Philip II of Macedonia Research Papers (original) (raw)

Considers the role of Olympias, Alexander's mother, in his life and how conventional or not it was

A biography of Philip II.

- by Giuseppe Squillace
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- Alexander the Great, Philip II of Macedonia, Ancient Athens, Ancient Macedonia

Abile stratega, condottiero e potente sovrano, Alessandro Magno di Macedonia, eroe che percepiva se stesso alla stregua di un nuovo Eracle o di un nuovo Achille, fu, prima di tutto, un “viaggiatore”. E chi si approcci alle pagine del presente lavoro, nel quale viene ripercorsa l’intera vicenda del grande macedone ,si prepari, di fatto, a compiere un lungo e affascinante viaggio...Un’esplorazione attraverso quei luoghi in cui l’uomo Alessandro compì il luminoso percorso che lo avrebbe portato a divenire mito; aspirando costantemente, come racconta la storica Lynette Mitchell nella prefazione al libro,“...a divenire il più grande tra tutti gli eroi...”.Con pieno rigore storico, e senza concessioni alla fabula, a farla da padrone, in un racconto sostenuto da una poderosa mole bibliografica, sono i fatti “così come si svolsero”. Fatti la cui rievocazione, spogliata di facili orpelli, saprà coinvolgere e trascinare ogni lettore dentro l’antica e immortale storia (o viaggio) dell’ultimo eroe.

- by Arturo Sanchez Sanz
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- Religion, History, Ancient History, Military History
- by Traugott Huber
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- Alexander the Great, Ptolemaic Egyptian History, Babylon, Ptolemy

This paper extends one published in 2006 where I addressed the question: can we estimate the proportion of coined gold and silver in Hellenistic times out of the total amount of available precious metals? There a rather coherent answer emerged from different approaches to the problem: only a small proportion (not more than 25%) of all the available precious metals was monetized. In this paper, on the other hand, I try to estimate the amount of gold in ancient Greece that was not converted in coins. Such an enquiry clearly entails large uncertainties. My focus is on the weights of extant Greek gold jewellery, the total sum of which I estimate to be c. 70kg (+/- 30kg?). When compared with the total weight of the great treasures of the period (Vergina, Thracian royal tombs, Georgia [Vani]: c. 25kg), this estimate seems reasonable. Other avenues for research are presented (providing still other estimates) for what appears to be a stimulating new perspective on the problem of metal availability and coinage, which will further help us to build a better and narrower framework for our speculations.

The main aim of this research is the analysis of the Macedonian infantry discipline in the period of the great conquests of 4th century BC. The research objectives are the review of Philip’s II actions to improve the Macedonian army discipline, the determining their effectiveness, the identifying the essence of disciplinary problems which are connected with the phalangites of Phillips and Alexander’s times. A multi-faceted approach to the ancient narrative sources, methods of comparative historical analysis and content analysis have been used. It defends that traditionally for infantry militia of the Argead Kingdom as well as for a similar component of the neighboring barbarian societies’ armed forces the law discipline was typical. Through intensive training, the introduction of a system of rewards and penalties, Philip II managed to instill for the Macedonian infantry discipline which high level was demonstrated in wars of domination in Balkan Peninsula and confirmed during the Alexander's Asian expedition. The phalangites’ disciplinary motives were based on benefits of belonging to the royal army and an established corporate identity. However, the great military importance of the Macedonian infantry and their unity made possible mass demonstrations, during which the military protested against the military-strategic and political-administrative decisions of the monarch, which did not correspond to the interests of the army.

Looks at Philip II and Olympias, but also at Adea Eurydice and Philip II Arrhidaeus

- by Elizabeth D . Carney
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- Philip II of Macedonia, Argead Dynasty, Olympias, Philip III Arrhidaeus
- by Haluk Kayıcı
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- Philip II of Macedonia, Plovdiv, Karlovo, Pazarcık
- by Mounir Lahcen
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- Ancient Persia, Isocrates, History of Ancient Macedonia, Philip II of Macedonia
- by Athina Papachrysostomou
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- Aristophanes, Athenaeus, Demosthenes, Middle Comedy

ANDRONIKOS, Manolis; Vergina: The royal tombs and the ancient city; Athens, Ekdotike Athenon S. A., 1989, 244 pp., 28 cm. [ISBN 9602131284] Si hay algo que despierta la imaginación de los aficionados a la Historia y, más si cabe, de los profesionales que se dedican a ella, son los grandes descubrimientos arqueológicos. Los más importantes, hasta la fecha, se han realizado hace tanto tiempo que las publicaciones surgidas a su amparo abundan en cantidad y calidad; sin embargo, aún quedan hallazgos que, por la importancia de los personajes asociados a éstos, siguen cautivando a quienes están convencidos de poder desvelar sus secretos al resto de la humanidad. Hasta hace pocos años, uno de ellos era la supuesta tumba de Filipo II, hijo de Amintas, el más importante gobernante macedonio de la Antigüedad tra su propio hijo, Alejandro el Grande. Su supuesta morada fue descubierta por Manolis Andronikos, en 1977, cerca de la antigua capital macedonia de Egas, en la actual pequeña población de Vergina, situada en la región de Imathia, Macedonia Central.

- by Arturo Sanchez Sanz
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- Religion, History, Ancient History, Military History

In this book are collected and analyzed the main works about Alexander the Great, the Diadochoi and ancient Macedonia during the last century .

The calm serenity of the gods featured on the narrow upper frieze of the chryselephantine couche found in the chamber of Philipp'II tomb is in marked contrast to the impassioned movement of the more active mortals on the front of the wide frieze immediately below. Here, against a gilded backdrop, fourteen male figures, rendered in rather high relief, move on foot and on horseback. The limbs and the faces of the figures are of ivory, the other parts were of carved wood, gilded and painted, which for the most part has been eroded and lost. As revealed by the gestures of the figures, and the composition of the scene overall these men were not engaged in combat with each other but were in pursuit of animals.
The hunters wore sleeved or sleeveless short tunics, capes, boots and, as deduced from the way in which the heads of all were cut at the top, hats resembling wide berets, the characteristic Mace-donian kausies. The absence of heroic nudity and the presence of typical Macedonian attire for the time reveal unequivocally the disposition for realism that dominates the modelling of the figures themselves.
Ten of the fourteen small heads are preserved in very good condition. Worked with absolute precision and meticulous attention, by the hand of an accomplished artist, these heads, of momentous importance despite their miniature size, are without doubt among the most remarkable studies of the human figure known from ancient art. The artist’s conscious intention in rendering each of these faces with specific individualised features, which depart markedly from the strictures of the generalised idealised types, is i think obvious, notwithstanding the stylistic unity apparent in the figures, as a personalised stamp of the artist.
if we accept that ancient artworks exist which can rightly be awarded the title of portrait, then we have here some of the most characteristic of these. Philip, his young heir alexander, and one dozen other kinsmen and companions of the king are portrayed in a particularly realistic manner on this couch, but in the absence of other comparanda, it is not easy to put to the faces the names we know from the sources and so to identify them.

- by Angeliki Kottaridi
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- Ancient History, Classical Archaeology, Portraits, History of Sculpture

Les monnaies grecques ont de tout temps été considérées comme les plus belles monnaies jamais produites. Evoquant Goethe, José Maria de Hérédia ou le Président Theodore Roosevelt, cette conférence s’interroge sur les raisons qui fondent ce sentiment. On évoquera le très haut relief, la diversité des types, la qualité de la gravure et l’adaptation à la petitesse du format. On traitera également de la beauté (fondée sur la symétrie) et du sublime (fondé sur la dissymétrie), avec une attention particulière pour les types représentés de trois quarts face et pour l’évolution du goût du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours. Platon, Longin, Raphael, Rubens, Winckelmann, Kant, Burke et Ruskin sont quelques-uns des grands noms évoqués à cette occasion.

- by Francois de Callatay
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- Aesthetics, Art History, Plato, Poetry

Основната цел на оваа студија е да се покаже присуството на македонскиот крал Александар III Македонски во македонските книжевни дела и неговата (и книжевна и книжевно-историска) улога како знак што обединува многубројни култури од различни времиња и од меѓусебно оддалечени простори. За таа цел беа консултирани бројни трудови од светски и македонски автори од историската наука, книжевната теорија и политикологијата без кои овој труд не ќе ја имаше ваквата интегрална форма. Историскиот и книжевно-теорискиот дел на студијава беа неопходни за да се воведе читателот во елаборациите од апликативниот дел што се однесува на интерпретации на дела од македонската книжевност и тоа од нејзините почетоци (народната литературата), преку средновековието и 19 век па сè до нашата книжевност од 20 и од првата деценија на 21 век, а тоа ќе рече дека нашата амбиција беше да се изработи една екстензивна студија за застапеноста на Александар Македонски во македонските книжевни дела и тоа, пред сè, од аспект на неговата улога како интерактивен код на културите.

- by Ranko Mladenoski
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- Comparative Literature, Literacy, Literature, Literary Criticism
- by Jason Freewalt
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- Ancient History, Military History, Classics, Alexander the Great

Throughout history the life of Alexander the Great has been a largely studied topic. His divinity, however, has been the focus of scholarly interest especially during the last century. During this time, a widely accepted theory has been that Alexander was deified during his lifetime. However, the evidence for this claim is sometimes scarce and inconclusive. In this dissertation, I will examine and analyse different accounts on Alexander's deeds and life in order to evaluate whether this widely accepted claim has enough evidence to be stated confidently, as many scholars have done it in the last century. To achieve this, I will compare and contrast the ancient sources with modern works, to later analyse to which extent are they valid and represent accurate interpretations based on solid grounds. The overall conclusion is that none of the passages that have been used to affirm the divinisation of Alexander during his lifetime are decisive enough to accept the modern theory as true.

Among the many historical figures around the character of Alexander the Great, his mother Olympias from Epirus is probably the most controverted one. Ancient sources are certainly very hostile with Olympias, who was victim of a hard defamatory propaganda by her enemies after her son’s death. Many of the statements recorded by the Graeco-Roman tradition are clearly dubtious at the light of our contemporary interpretation of the facts and our present knowledge of the Argead Macedonia, and different studies during the last years have showed that mostly the information in the evidences must be analyzed with care and prudence.
However, it seems difficult to steem until what point the image of Olympias had been built under the scope of the influence of Ancient Historiography until the great works about Alexander in our own days, despite the methodology of academic History, the criticism of the sources and the diffusion of many of the studies and papers that put in question the usual perceptions, so biased and blured, concerning her life and historical value2. A brief survey about the words of the most classical Modern authors about Alexander displays a strong serie of judgements, inherited from the Ancient writers, that strongly remains against Olympias3. Far from exhaustiveness, our approach tries to observe some of these judgmenets and the topics behind them.

Macedonians have emerged from the substratum of prehistoric tribes belonging to the huge family of Pelasgians, Aeols/Boreans and Hyperboreans (Anti, Brygii, Danuni, Kiti, Hittiti, Lapiti, Macedoni, Minyi, Misiani, Mosiniki, Pelasgi, Pelagoni, Paioni, Tiroi, Tyrseni, etc.) that lived and contributed the creation of archetypical cultures of the second millennium BCE in the central regions of Macedonian Peninsula and Asia Minor. During their migrations these ancestral Aryan-Macedonic tribes brought with them their culture and contributed to the creation of the civilization centers in antiquity, especially in the region of lower Danube and further toward Ukraine/Russia (as 'Aryans') and in Central Europe (as 'Veneti' and/or 'Gaul').
As a result of the progressive expansion of the early Macedonians during the archaic period all the other regional tribes fused together into a larger union of Macedonians. At the beginning the Orestians (modern Mkd. Gorani; Eng. 'highlanders', mountainers) from Argo (today Kostur region, Aegean Macedonia) in western Lower Macedonia, together with other neighboring Macedonic tribes living in Eordaia, Elimeia (Kožani and Grevena), northern Timfaia (Hasia), Lynkestia, Desaretia (Lerin-Prespa-Ohrid region), Elimiotia, Pelagonia and Paionia (in Upper Macedonia) began to form the Macedonian state, the first entity of that kind and extent on the European soil.

- by Basil Chulev
- •
- History, Ancient History, European History, Sociology

Alejandro versus Darío: de guerra de represalia a la conquista de Asia [133] La toma de Tiro no habría tenido demasiado sentido si el resto de la costa no hubiese sido conquistado también; por ello, sigue descendiendo por la costa sirio-palestina y, tras asediar y tomar por la fuerza Gaza, su siguiente objetivo no podía ser otro que Egipto. Antes de aludir a este territorio, debemos dete-Adolfo J. Domínguez Monedero [158]

The complementary and overlapping spheres of Myth and History are part and parcel of the entire ancient Greek and Roman world. Yet, on many occasions it is hard to disentangle one from the other; instead, they are often projected as one, concrete entity.
This Conference aspires to delve deep into the intricate notions of Myth and History in both the ancient Greek and the Roman world. In particular, the Conference welcomes papers asking opportune questions, and – hopefully – reaching enlightened answers, leading to a better understanding of intentional or incidental amalgamation of the mythical and the historical parameters, as well as the perception of History at an early stage of its appearance as a science.

- by Athina Papachrysostomou and +3
- •
- Ancient History, Historical Archaeology, Historiography, Greek Myth

The immemorial timeworn creation myths of the world, of the Supreme Creator-God from the sky, the Great Mother-Goddess of the Earth, the birth of the young Sun-God, myths of the Moon that gets to the earth and turns into a cow, conception of the months as divine creatures, etc., gave us the notion of the beginning of the time, the emergence of the order from the chaos, which have central role in each nation collective conscience. In that unknown epoch when the ancestors of the Macedonians were still united with the mythological Belasgians (lat. Pelasgians), they were worshipers of the primordial gods of nature, animals and woods, members of the ancient Aryan Pantheon. These primordial myths have deep roots that stretch back to the prehistoric times. They have survived numerous conquerors and influences of various religions, showing sturdy vitality, which is engraved deeply into the subconscious collective memory and traditions of the people.

- by Basil Chulev
- •
- Religion, Mythology And Folklore, History, Ancient History
- by Јован М.
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- Classics, Macedonia, Philip II of Macedonia, Ancient Macedonia

The aim of this thesis has been to consider how Philip II of Macedonia presented himself to the Greek peoples after the Battle of Chaeronea in 336 BC. It examines the context and program of the Philippeion at Olympia in order to determine how Philip II negotiated his royal status in response to Greek opinion. This study takes into account the traditional role of the Macedonian kings, how they typically portrayed themselves, and to what purpose. It also explores Philip's propaganda specifically and the differing responses of various Greek peoples.

- by Katherine Denkers
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- Macedonian, Olympia, Philip II of Macedonia, Hellenistic Kingship

*My honours thesis for undergraduate degree in Classical Archaeology. Originally written in April 2012, re-edited for upload on Academia in April 2017.*
The museum located on the site of the ancient royal tombs at Vergina, currently display inaccurate signs detailing the occupants of the tombs. This paper examines the literary, archaeological, and osteological evidence to argue that the remains found in Tomb I belong to Philip II and (one of) his young wife, while the famous Tomb II belongs to Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice. The osteological evidence shows no reliable evidence of trauma, but shows signs of having undergone a dry cremation. Philip II was cremated and buried immediately after his death. Arrhidaeus on the other hand was only cremated and buried months after his death, giving his body time to decompose, hence the dry bone cremation. The evidence is clear in this matter, and the signs at the museum should reflect this.

- by Cindy G Levesque
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- Osteology, Ancient Greece (History), Ancient Greece, Human Osteology

In this article, numismatic material from the southern part of Pella, south of the city’s north wall of the Classical period is presented. This material is very representative, because it derives from the city of both Classical and Hellenistic eras. Around 2400 coins have been studied from three major excavation areas; 1) The new entrance of the archaeological site where three town blocks came to light, in which public buildings, such as a bath, and also pottery and metal workshops have come to light. 2) The area of the sanctuaries, where the sanctuary of Darron, a local healing god has been unearthed, as well as a circular building that is probably related to a hero cult and other buildings related to cult needs 3) Phakos, the fortified island inside lake Loudias, where Pella’s harbor and treasury was located. Furthermore, coins from rescue excavations of the surrounding plots have been studied. These come from various buildings, mostly houses. Apart from single coins, seven coin hoards have also been presented. Numismatic material from Pella can be placed in three categories according to issuing authority; a) regal coins b) issues of the Macedonian cities and the Macedonian Koina c) coins from areas outside Macedonia. These coins offer valuable information regarding the economy and the numismatic circulation during the Classical and Hellenistic period as well as the chronology of the buildings under study.

- by Nikos Akamatis
- •
- Ancient History, Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Greek History

The subject of this paper is the presentation of a previously unknown local red-figure pottery workshop from central Macedonia, probably in Pella, capital of the Macedonian kingdom. It is dated to the second half of the fourth century and is associated with, and greatly influenced by, the late period of red-figure production in Attica. In this study I present the particular characteristics of the workshop, the vase shapes, the imagery, the chronology, the vase-painters, the sites both in Pella and elsewhere at which this red-figure pottery was found, and some general conclusions.

By investigating the works of Polybius and Livy, we can discuss an important aspect of the impact of Alexander upon the reputation and image of Rome. Because of the subject of their histories and the political atmosphere in which they were writing - these authors, despite their generally positive opinions of Alexander, ultimately created scenarios where they portrayed the Romans as superior to the Macedonian king. This study has five primary goals: to produce a commentary on the various Alexander passages found in Polybius’ and Livy’s histories; to establish the generally positive opinion of Alexander held by these two writers; to illustrate that a noticeable theme of their works is the ongoing comparison between Alexander and Rome; to demonstrate Polybius’ and Livy’s belief in Roman superiority, even over Alexander; and finally to create an understanding of how this motif influences their greater narratives and alters our appreciation of their works.

- by Nikolaus L Overtoom
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- Creative Writing, Religion, History, Ancient History

Με το παρόν άρθρο απαντάμε αρνητικά στην πρόταση για ύπαρξη ξύλινου τροπαίου νίκης στον λόφο και τύμβο Καστά παρά την Αμφίπολη, με βάση την ίδια την μακεδονική παράδοση. Παράλληλα αναπτύσσουμε την βασική θεώρηση και ηθική η οποία άπτονταν... more

- by Konstantinos Kottis
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- Ancient History, Archaeology, Theology, Alexander the Great

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An argument for Cynane the daughter of Philip II.
Published in: Jubilaeus VII in memoriam Professoris Margaritae Tachevae