Plant Growth Regulation Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

The present study was intended to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on chickpea plants grown in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. Chickpea seeds sown in earthen pots (filled with soil) were subjected to Cd stress (100 μM) in the form of CdCl 2 (10 mL) 10 days after sowing (DAS). Exogenous applications with Ag NP concentrations 50, 100, and 200 μM were used to observe their effects on Cd-stressed plants. Growth, biochemical, and stress parameters were studied. Results showed that Ag NPs positively affected plant growth and ameliorated the toxic effects of Cd stress. Plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, total carotenoid content, rubisco activity, and net photosynthetic rate (P N) were significantly decreased by Cd stress but enhanced by 28, 29, 31, 30, 33, and 35%, respectively, by foliar application of Ag NPs. Similarly, Ag NPs increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (61%), catalase (58%), and peroxidase (68%) and reduced the malondialdehyde (28%) and hydrogen peroxide (23%) in chickpea plants. Protein content was also increased by the application of Ag NPs (16%). Furthermore, the addition of Ag NPs decreased the plant Cd content. According to the current study, adding Ag NPs to plants under Cd stress improved their growth and photosynthesis by reducing Cd absorption and improving plant stress tolerance.

2025, Journal of Plant Research

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

A brassinosteroid inhibitor (Brz2001) was used to block the growth of roots, hypocotyls, and epicotyls of soybean seedlings, producing a dwarf phenotype. The application of 24-epibrassinolide completely reversed the inhibitory effects of Brz2001. Two other growth-promoting brassinosteroid analogs, MH5 and BB6, partially overcame the Brz2001-induced growth defects. The growth inhibition of Brz2001-treated seedlings was more effectively reversed by MH5 than by BB6, which may be due to the structural differences between the two compounds. These results indicate that the studied analogs may show brassinosteroid-like activity and therefore may have some practical use instead of brassinolide or its analogues.

2025

In this study, intra-specific variations in naturally growing and cultivated mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) samples obtained from western parts of Turkey were examined using ISSR and IRAP marker techniques. Samples from Crete and Chios were also included in the study. Morphological measurements of some leaf characteristics of the samples were performed and the measured data was evaluated statistically with a Pearson Correlation analysis to reveal the correlations between character pairs. ISSR primers produced 81 bands between 161-1884bp with 96.3% polymorphism and IRAP primers produced 72 bands between 124-2027bp with 91.67% polymorphism. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.458 and 0.418 for ISSR and IRAP, respectively. Genetic similarity matrix was examined with Jaccard's coefficient. Maximum similarity was found between the Cretan samples (LG2 and LG3) with the ISSR analysis (0.933) and between L25A (C1, Bodrum) and L29A (C1, Milas) with the IRAP analysis (0.593). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram was divided into 12 and 4 groups by ISSR and IRAP methods, respectively. Specimens were segregated on 3 main different clusters by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the combined marker systems. The results showed that P. lentiscus has very high ratios of intraspecific variation. The present work is an original study in terms of large sampling including wild genotypes, cultivated specimen, Chios and Cretan varieties, use of ISSR and IRAP combination, determination of relations between culture and wild genotypes and the use of Bagy-1 retrotransposons in intraspecific polymorphism. This study may be considered as a reference study for studies on gene pools of P. lentiscus and phylogenetic relationships within the species and may contribute to species concept and agricultural breeding programs.

2025, The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural science

Cantaloupe is a high value crop growing in greenhouse. Economical crop yield reduction due to heat stress, caused by global warming is an emerging issue of cantaloupe. High temperature significantly decreases the plant performances and finally effect on the crop yield. Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulates cellular and physiological processes and environment response to abiotic stress of plants. To find out the best concentration of BRs for alleviate the high temperature stress of cantaloupe, plant physio-chemical behaviors and yield responses were evaluated after the application of four concentrations of exogenous BRs (24epibrassinolide, EBR) to cantaloupe plants grown under 47 ± 3 °C. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO 2 concentration, proline and malondialdehyde contents, electrolyte leakage, catalase and peroxidase activity, fruit position, fruit yield, total soluble solid content and fruit firmness were significantly differed according to the type of cultivar and EBR concentration. EBR concentration at 0.1 -0.2 mg L -1 given significant results in order to reduce the impacts of high temperature under greenhouse environment. Higher EBR concentrations than 0.2 mg L -1 recorded negative effect on evaluated physiological and biochemical characters. Furthermore, EBR enhanced the early fruiting of cantaloupe.

2025, Biologia Plantarum

Drought-responsive element binding (DREB) is involved in the regulation of stress-responsive gene expressions in plants through abscisic acid (ABA)-independent pathway. In this study, constitutive expression of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) EgDREB1 driven by double strength cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) reduced seed number, produced parthenocarpic fruits, changed morphology of leaves, and increased root biomass of transgenic plants. Early flowering and fruiting of the transgenic lines were observed in the culture vessels. EgDREB1 was specifically expressed in the fruits and its expression was not detected in vegetative tissues (leaves and roots). Altered expression of several endogenous tomato genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytohormones including jasmonic acid, ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin (GA) and ABA were observed compared to wild type plants. The expression of AP2-likeethylene transcription factor (LeAP2), allene oxide synthase (LeAOS), allene oxide cyclase (LeAOC), aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (LeACS), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1 (LeACO), auxin responsive factor 8 (LeARF8), auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (LeAux/IAA), cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase-like (LeSlCKX1), adenylate isopentenyltransferase (LeSlIPT1), gibberellin 2-oxidase 2 (LeGa2ox2), gibberellin 20-oxidase 4 (LeGa20ox4) and ABAaldehyde oxidase (LeAAO) were different in fruits with reduced seed number compared to parthenocarphic fruits. These results suggest that their expression has significant effects on fruit development in transgenic tomato. EgDREB1 may mediate the expression of some of these genes as dehydration-responsive element binding (DRE) motif were found in their promoter sequences. These data indicate that the EgDREB1 controls fruit development in trsngenic plants by regulating the expression of hormone-associated genes.

2025

In recent times, increased geogenic and human-centric activities have caused significant heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination of soil, adversely impacting environmental, plant, and human health. Phytoremediation is an evolving, cost-effective, environment-friendly, in situ technology that employs indigenous/exotic plant species as natural purifiers to remove toxic HM(s) from deteriorated ambient soil. Interestingly, the plant's rhizomicrobiome is pivotal in promoting overall plant nutrition, health, and phytoremediation. Certain secondary metabolites produced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) directly participate in HM bioremediation through chelation/mobilization/sequestration/bioadsorption/bioaccumulation, thus altering metal(loid) bioavailability for their uptake, accumulation, and translocation by plants. Moreover, the metallotolerance of the PGPR and the host plant is another critical factor for the successful phytoremediation of metal(loid)-polluted soil. Among the phytotechniques available for HM remediation, phytoextraction/phytoaccumulation (HM mobilization, uptake, and accumulation within the different plant tissues) and phytosequestration/phytostabilization (HM immobilization within the soil) have gained momentum in recent years. Natural metal(loid)-hyperaccumulating plants have the potential to assimilate increased levels of metal(loid)s, and several such species have already been identified as potential candidates for HM phytoremediation. Furthermore, the development of transgenic rhizobacterial and/or plant strains with enhanced environmental adaptability and metal(loid) uptake ability using genetic engineering might open new avenues in PGPR-assisted phytoremediation technologies. With the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) for identifying metal(loid)-impacted lands and an appropriate combination of normal/transgenic (hyper)accumulator plant(s) and rhizobacterial inoculant(s), it is possible to develop efficient integrated phytobial remediation strategies in boosting the clean-up process over vast regions of HM-contaminated sites and eventually restore ecosystem health.

2025, Indonesian Journal of Science and Education

Environtmental conditions in which plants grow are always changing which when exceeding the tolerance limit will result in stress. Water and light stress affect the pigment content of photosynthesis such as chlorophyll and carotenoids. Dendrobium crumenatum is one of orchid species that is judged to be resistant to various types of environtmental conditions, so it can grow well in any environtment. This research aims to determine the comparison of chlorophyll and carotenoid levels of D. crumenatum from Bantul lowland population, Special Region of Yogyakarta which is given water and light stress treatment. The methods used are extraction with alcohol solvent (96%) and absorbtion level measurements with spectrophotometry at wavelengths 470, 645, and 663 nm. The highest chlorophyll a level contained in the leaves of D. crumenatum which is given water stress treatment, highest chlorophyll b level in control plant, highest total chlorophyll in the leaves which is given water stress treat...

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

Brassinosteroids are of universal occurrence in plants. They have been reported to affect plant growth and development through a spectrum of physiological responses. Recently they are reported to confer resistance in plants against a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, a brassinosteroid was isolated from Aegle marmelos Correa. (Rutaceae) which was characterized to be 24epibrassinolide (EBL) using various spectroscopic techniques (TLC and ESI-MS analysis). It was evaluated for the antigenotoxicity against maleic hydrazide (MH) induced genotoxicity in Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay. It was shown that the percentage of chromosomal aberrations induced by maleic hydrazide (0.01%) declined significantly with 24-epibrassinolide treatment. EBL (10 -7 M) proved to be the most effective concentration with 91.8% inhibition. This is the first report on the isolation of 24-epibrassinolide from Aegle marmelos and its antigenotoxic effects against MH employing Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay.

2025, Agriculture

Manganese is an important essential micronutrient, and its deficiency causes latent health issues in humans. Agronomic biofortification can promisingly improve the plant nutrient concentration without changing the genetic makeup of plants. This study was designed to assess the best method of Mn application to enhance productivity and grain Mn contents under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) systems. Manganese was delivered through seed coating (250-mg kg−1 seed), osmopriming (0.1-M Mn solution), soil application (1 kg ha−1), and foliar application (0.25-M Mn solution). A general control with no seed Mn application was included, whereas hydropriming and water spray were used as positive control treatments for Mn seed priming and Mn foliar spray, respectively. No tillage had a higher total soil porosity (9%), soil organic carbon (16%), soil microbial biomass carbon (4%), nitrogen (2%), and soil nutrients in the CT system. Manganese nutrition through various methods signifi...

2025, СУБ’ЄКТИВНА СТОРОНА ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНИХ ІЗ ПОРЯДКОМ КОРИСТУВАННЯ ТА ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО МАЙНА

У статті здійснено комплексний аналіз суб’єктивної сторони військових правопорушень, пов’язаних із порядком користування та зберігання військового майна, з урахуванням теоретичних підходів, правозастосовної практики та міжнародного досвіду. Досліджено поняття суб’єктивної сторони військових злочинів, її структурні елементи та форми вини, що мають безпосереднє значення для кримінально-правової кваліфікації діянь військовослужбовців. Розглянуто особливості розмежування умисних і необережних злочинів у військовій сфері, що є ключовим аспектом при визначенні ступеня відповідальності осіб, які вчинили правопорушення, пов’язані з військовим майном. Проаналізовано нормативно-правову базу України щодо кримінальної відповідальності за військові злочини, визначено основні проблеми правозастосовної практики та окреслено шляхи їх подолання. Акцентовано увагу на прогалинах у чинному законодавстві, зокрема на відсутності чітких критеріїв для розмежування навмисного та необережного спричинення шкоди військовому майну. Досліджено судову практику щодо кваліфікації військових правопорушень, що свідчить про неоднозначність трактування суб’єктивної сторони злочинів у різних судових рішеннях. Окрему увагу приділено психологічним аспектам впливу бойових умов на формування вини військовослужбовців. Визначено, що бойовий стрес, психоемоційне виснаження та екстремальні умови можуть суттєво впливати на здатність військових осіб усвідомлювати характер і наслідки своїх дій. Запропоновано розширити механізми проведення військових психологічних експертиз, що дозволить об’єктивніше оцінювати рівень відповідальності військовослужбовців у випадках порушень, пов’язаних із військовим майном. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз міжнародного досвіду регулювання військових злочинів, зокрема практики країн НАТО та Європейського Союзу. Встановлено, що в державах із розвиненою системою військової юстиції застосовуються спеціалізовані військові трибунали, які дозволяють більш ефективно розглядати справи військовослужбовців. У країнах ЄС значну увагу приділяють розмежуванню рівнів відповідальності та залученню спеціалізованих експертних оцінок для визначення суб’єктивної сторони злочинів. Розроблено практичні рекомендації щодо вдосконалення кримінально-правового регулювання військових злочинів в Україні. Запропоновано запровадження окремого інституту військових судів, які б займалися правопорушеннями у військовій сфері, а також удосконалення Кримінального кодексу України з урахуванням диференціації відповідальності за військові злочини залежно від ступеня вини та бойових обставин. Обґрунтовано необхідність запровадження військово-психологічних експертиз як обов’язкового елементу у кваліфікації військових злочинів, що дозволить враховувати вплив екстремальних умов на поведінку військовослужбовців. Отримані результати дослідження мають практичне значення для вдосконалення кримінального законодавства, судової практики та механізмів правозастосування у військовій сфері. Викладені пропозиції сприятимуть посиленню військової дисципліни, підвищенню ефективності боротьби з військовими правопорушеннями та гармонізації національного законодавства з міжнародними стандартами.

2025, BMC Plant Biology

Background: Grafting is the common propagation method for avocado and primarily benefits orchard production by reducing the time to tree productivity. It also allows use of scions and rootstocks specifically selected for improved productivity and commercial acceptance. Rootstocks in avocado may be propagated from mature tree cuttings ('mature'), or from seed ('juvenile'). While the use of mature scion material hastens early bearing/maturity and economic return, the molecular factors involved in the role of the scion and/or rootstock in early bearing/ reduced juvenility of the grafted tree are still unknown. Results: Here, we utilized juvenility and flowering associated miRNAs; miR156 and miR172 and their putative target genes to screen pre-graft and post-graft material in different combinations from avocado. The abundance of mature miR156, miR172 and the miR156 target gene SPL4, showed a strong correlation to the maturity of the scion and rootstock material in avocado. Graft transmissibility of miR156 and miR172 has been explored in annual plants. Here, we show that the scion may be responsible for grafted tree maturity involving these factors, while the rootstock maturity does not significantly influence miRNA abundance in the scion. We also demonstrate that the presence of leaves on cutting rootstocks supports graft success and contributes towards intergraft signalling involving the carbohydrate-marker TPS1. Here, we suggest that the scion largely controls the molecular 'maturity' of grafted avocado trees, however, leaves on the rootstock not only promote graft success, but can influence miRNA and mRNA abundance in the scion. This constitutes the first study on scion and rootstock contribution towards grafted tree maturity using the miR156-SPL4-miR172 regulatory module as a marker for juvenility and reproductive competence.

2025

Background Citrus fruits are one of the most important horticultural fruits in the world. Cold stress, as one of the most important environmental stresses, prevents the physiological processes of plants and causes a decrease in yield and even their death. In this research, the interaction of putrescine with proline and temperatures of 1, -1, and − 3°C have been done in order to investigate the changes of antioxidant systems in fruits of three Citrus speices. Results The results of comparison of means showed that antioxidant capacity incresed with decreasing of temperature. In addition, application of putrescine and proline with different concentrations was led to an improvement in the amount of antioxidant capacity compared to control fruits. Conclusions The comparison between Citrus species showed that the highest levels of antioxidant capacity in treated and untreated fruits were observed in C. reticulata while the lowest levels were seen in C. paradisi indicating that C. reticula...

2025

Compounds which are able to reduce damaging effects of various stresses such as drought could be of great importance. In this research, arginine was used as a precursor of nitric oxide or polyamines and the effect of this compound on alleviation of oxidative damages under drought stress has been investigated. Experimental treatments included arginine at three levels (0, 10 and 20 µmol) and, drought stress (induced by polyethylene glycol 6000) at the levels of 0, 13.5% and 17% (W/V). This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. The application of arginine through the root medium, increased drought tolerance of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) seedlings. Arginine profoundly induced the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and, polyphenol oxidase in plants which led to reduction in electrolyte leakage and increasing in relative water content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and, carotenoids), polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanin content and, soluble sugar content. It is concluded that the application of arginine appeared to induce preadaptive responses to drought stress, leading to promote protective reactions.

2025, Journal of Plant Protection Research

In Iran, Descurainia sophia, Malcolmia africana, and Thlaspi arvense are abundantly found as importunate weeds in winter cereal. Understanding the timing of seed germination under natural conditions is crucial for learning how to manage these annual weeds. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil burial, dry storage, cold stratification, KNO3, GA3, and scarification on the seed dormancy and germination of these three species. Species had significantly different responses to the treatment. In D. sophia, seeds buried at a depth of 10 cm for 60 days (55%), and seeds dry stored at 20°C for 180 days (45%) showed the highest level of germination. In M. africana, the germination percentage reached 95% when seeds buried at a depth of 1 cm were soaked in a GA3 concentration of 150 ppm. T. arvense had the lowest level of germination compared to the other species. The highest percentage of T. arvense germination was obtained in seeds treated with 150 ppm GA3. Potassiu...

2025

Disposal of waste rubbers, especially waste tires, which constitute the largest volume of scrap rubber, is a serious environmental problem. Crosslinked rubber formed during vulcanization is extremely resistant to biodegradation and decomposition in chemical or thermal processes. In addition the amount of waste rubber is still growing. That is why recycling of rubber is a great challenge nowadays. In this work we are going to present morphological analysis, with the usage of optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), of new group of polyurethane-rubber recyclates composites. They were synthesized (in situ) from cast urethane elastomers and different amount of rubber powders, obtained by cryogenic grinding of waste tires. The polyurethane matrix (PU) of composites materials was prepared from α,ωdihydroxy[oligo(buthylene-ethylene adipate)], 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. Granulated rubber wastes (of granularity below 1,25 mm) were added in the amount of 10 to 90 wt.% during the synthesis of PU. The microstructure of obtained composites was studied with the use of optical and electron microscopy. The cross-sections and cryofractured surfaces were prepared for microscopic analysis. For the comparison granulated rubber particles were studied as well under microscopes. It was found that granulated rubber particles, obtained by cryogenic grinding, have smooth surfaces before and after adding to PU matrix. Due to this, rather weak adhesion was observed at the interface of PU matrix and rubber particles added and mechanical properties of these composites were low. For better adhesion of rubber to PU matrix, the modification of rubber surface will be undertaken in the future. Nevertheless, some composite materials obtained have excellent flexibility, resiliency, weatherability and abrasion resistance, so they can be

2025

Organic production requires significant changes in the system of agro-technological measures. The issues regarding the selection of crop cultivation technology, including the choice of row spacing to provide the area of nutrition, are still poorly understood. But these changes affect the redistribution of biota in the agroecosystems, such as microorganisms. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to find out the ecological peculiarities of row spacing impact on the spread of micromycetes on winter wheat plants and in its rhizosphere. Winter wheat (variety Vidrada) plants that grown with row spacing 15, 30 and 45 cm, as well as rhizosphere of these plants were studied for micromycetes infection. It was found that micromycetes of the genus Alternaria dominated on wheat stems in all row spacings. At the same time, only fungi of the genus Fusarium were found on ears of the studied samples.The spread of alternaria on wheat stems with row spacing 15 cm and 30 cm was about 53.3%, at the same time with the width of the row spacing 45 cm it reached 60%, and the spread of fusarium on wheat ears with a row spacing 15 and 30 cm was 73.3%, while in the row spacing 45 cm it reached 80.0%.The major micromycetesnumber of colonies on the rhizosphere of wheat roots belonged to the genus Trichoderma, Penicillum and Alternaria. Mucor and Aspergilus fungi are found in small amount. Micromycetes of the genus Alternaria, Trichoderma, Penicillum, Mucor dominated in the row spacing 15 cm. In the row spacing 30 cm the overwhelming number were fungi of the genus Trichoderma, Penicillum, and 45 cm -fungi of the genus Trichoderma, Penicillum, Aspergilus.The total amount of CFU indicates that, like in plants, the soil rhizosphere does not differ in row spacing of 15 and 30 cm (and is 46.7 and 45.5 thousand CFU/1 g), but in row spacing 45 cm we found more. Therefore, we think that to prevent the large spread of mycological diseases of winter wheat, it is advisable to grow it with a row spacing 15 and 30 cm.

2025, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that threaten crop development and sustainable food production. As a mitigation strategy, several plant growth regulators and osmoprotectants have been applied to ameliorate the negative effects of salinity stress in plants. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar applications of different concentrations of salicylic acid and proline on the growth, yield, fruit quality, and nutritional composition of cucumber crops grown under saline conditions. The three main irrigation salinity variations included electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.5 dS/m (control), EC 6.0 dS/m, and EC 12.0 dS/m. Foliar spray treatments were as follows: T1 (distilled water), T2 (1.0 mM salicylic acid), T3 (1.0 mM salicylic acid + 5.0 mM proline), and T4 (1.0 mM salicylic acid + 10 mM proline). Our results showed that foliar application of salicylic acid alone or in combination with proline under non-saline conditions improved the gro...

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

To elucidate the role of the plant hormones -abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene during flower senescence in roses, experiments were conducted on two cultivars of cut-roses (Rosa hybrida L.), 'Grandgala' and 'First Red,' obtained from a commercial grower. An apparent similarity was observed during flower senescence and accumulation of endogenous ABA in petal tissue. Several fold increase in ABA concentration was observed during the later stages of senescence which was found to be associated with a drastic reduction of flower water potential and water uptake. During the later stages of senescence (S5-S6) higher ABA concentration coincides with the elevated concentration of ethylene production. ABA and ethylene both stimulate senescence and are suggested to interact during flower senescence under water limitations.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

The flower is the most significant and beautiful part of plants. Flowers are very useful organs in plant developmental phenomenon. During flower bud opening, various events takes place in a well defined sequence, representing all aspects of plant development, such as cell division, cellular differentiation, cell elongation or expansion and a wide spectrum of gene expression. The complexity of flower bud opening illustrates that various biological mechanisms are involved at different stages. Senescence represents the ultimate stage of floral development and results in wilting or abscission of whole flower or flower parts. Senescence is an active process and governed by a well defined cell death program. Once a flower bud opens, the programmed senescence of petal allows the removal of a metabolically active tissue. In leaves, this process can be reversed, but in floral tissue it cannot, indicating that a highly controlled genetic program for cell death is operating. The termination of a flower involves at least two, sometimes overlapping, mechanisms. In one, the perianth abscises before the majority of its cells initiate a cell death program. Abscission may occur before or during the mobilization of food reserves to other parts of the plant. Alternatively, the petals may be more persistent, so that cell deterioration and food remobilization occur while the petals are still part of the flower. The overall pattern of floral opening varies widely between plant genera, therefore, a number of senescence parameters have been used to group plants into somewhat arbitrary categories. Opening and senescence of rose flower is still an unsolved jigsaw in the world of floriculture industry and the mechanism behind the onset of the very early events in the sequence still remains to be elucidated. Hence, for advancing the knowledge on the pertinent aspect of bud opening and senescence the literature has been cited under this review.

2025

Present study deals with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of root, stem & leaf of micropropagated Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. For micropropagation nodal explants inoculated on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA 1.0, 1.5 mg/L, with combination of 0.5mg/L NAA gives maximum growth shoots. A qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography & a quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the root, stem and leaf of micropropagated Centella asiatica L. (URB) have been studied. Using thin layer chromatography (TLC) different components like Alkaloids, Saponin, Flavonoids, Terpenoides, Phenol & Tannin are isolated & identified. The Rf values of the developed spots in the different solvent systems are noted. In the quantitative analysis, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids & flavonoids are extracted by using the standard chemical protocol. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant in the modern system of health care.

2025

Одним із важливих метаболічних шляхів функціонування рослинного організму є азотний метаболізм, у зв’язку з чим завданням даної роботи є з’ясування біологічної дії його проміжних сполук, а саме–органічних кислот та амінів (як у монодії, так й у складі рідких комплексних добрив) на активність ключових ензимів азотного метаболізму, вміст фенольних сполук, ТБК-реактивних сполук, хлорофілу та аміачного азоту в листках Triticosecale L. на стадії початку кущіння. В експериментах використано методи центрифугування, титрування, спектрофотометрії та фотоколориметрії. Виявлено, що дія препарату Аватарм-2-с підвищує активність АsАТ та АlАТ відповідно у 3, 88 та 4, 12 разів, а GDH лише на 19%. Дія досліджених в роботі органічної кислоти та аміну на активність вищенаведених ключових ензимів азотного метаболізму свідчить про специфіку відповідних хімічних реакцій. Так, за дії сукцинату натрію збільшувалась активність АsАT (у 4, 2 рази) та АlАТ (у 2, 8 разів), а показник активності GDH не змінювався відносно контрольних значень. Дія препарату Аміномікс у поєднанні з метиламіном призвела до збільшення активності трансаміназ відповідно у 3, 9 та 4, 2 рази, однак активність дегідрогенази за дії цього препарату знижуваласьу 1, 7 рази відносно контролю. Водночас, метиламін викликав збільшення активності АsАТ та АlАТ на 48, 3% та 37, 5% відповідно. З’ясовано, що дія препарату Аміномікс у поєднанні з метиламіном обумовлює зниження активності GDH у середньому на 34, 6%

2025

Mustafa Cüce*, Tuba Bekircan, Abdul Hafeez Laghari, Münevver SÖKMEN, Atalay Sökmen, Evren Önay Uçar & Ali Osman Kılıç Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400 Giresun, Turkey; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Plant Production & Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080 Konya Turkey; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080 Konya Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science, İstanbul University, 34134 İstanbul, Turkey; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh...

2025, Sciences of Europe

The research paper "Influence of the plant growth regulator Kamethur on the morphological features and yield of Chinese cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.)" in Sciences of Europe (2025, Vol. 166, No. 166, pp. 3-17) investigates how Kamethur affects the physical characteristics and productivity of Chinese cowpea. The study likely explores how different concentrations or application methods of Kamethur influence plant growth, pod development, and overall seed yield. The research aims to determine if Kamethur can be a beneficial tool for enhancing cowpea production.
The study likely examines several key aspects of cowpea growth and yield, including:
• Morphological Features:
This could involve measuring parameters like plant height, number of branches, leaf area, and pod length. The study might analyze how Kamethur affects the overall size and structure of the cowpea plants.
• Yield Components:
The research would likely focus on the number of pods per plant, the weight of individual pods, the number of seeds per pod, and the total seed yield per plant or per area.
• Seed Quality:
The study might also assess the 100-seed weight, seed protein content, or other quality parameters to see if Kamethur influences the nutritional value or marketability of the cowpea.
By analyzing these factors, the researchers can determine the optimal application of Kamethur to maximize cowpea yield and potentially improve other aspects of the crop's growth and development. The findings could be valuable for farmers seeking to optimize their cowpea production practices.
Abstract
In field conditions, the effect of the synthetic plant growth regulator Kamethur, created on the basis of the potassium salt of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine, on the processes of growth and development, as well as the formation of productivity of Chinese cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) during its introduction in the southern steppe zone of Ukraine, was studied for two years. It was found that under the conditions of pre-sowing treatment of seeds of Chinese cowpea plants with aqueous solutions of the plant growth regulator Kamethur, applied in concentrations of 10-5M and 10-6M, the morphometric indicators of plants and pods, as well as the qualitative indicators of seeds, increase compared to control plants not treated with the growth regulator. The obtained re-search results indicate the possibility of practical application of the synthetic plant growth regulator Kamethur for pre-sowing treatment of seeds of Chinese cowpea to improve growth and increase the yield of this crop during its introduction in the southern steppe zone of Ukraine. Keywords: Chinese cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.), plant growth regulator Kamethur, morphometric indicators of plants and pods, quality indicators of seeds, plant productivity.

2025, XV Міжнародна науково-практична конференція"ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СУЧАСНОЇ НАУКИ ТА ОСВІТИ" 9-10 червня 2025 року, м. Львів, Україна

An important task of modern agriculture is the development of new effective plant growth regulators to improve the growth and adaptation of an important grain and oilseed crop – maize (Zea mays L.) to abiotic stresses such as heat and drought. In our work the regulatory effect of synthetic compounds, derivatives of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine sodium and potassium salts (Methyur and Kamethur) and pyrimidine derivatives (compounds № 1-7) on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) variety Twist during the vegetative phase in heat and drought conditions was studied. The regulatory effect of derivatives of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine sodium and potassium salts (Methyur and Kamethur) and pyrimidine (compounds № 1-7), applied at a concentration of 10-6M, was compared with the regulatory effect of the auxin IAA (1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid, applied at a similar concentration of 10-6M. The conducted studies showed that synthetic compounds, derivatives of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine sodium and potassium salts (Methyur and Kamethur) and pyrimidine derivatives (compounds № 1-7), applied at a concentration of 10-6M, exhibit a growth-regulatory effect similar or higher than the effect of auxin IAA on maize growth parameters (length of the shoots (mm), length of the roots (mm), number of the roots (pcs), biomass of 10 plants (g)) during the vegetative phase in heat and drought conditions. Based on the obtained results, the use of the most active synthetic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives, in agricultural practice to improve the growth and development of maize, increase productivity and tolerance to heat and drought stress is proposed.

2025, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

Seasonal changes in the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in current-year needles of two different genotypes (AB-NSD-004 and AB-NSD-184) were monitored in branches collected from 20-year-old balsam fir (Abies balsamea L. (Mill.)) trees over a period of 11 months. A significant genotype 9 harvesting time interaction was observed for endogenous ABA levels and postharvest needle retention duration (NRD). A consistent pattern of seasonal variation in ABA concentration was observed in both genotypes, with the highest amount of ABA (7,887 ng g -1 DW) accumulating in April and May. The highest levels of ABA coincided with the lowest postharvest NRD regardless of genotype. Nevertheless, genotypes differed in their ABA concentrations. Branches of genotype AB-NSD-184 sampled during August exhibited 170 days of NRD whereas those collected in May and June registered the lowest NRD of around 40 days. There was a significant negative correlation (P \ 0.05) between endogenous ABA concentrations and postharvest NRD in genotype AB-NSD-184. Also, an inverse relationship was observed between the average daily photoperiod and the postharvest NRD (R 2 = 0.35; P = 0.000) in the same genotype. Together with average daily temperature, the R 2 value for this correlation reached the highest (0.75; P B 0.00). Genotypes differed in their physiological responses to environmental cues and thus differed in their postharvest qualities. Average daily photoperiod and maximum daily temperature are strongly linked to the postharvest NRD through modulating endogenous ABA concentration.

2025, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

Conifer-produced oleoresin is mainly composed of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids that can protect conifers against herbivores and pathogens. Pinus massoniana Lamb. is an important economic species in southern China. However, the traumatic resin duct (TD) formation and terpenoid accumulation induced by adult Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of P. massoniana have not been clearly reported. Here, we infested P. massoniana with M. alternatus and characterized the induced terpene defenses by microscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GCflame ionization detector (GC-FID), and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). The induced responses involve TD formation, tissue-specific terpenoid accumulation differentiation, and temporal related gene changes. Formation of TDs was observed in secondary xylem 7 days after feeding. GC-MS and GC-FID results showed terpenoid composition varied in bark and xylem tissue in response to infestation. Following feeding damage, most of the terpenoid synthase genes were up-regulated, which is consistent with the changes in terpenoid constitution. The genes were activated before terpenoid changes were detected indicating that this complex physiological and biochemical process requires time. This study provides evidence of the temporal sequence of changes in terpenoid defenses against herbivory in P. massoniana.

2025

The purpose of the study was to select proteins for a complex supplement that is included in the recipe of whipped mousse-type desserts: collagen hydrolyzate and gelatin (type A), whose isoelectric point is in the range of pH = 6.5-8.5, in contrast to the isoelectric point of gelatin (type B) , which is closer to the pH of the whipped product (mousse) (pH = 4.8-5.2), and has a higher probability of turbidity or sedimentation. The use of fish collagen hydrolyzate separately or in combination with other proteins to form the foam structure of whipped desserts was investigated. The optimal concentration of structure formers was chosen by determining the foaming ability and foam stability of protein hydrocolloids, as well as their ratio in the complex was selected for introduction into the production technology of whipped mousse-type desserts. The foaming ability and foam stability of gelatin (type A) and collagen hydrolyzate were also investigated in comparison with dry egg white. Collagen hydrolyzate is deficient in arginine and cysteine compared to dry egg white. The high content of oxyproline and oxylysine -15.42 % -indicates a significant content of collagen in fish raw materials. The surface tension of solutions of protein hydrocolloids in an aqueous environment and in cream with a fat content of 33 % was investigated. The presented results of studies of the foaming ability and foam stability of proteins show the influence of various factors: temperature and pH of the solution on achieving the desired result, i.e. for obtaining a complex of protein hydrocolloids at a concentration of 1.0% and with an optimal ratio of protein components of hydrolyzate collagen and gelatin (type A) 80 : 20.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

Peltigera rufescens (Weis) Humb. with a prokaryotic photobiont Nostoc sp. and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis (Sandst.) Ruoss with a eukaryotic photobiont Trebouxia sp. were studied to determine the copper sensitivity of lichens with different algal symbionts. Samples growing on historic copper mine-spoil heaps at L ˇubietova ´-Podlipa, Slovakia were assessed for physiological parameters, including total and intracellular uptake of copper, assimilation pigmentation, activity of photosystem II, ergosterol levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and water-soluble protein content. Our results indicate that P. rufescens was more sensitive to copper exposure than C. arbuscula subsp. mitis.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

The influence of low (3 lM) and high (60 and 120 lM) cadmium (Cd) concentrations were studied on selected aspects of metabolism in 4-week-old chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) plants. After 10 days' exposure, dry mass accumulation and nitrogen content were not significantly altered under any of the levels of Cd. However, there was a significant decline in chlorophyll and water content in the leaves. Among coumarin-related compounds, herniarin was not affected by Cd, while its precursors (Z)-and (E)-2-b-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acids (GMCAs) increased significantly at all the levels of Cd tested. Cd did not have any effect on umbelliferone, a stress metabolite of chamomile. Lipid peroxidation was also not affected by even 120 lM Cd. Cd accumulation was approximately seven-(60 lM Cd treatment) to eleven-(120 lM Cd treatment) fold higher in the roots than that in the leaves. At high concentrations, it stimulated potassium leakage from the roots, while at the lowest concentration it could stimulate potassium uptake. The results supported the hypothesis that metabolism was altered only slightly under high Cd stress, indicating that chamomile is tolerant to this metal. Preferential Cd accumulation in the roots indicated that chamomile could not be classified as a hyperaccumulator and, therefore, it is unsuitable for phytoremediation. Cadmium AE Coumarins AE Malondialdehyde AE Matricaria chamomilla AE Lipid peroxidation AE Potassium leakage Abbreviations GMCAs (Z)-and (E)-2-b-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acids MDA Malondialdehyde J. Kova ´c ˇik AE M. Bac ˇkor AE M. Repc ˇa ´k (&)

2025

Vortemjølkrust (Melampsora euphorbiae (Schub.) Cast.) vart hausten 2006 for første gong funnen i norske julestjerner (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd). Soppen gir nekrotiske flekkar på oversida av blada og typiske gul-oransje rustflekkar på undersida. Skadeomfanget varierte, men i nokre parti vart soppen observert på opp til 13 blad på enkeltplanter og også funnen på braktéane. Angrep vart i 2006 rapportert i 7 gartneri frå Trøndelag og nordover til og med Troms, og i 12 julestjernesortar. Soppen er vanleg på ulike Euphorbia-artar, også i Noreg, men er til no berre funnen på julestjerne i India,

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

Cut flowers face the problem of short display life and lose their aesthetic value rapidly. In order to enhance the vase life of gladiolus, its cut spikes were subjected to different levels of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), viz., 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L -1 in vase solution, during two consecutive years 2010 and 2011. The GA 3 treatment significantly influenced the vase quality attributes and antioxidants capacity of gladiolus cut flowers. Gibberellic acid at 25 mg L -1 caused the longest time taken to open the floret and increased the floret opening, vase life duration and fresh weight. The highest antioxidative activities of superoxide dismutase and free radicals scavenging were also recorded with GA 3 at 25 mg L -1 . The highest peroxidase, catalase activity and the lowest membrane leakage were recorded with GA 3 at 50 mg L -1 . Present study concludes that GA 3 applied at lower concentrations (25 mg L -1 ) renders greater beneficial effects on vase life quality, membrane stability and antioxidant activities in gladiolus cut spike, and further higher application rates cause no improvement in the flower longevity.

2025, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation

The plants are constantly subjected to varying degree of environmental stress. These stresses results in severe damage to the DNA of the plants, which if not repaired can lead to the impairment of their genetic material, and can prove fatal for the plants. The present work studies the damage to the genomic DNA in response to salinity and drought stress on the indica rice cultivars. The comet assay results showed that maximum DNA damage was seen in the IR29 cultivar, whereas, the Nonabokra cultivar showed minimal DNA damage. The gene expression profiling of DNA polymerase λ (OsPolλ), the only X family DNA polymerase in rice which is involved in the repair of DNA damage, shows that the gene is up-regulated in all the rice cultivars irrespective of their degree of tolerance to the environmental stresses. Further the enzymatic activity of the OsPolλ protein was studied in the three rice cultivars and it was revealed that the OsPolλ activity increases in response to stresses in all the rice cultivars, however, the salinity-susceptible IR29 showed a more prominent increases in the activity of OsPolλ than Nonabokra (salinity tolerant) and N22 (drought tolerant) cultivars. The study on the upstream regions of the OsPolλ gene to identify the different cis acting upstream elements effecting the gene expression showed the presence of unique stress responsive regulatory elements was detected in the upstream region of OsPolλ gene. The present study suggest that the OsPolλ gene expression and enzymatic activity is enhanced in response to these abiotic stress, thus, playing an important role in the repair of salinity and drought induced DNA damages in indica rice cultivars.

2025, J. Nutrition and Food Processing

The regulatory effect of synthetic low-molecular-weight azaheterocyclic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives on the growth and photosynthesis of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Taira in the vegetative phase was studied. Wheat growth parameters such as average shoot length (mm) and average root length (mm) and wheat photosynthesis parameters such as chlorophyll and carotenoid content (mg/g fresh weight) under the regulatory effect of pyrimidine derivatives were measured 4 weeks after seed germination and compared with those of control wheat grown in distilled water or wheat grown under the regulatory effect of auxin IAA. The study showed that the wheat growth parameters and photosynthetic parameters under the regulatory effect of synthetic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives at a concentration of 10-6 M were similar to or higher than the parameters of wheat under the regulatory effect of auxin IAA at a similar concentration of 10-6 M, and also exceeded that of the control wheat grown in distilled water. The selectivity of the regulatory effect of synthetic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives on wheat growth and photosynthesis depended on the substituents in their chemical structure. The most physiologically active synthetic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives have been proposed for use to enhance the growth and photosynthesis of wheat in the vegetative phase. Key words: Wheat; azaheterocyclic compounds; pyrimidine derivatives; IAA

2025

Cucumis sative has evolved from Cucumis melon through chromosome fusions, but details of these fusions are unknown. This research aimed to compare the genome sequences in both cucurbit crops by analyzing amino acids in their chromosomes. The data of GC%, relative codon bias strength (RCBS), and modified relative codon bias (MRCBS) were computed, and a cluster analysis was used to place each similar chromosome into one cluster. The result revealed some higher values of GC% in cucumber, such as chromosomes 19, 14, and 9, with 43.16, 43.06, and 40.45, respectively, while melon had some higher GC% values such as 45.97 and 42.90 in chromosomes 2 and 9, respectively. The higher means of RSCU (0.5) were asparagine, aspartic acid, and cysteine in both cucurbit crops. The values of the MRCBS had similar groups for both crops. This first group was glutamine, lysine, glycine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, asparagine, tyrosine, stop codon, glutamic acid, and cysteine. The average linkage was higher in aspartic acid (GAT) at both cultivars. The polygenetic tree had eight clusters, with seq2 and seq21 as the first cluster at 0.79 in both crops. These findings would help plant breeders develop growth habits for both cultivars during the breeding program.

2025, Тези доповіді на науковій конференці

доктор географічних наук, професор професор кафедри геодезії, землеустрою та земельного кадастру, Одеський державний аграрний університет, м. Одеса, Україна Проведені дослідження [1] виявили відсутність забруднення ґрунтів при підриві протитанкових мін та артилерійських снарядів. При цьому було зауважено, що значну небезпеку становлять так званні «потенційно токсичні елементи», якими є металеві і неметалеві рештки бойових засобів, що з часом, після відповідних хімічних та фізичних процесів і реакцій, можуть трансформуватися в токсичні сполуки. Так, дослідження військових полігонів засвідчило їхнє значне забрудненими токсичними сполуками, головним чином вибуховими речовинами та рештками боєприпасів, що містять шкідливі речовини, включаючи сурму (Sb), свинець (Pb), уран (U), 2 , 4-динітротолуол (ДНТ), 2, 4, 6-тринітротолуол (тротил), 1, 3, 5-тринітро-1,3,5-тріазациклогексан (RDX) та інші. Переважна більшість цих сполук є стійкими до біологічного розкладання, залишаються в біосфері, стаючи джерелом забруднення її компонентів [2]. Обстеження місця розриву бойової ракети (ймовірно крилатої ракети «Іскандер») в м. Одесі виявило значну кількість різноманітних її решток на поверхні ґрунту і в ґрунтовій масі вирви (рис.). Наявні рештки, у свою чергу, засвідчили складність дослідження їхньої потенційної небезпеки і необхідність міждисциплінарного підходу для ідентифікації і прогнозування рівня забруднення ґрунтів. Проблемними є такі питаннями: -недостатня інформація про специфічний хімічний склад бойових ракет; -складність ідентифікації токсичних елементів через їхнє нерівномірне розподілення в ґрунті і трансформацію під час вибуху; -оцінка довготривалого впливу решток бойових засобів на ґрунти; -розробка ефективних методів ремедіації, що відповідають локальним екологічним умовам. Сучасні бойові ракети мають складну конструкцію, яка включає метали, полімери, композитні матеріали та вибухові речовини. У разі вибуху ракети основними джерелами забруднення ґрунтів, яке може мати довготривалий характер, є залишки корпусу, ущільнювальних матеріалів, продуктів згоряння палива та решток вибухових речовин. Виявлені рештки ракети у вирві і на поверхні ґрунту включали стальні осколки, уламки алюмінієвих елементів ракети, дрібні мідні деталі, резину, обгорілу структуру, що нагадує тканину зі штучного волокна, в тому числі із полімерним покриттям, порошкоподібний матеріал білого кольору. Із відкритих джерел відомо, що основними матеріалами, що утворюються при розриві ракет, є:

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

Rice is one of the most important food crop drastically affected by drought in lowland rice ecosystem. Dissecting out the traits of importance and genomic regions influencing the response of drought tolerance and yield traits on grain yield will aid the breeders to know the genetic mechanism of drought tolerance of rice leads to the development of drought tolerant varieties. Grain yield and its components on drought situation of recombinant inbred population (IR 58821/IR 52561) were investigated under lowland managed stress situation in 2003 and 2004 by given importance to the relative water content. Water deficit resulted in significant effect on phenology and grain yield. Best lines were selected for further varietal development programme. Variability studies showed the traits viz., days to 70% relative water content, leaf rolling, leaf drying, harvest index, biomass yield and grain yield offer high scope for improvement for drought tolerance by way of simple selection technique. Correlation and path analysis indicated that, to harness high yielding combined with drought tolerance breeders should give selection pressure on relative water content, panicle length, grains per panicle, harvest index, biomass yield, root/shoot ratio and root length in positive direction, and low scores of leaf rolling, leaf drying and drought recovery rate. Analysis of quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance, yield and its components allowed the identification of 38 regions associated with both drought tolerant and yield traits. Out of these, 18 were closely linked with DNA markers could be used for marker assisted selection in breeding for drought tolerance in rice. Pleiotropism and G • E effects interaction were noticed in some of the traits. Parent IR 58821 contributed favorable alleles for the entire drought related and most of the yield component traits. Identification of traits of

2025

Робота виконана на кафедрі екології та природоохоронних технологій Національного університету кораблебудування імені адмірала Макарова.Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню екологічних проблем захисту водних об'єктів від забруднення на прикладі Миколаївської області шляхом моніторингу стану водойм, створення маловідходних технологій водопідготовки та очищення води, які забезпечують раціональне використання водних ресурсів. Проведена оцінка стану гідроекологічних систем у межах водного басейну Миколаївської області. Визначено ефективність коагулянтів, отриманих зі шламу Миколаївського глиноземного заводу, і природного коагулянту Moringa oleifera при освітленні, знебарвленні, знезараженні модельних розчинів та природних вод. Розроблено реагенти та методи стабілізаційної обробки води для забезпечення раціонального використання води в промисловості та енергетиці. Визначені параметри процесів іонообмінного очищення води від іонів важких металів, процесів електроекстракції металів ...

2025, International Journal of wetland Ecosystem and Environmental restoration

This study examined the allelopathic potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves on the germination and growth of maize (Zea mays) seedlings using three experimental setups: seed priming, and two microplot experiments involving mango leaf extracts and powder. For the seed germination test, 10 maize seeds were placed in 20 Petri dishes lined with Whatman No. 1.5 filter paper and moistened daily with 5 mL of mango leaf extract at concentrations of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g, except for the control. The first microplot were planted with, maize seeds in 5 kg of washed riverbed soil and treated with mango leaf extract at concentrations of 0 g (control), 5 g (1% w/v), 10 g (2% w/v), 15 g (3% w/v), and 20 g (4% w/v). The second microplot involved incorporating mango leaf powder into 5 kg of washed riverbed soil at concentrations of 0 g (control), 5 g (0.1% w/w), 10 g (0.2% w/w), 15 g (0.3% w/w), and 20 g (0.4% w/w). After seven days of emergence, microplots treated with mango leaf extracts were irrigated with 5 mL of their respective concentrations, while those treated with mango leaf powder received 5 mL of water daily. Maize plants were harvested 30 days after planting. Results indicated that both mango leaf extracts and soil-applied powder significantly (P < 0.05) affected the height of plants (HOP) and number of leaves (NOL) at higher concentrations, while lower concentrations had no significant effects. The observed inhibitory effects are attributed to the proportional increase in mango leaf extract and powder concentrations.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of Gold-nanoparticles on the growth profile and yield of Brassica juncea, under field conditions. Five different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm) of Goldnanoparticles were applied through foliar spray. Presence of Gold-nanoparticles in the leaf tissues was confirmed through atomic absorption spectroscopy. Various growth and yield related parameters, including plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods, seed yield etc. were positively affected by the nanoparticle treatment. Gold-nanoparticle treatment increased the number of leaves per plant; however the average leaf area was not affected. Optimal increase in seed yield was recorded at 10 ppm of Gold-nanoparticle treatment. Reducing as well as total sugar contents increased up to 25 ppm of Goldnanoparticle treatment. Application of nanoparticles also improved the redox status of the treated plants. The results, for the first time, demonstrate successful use of Goldnanoparticles in enhancing growth and yield of B. juncea, under actual field conditions and present a viable alternative to GM crops for ensuring food security.

2025, Modern technologies of biomedical engineering : proceedings of the 4th international scientific and technical conference (May 07-09, 2025, Odesa, Ukraine) = Сучасні технології біомедичної інженерії : матеріали ІV Міжнародної науково-технічної конференції (07-09 травня 2025 р., м. Одеса, Україна) ...

У цій роботі досліджується оптимізація адитивних методів виробництва для застосування періодичних мінімальних поверхневих (TPMS) пористих структур у тканинній інженерії. Гіроїдні (G) і примітивні (P) пористі структури мають багато областей застосування, починаючи від термічних і закінчуючи механічними, і належать до категорії комплексної триперіодичної мінімальної поверхні (TPMS). Такі складні біоінспіровані конструкції привертають увагу, тому що вони відповідають як біологічним, так і механічним вимогам для реконструкції кісток. При дослідженні властивості структур TPMS порівнюються з більш класичними структурами на основі скаффолдів. Також представлено інформацію про те, як можна сформулювати TPMS і як вони можуть бути розроблені для отримання бажаних властивостей. Увага приділяється процесу топологічної оптимізації скаффолдів для подальшого підвищення їхніх біомеханічних властивостей і покращення їх конструкції за допомогою щільності, гетерогенізації та градації розміру елементарної скаффолдів. Запропоновано загальні чисельні алгоритми, а також відмінності між градієнтними та неградієнтними алгоритмами. Дослідження направлені на опис основних технологій адитивного виробництва, які можна
використовувати для виготовлення стохастичних або періодичних скаффолдів.
Ключові слова: CAD проектування, адитивне виробництво, коміркові структури, металеві матеріали,
імплантати, остеоінтеграція

2025, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

The present investigation entitled “Role of GA3, SA and ABA on growth and yield of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] under rainfed condition” was conducted during Rabi season, 2013-14 at the Student Instructional Farm (SIF) of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.), India. The treatments were comprised of foliar spray of three plant growth regulators (PGRs) of different concentrations viz., GA3 (50 ppm, 100 ppm), Salicylic acid (0.5 mM, 0.7 mM) and ABA (10-5 M) along with untreated control (distilled water spray) & spraying was done at 30 DAS. Experiment was setup in randomized block design with twelve treatments and three replications on Narendra rai (NDR-8501) under normal and rainfed conditions. PGRs were applied on the foliage of plant at 30 DAS. Drought was imposed for 30 days by curtailing irrigation at 30 DAS and normal condition plots were irrigated at 30 DAS. Normal and rainfed conditions plots were irrigated at...

2025

Liquid organic fertilizers have higher bioavailability of nutrients and are the best alternative for chemical fertilizers. In the present study, the compost leachate from earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) and pill millipede (Arthrosphaera magna) as byproducts has been compared for their nutrients as potential liquid fertilizers. The compost was prepared from pre-digested leaf litter and cow dung (60:40, w/w). The leachate collection commenced 15 days after the setup and continued on 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days. The dark amber-colored vermicompost leachate (VCL) and honey-colored pill millipede compost leachate (MCL) collected were analyzed for physicochemical composition. Pre-digested organic material without earthworms or millipedes served as a control (CL). Results indicate that VCL shows a higher value than MCL and the CL for conductivity, TDS, salinity, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Nitrogen content and other nutrients were high in MCL, making it a good supplement. The C/N ratio of CL drastically reduced in VCL and MCL, facilitating quick availability of nitrogen. Given the increasing demand for liquid organic fertilizers due to their ease of application and high nutrient availability, both VCL and MCL serve as effective organic fertilizers.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

A japonica rice mutant, spotted-leaf 5 (sl5), was identified from YUN32 by EMS mutagenesis. The number of spots in leaves increased from maturity to late maturity in sl5, however, the leaves did not dry and withered. The sl5 mutant exhibited significantly lower height, spike length, primary branch number, second branch number, and 1,000grain weight than YUN32. Genetic analysis shows that sl5 is controlled by a single recessive gene. OsSL5 was mapped into a 40-kb interval flanked by markers MX4 and MX5 on chromosome 7 by map-based cloning. Four ORFs, including one SPL5 gene, were identified in this region. Sequencing reveals that the G base at site 3,647 of the OsSL5 coding region was changed to A. The mutant OsSL5 site was different from that of the SPL5 mutant, with the background of indica rice. OsSL5 is thus a new SPL5 allele which encodes a putative splicing factor 3b subunit 3. QPCR shows that OsSL5 expression in the sl5 mutant is significantly lower than that in YUN32. The spotted leaf-related genes RLIN1, SPL28, and SPL18 expressions were significantly decreased, whereas the SPL7 and SL gene expressions significantly increased. The OsSL5 gene may be important for rice cell apoptosis regulation.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

exhibited lower expression levels in both tiller buds and young panicles in lt1 compared to wild type. Thus, LOC_ Os06g40780/MOC1 or LOC_Os06g40840 may be responsible for the lt1 mutant phenotypes, but more work will be needed for the cloning and functional analysis of LT1. This work lays the foundation for elucidation of the molecular mechanism for tillering and panicle branching, and provides new opportunities for improving rice grain yield. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) • Lt1 mutant • Fewer tillers and panicle branches • Grain size • Fine mapping a key component of rice grain production (Liang et al. 2014). In rice, panicle formation involves panicle branching and spikelet formation. First, axillary meristem initiation and elongation result in the emergence of lateral organs: the tillers and panicle branches. Next, the panicle meristem forms and differentiates into the panicle axis,

2025, Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

Date palm is an important agricultural crop in arid environments, vital for food and economic security. Conventional fertilization approaches are usually ineffective and wasteful due to nutrient leaching and soil salinity. Trunk injection is a new fertilization method based on injecting nutrients into the vascular system of date palms, which improves nutrient uptake and reduces environmental pollution. The review highlights the historical progression, approaches, and technological innovations of trunk injection while demonstrating its merits to traditional methods by providing target nutrient delivery and reduced fertilizer input. Selected research shows the effectiveness of different nutrients, such as iron, potassium, and nano-fertilizers, in increasing vegetative growth and fruit yield. It also covers challenges related to infection risk and labor requirements. Trunk injection of date palms offers great promise for sustainable crop production systems, and the prospects for its integration with precision agriculture technologies are considered, along with the need for research to optimize this technology.

2025

Growing of ornamental flowering plants represents an important sector of horticulture. Viola × wittrockiana (garden pansy) is used in garden beds and borders due to their colorful blooming, which occurs in early spring and late autumn. Nowadays, breeders focus on applying different nutrient solutions to improve the quality, flowering, and ornamental properties of plants, yet electrical conductivity (EC) level is an important fact to know. It is known that higher EC levels can inhibit plants' growth. In the present study, pansy seedlings were subjected to different EC nutrient solutions 1 (control), 2, 3.5, 5, and 6.5 mS cm-1 EC to assess the positive or negative effects regarding the plant's growth and development. The results indicated that an appropriate EC level of nutrient solution can have a positive effect on growth parameters, as well as on the flowering of plants. According to the hierarchical clustering, the used EC nutrient solutions significantly influenced the growth, number of shoots and leaves and the inflorescences number. From the present study results, it can be concluded that even though all EC levels increased growth parameters compared with control, the greatest results were obtained in plants under the effect of the 5 mS cm-1 of EC.

2025, Plant Growth Regulation

Nitrogen fixation and assimilation in nodules and roots were studied in soybean (Glycine max L.) exposed to different levels of aluminium (Al) stress (0, 50, 200 and 500 lM). Al at 500 lM induced oxidative stress, which became evident from an increase in lipid peroxidation accompanied by a concomitant decline in antioxidant enzyme activities and leghaemoglobin breakdown. Consequently, there was also a reduction in nitrogenase activity. However, the leghaemoglobin levels and nitrogenase activity were unexpectedly found to be higher in nodules when the plants were treated with 200 lM Al. Of the enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase-NADH was reduced in nodules under Al stress, but it was significantly higher in roots at 500 lM Al as compared to that in the control. In nodules, the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase-NADH pathway, assayed in terms of activity and expression of both the enzymes, was inhibited at >50 lM Al; but in roots this inhibitory effect was apparent only at 500 lM Al. No significant changes in ammonium and protein contents were recorded in the nodules or roots when the plants were treated with 50 lM Al. However, Al at ‡200 lM significantly increased the ammonium levels and decreased the protein content in the nodules. But these contrasting effects on ammonium and protein contents due to Al stress were observed in the roots only at 500 lM Al. The results suggest that the effect of Al stress on nitrogen assimilation is more conspicuous in nodules than that in the roots of soybean plants.

2025

The physiological reaction of saline stress which Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. plants undergo shows a greater growth and fresh substance gain process on previously cultivated soils that were fined with 20% zeolitic tuff and 5.09 g of neutral peat than the ones that had a substrate which hasn’t been cultivated on before that was fined with 5% zeolitic tuff and 1.39 g of perlite. The dry substance values obtained present a positive correlation with the values of fresh substance. Analysis of stomatal conductance enhances the hydric stress of plants which respond to saline stress with osmotic adjustment, accumulating high quantities of water comparing to the witness plant, which induces lower values of stomatal conductance and implicitly values are decreasing for photosynthesis, determining a low productivity. Higher values of stomatal conductance are reached at plants grown on previously cultivated soils fined with 20% zeolitic tuff and peat, and also at the ones grown on uncultivated s...