polyampholyte (chitosan sulfate) shows variable charge depending on the pH of the solution. ChS was characterized by FTIR, 13 C-NMR, elemental analysis, and potentiometric titrations. The ChS coagulation-flocculation capacity for kaolinite, bentonite, and alumina aqueous suspensions was systematically studied. The coagulation-flocculation process was carried out at various pH values and ChS concentrations. The pH range in which the largest ChS removal capacity was observed depended on particle type (4.5-5.5 for kaolinite, 4.5-7.0 for bentonite, and 7.0-8.0 for alumina). The removal of colloidal particles is explained by charge neutralization due to electrostatic interactions between ChS and particles and particle entrapping when the polyelectrolyte precipitates. V C 2011

2025, Journal of Chromatography A

An exhaustive study was made to find the optimum conditions for the determination of phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC)-amino acids. The effects of the type of salt dissolved in the eluent (sodium or ammonium acetate), the pH of the eluent, the presence of additives such as triethylamine and phosphate and the maximum storage time of the dissolved derivatives were investigated. On Hypersil or.Nucleosil columns ( cm x 4.6 mm I.D.; 5 pm) the determination of 21 PTC-amino acids [including cyst(e)ine, tryptophan and ornithine] require 22 min. The reproducibility of the measurments was < 5.0% (relative standard deviation).

2025, Journal of Computational Chemistry

We introduce TOPOMS, a computational tool enabling detailed topological analysis of molecular and condensed-matter systems, including the computation of atomic volumes and charges through the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, as well as the complete molecular graph. With roots in techniques from computational topology, and using a shared-memory parallel approach, TOPOMS provides scalable, numerically robust, and topologically consistent analysis. TOPOMS can be used as a command-line tool or with a GUI (graphical user interface), where the latter also enables an interactive exploration of the molecular graph. This paper presents algorithmic details of TOPOMS and compares it with state-of-the-art tools: Bader charge analysis v1.0 (Arnaldsson et al., 01/11/17) and molecular graph extraction using Critic2 (Otero-de-la-Roza et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 2014, 185, 1007). TOPOMS not only combines the functionality of these individual codes but also demonstrates up to 43 performance gain on a standard laptop, faster convergence to fine-grid solution, robustness against lattice bias, and topological consistency. TOPOMS is released publicly under BSD License.

2025, Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research

This work was aimed to develop and evaluate formulations containing amoxicillin trihydrate...

2025, Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is rare, cutaneous, severe, drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions marked by widespread inflammation of the epidermis, ending in necrosis and the eventual sloughing of tissue. It is the syndrome associated with a rare, serious disorder of the skin, mucous membranes, genitals and eyes usually a reaction to a medication or an infection. There are drugs that have been linked to Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and these include some NSAIDS (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs), Allopurinol, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, barbiturates, anticonvulsants, and sulfa antibiotics. The condition can sometimes attributed to a infection such as Mycoplasma, cytomegalovirus and in some cases there is no known cause for the onset of this Syndrome. Histopathological hallmark of this disease is widespread epidermal necrosis due to death by apoptosis of keratinocytes. The pathogenesis of SJS has not been completely solved, but specific genetic predispositions, which vary among et...