Plant Morphology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, TAXON

and with a doctoral fellowship from CONICET to ACGA and OARM. Methods are described in Daviña (2001) and . * First chromosome count for the species. TAXON 71 (5) • October 2022: E1-E19 Marhold & Kučera (eds.) • IAPT chromosome data

2025, Chemosphere

Needles of two conifer species, Picea abies and Pinus nigra, were used as passive samplers for monitoring air contamination by sampling at increasing distances from a suspected point source of DDT. Needle concentrations declined with increasing distance downwind of the point source allowing to identify spatial and temporal trends of accumulation. This suggested that conifer needles are effective biomonitors of contamination levels in areas characterized by the presence of semi-volatile substances. Differences in uptake were apparent between the species. Needle morphology and structure were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) as were dimensional parameters (surface area, volume). The results suggest that the concentrations depend on a mechanism involving the inner structure of the needles, specifically the number and accessibility of resin channels rather than their surface area. Pine needles have more channels with greater accessibility than spruce. The results suggest that spruce is more suitable for short term measurement while pine for determining long term cumulative exposure.

2025

The genus Pomaria, described by Cavanilles in 1799 but subsequently submerged in either Caesalpinia or Hoffmannseggia, is treated here as a distinct genus and the North American species are revised. This revision provides a key, corrected nomenclature, new combinations, and descriptions for all North American species. One new species is described and distribution maps are provided for each of the nine species. Resumen: El genero Pomaria, descrito por Cavanilles en 1799 y subsecuentemente sinonimizado ya sea bajo Caesalpinia o Hoffmannseggia, es tratado como un genero distinto cuyas especies norteamericanas son revisadas aqui. Esta revisi6n provee claves, una nomenclatura corregida, nuevas combinaciones y descripciones para todas las especies de Norteamerica. Se describe una nueva especie y se proveen mapas de distribuci6n para las nueve especies del subcontinente.

2025

India is amongst the most biologically diverse countries of the world and hosts as many as four biodiversity hotspots. The richness of biodiversity pertains to complex geological history and tropical climate (Chaitale et al. 2014, Singh et al. 2020). It represents ca. 11% of the world's flora in just about 2.4% of the global landmass. In terms of species diversity, approximately 45,000 plant species are found in India. The angiosperms are represented by approximately 17,500 species out of which 5725 species are endemic to India (Singh et al. 2015, Pandey and Shekhar 2018, Singh 2020). The use of molecular data in phylogenetic systematics and its implications for plant classification and evolution has been well established since the late 1980s (Wiley and Liberman 2011, Stuessy et al. 2014). The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning, automated sequencing technologies, New Generation Sequencing (NGS), and sophisticated instrumentation, as well as diverse computati...

2025, Journal of nematology

The relative suitability of potato and crops frequently grown in rotation with potato as hosts for Pratylenchus penetrans was evaluated. Suitability of rye, wheat, corn, oat, sorgho-sudangrass, and potato were compared in pot studies based on ratios of final population : initial population density and densities of nematodes in roots at harvest. Population densities increased more on potato, oat, and corn than on rye, wheat, and sorgho-sudangrass. There were no differences among the four rye cultivars or between the two oat cultivars in host suitability. Population increases were not related to root weight or consistently to nematode densities in roots. Although rye and wheat were equally suitable hosts in pot studies, P. penetrans increased more on wheat than on rye in a field study, indicating that reproduction was reduced or mortality was increased on rye under field conditions.

2025, Planta Daninha

ABSTRACT: In this study, the morphological and anatomical features were investigated of three taxon of Hippocrepis L. species which spreading naturally in Turkey. In the morphological part of the study, H. unisiliquosa subsp. unisiliquosa’s stem is erect or decumbent. The species H. ciliata’s Willd. stem is erect. H. multisiliquosa’s L. stem is decumbent. The fruit of H. multisiliquosa is much more convoluted than the other two taxa. There are cilia on the fruit of H. ciliata, but there are not found any cilia the other two taxa. The stem anatomy of all the studied taxa is hexagonal. In the stem cross section of H. ciliata 12-14 vascular bundle are found, H. unisiliquosa subsp. unisiliquosa 12-15 and H. multisiliquosa 12-13. Leaf vascular bundles are arranged regularly, H. unisiliquosa subsp. unisiliquosa have 18-20, H. ciliata have 6-8, H. multisiliquosa have 9-13 vascular bundles.

2025, Planta Daninha

In this study, petiol anatomy of 17 Salvia sp. taxa were compared statistically. In all the studied taxa, some differences were found in the petiole shape, number of vascular bundles and the presence of chlorenchyma. Anatomical variations in 17 Salvia taxa have been investigated by means of numerical methods (Analysis of variance and Pearson correlation). By the analysis of the investigated taxa from 17 leaf anatomy related characters, it has been determined that epidermis width and trachea diameter are the best character pairs which represent the variations in them. It has been also found that the results from numerical analysis of the leaf anatomy characters can provide additional evidences that correspond to the anatomy for the recognition of the taxa.

2025

Chara contraria is described and illustrated for the fi rst time from Bangladesh. This charophyte was collected in a rice fi eld with a soft mud substrate.

2025

Effect of the addition of enzymes in chemical composition and in vitro gas production of hybrid maize varieties preserved by silage in the highlands. EN ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEED TECHNOLOGY Official Journal of the Animal Nutrition Association, India………………… 8.2. ARTICULO 2 PUBLICADOEffect of the addition of acetic acid or enzymes in chemical composition and in vitro gas production from different varieties of native and hybrid maize silage. EN ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEED TECHNOLOGYOfficial Journal of the Animal Nutrition Association, India…….. 54 8.3 ARTICULO 3 ENVIADO Rendimiento, composición química y producción de gas in vitro de nuevas variedades de maíces híbridos blancos cultivados en valles altos de México…………………………………………… v 8.4 ARTICULO 4 EN REVISION Rendimiento, composición química y producción de gas in vitro de nuevas variedades de maíces híbridos amarillos cultivados en valles altos de México………………………………… 8.5 RESULTADOS ADICIONALES………………………………… 8.5.1. Participación en eventos académicos………………………………. 8.5.1. Estancia de investigación………………………………………….. IX. DISCUSIÓN GENERAL…………………………………………………… X. CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………… 102 XI. LITERATURA CITADA…………………………………………………… 103 neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (P < 0.01). ME and NEl were higher for G1 treated with AAC, ENZ, and CTR and G2 CTR than the rest of the treatments.The lowest pH (P < 0.01) was for G2 and G4 treated as CTR and AAC, compared with G1 and G2 treated with AAC and ENZ. In vitro gas production (ml gas/g DM) was higher (P < 0.05) for G3 and G4 treated with enzymes compared with G1 CTR and AAC. There were no differences (P > 0.05) for in vitro dry matter digestibility, but NDF digestibility was higher (P < 0.01) for G1 treated with CTR, AAC and ENZ, G2 treated with CTR, and G4 treated with ENZ than the rest of the treatments. As a conclusion, the study show four groups that, depending on the focus, we can use energy silages (G1), protein silages (G2), easy degradability silage (G3), and silage Balanced (G4) in livestock production feeding.

2025, Indian Journal of Natural Sciences

Mangroves are the salt-tolerant evergreen forests found along sheltered coastlines shallow-water lagoons
and estuaries in one hundred and twenty four tropical and subtropical countries, mainly growing on salt
substrates. Mangroves are halophytic woody plants that serve as protection against cyclone. Tsunami
and source of energy for based coastal food chain.E. agallocha L is used for the treatment ulcer and
aphrodisiac. The extract of these plants is als for rheumatism, paralysis, cutaneous infections. Studies on
phenolgical aspects were undertakes to know the phonological changes in E.agallocha in accordance
with the seasonal changes. And then seed germination. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
Analysis, extraction of Genomic DNA, RAPD Assay, Agarose gel electrophoresis. Thisgenetic variation
varied with distance and geographical isolated within the species along the east coast of Tamil Nadu.
These populations can be groups based on the geographical isolation and its showed higher variation in
the lower similarity in the isolated populations and lower geographical isolation showed a higher
similarity in excoecaria agallocha.

2025, Folia Horticulturae

Scanning microscopic imaging has become a valuable research tool in micromorphology with improved techniques playing an important role in analysing the ultrastructure of leaf specimens. The foliar epidermal anatomy of 25 selected poisonous plants with special emphasis on stomata and trichomes was reported using microscopic techniques, for instance, light micrographs (LMs) and scanning micrographs (SEMs). This study aimed to investigate micromorphologies of studied species that are helpful for the identification of poisonous plants. Plants were collected, pressed, dried, identified and then analysed for microscopic study. For making microscopic slides, 1 or 2 leaves were taken in a test tube and dipped in 30% nitric acid and 70% lactic acid for few minutes, and then placed on petri plates for separating the epidermis. Numerous quantitative and qualitative foliar anatomical features of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, including epidermal cell shapes, stomata size, subsidiary cell size, t...

2025, International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering

In the present study, the mineral macroelements and microelements content of the different parts of mature carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pod (pulp and seed) were analyzed for the first time using a multi-element technique called neutron activation analysis (NAA). It is one of the most reliable non-destructive nuclear methods to determine the overall contents of mineral elements in a material. Five macroelements and thirty microelements were identified in the whole pod carob (pulp and seed and its various constituents). Mineral content of pod is very variable; potassium predominates, with 90.1 mg/pulp and 0.569 mg/germ. Tegument is very rich in calcium (0.156 mg), as well as germ (0.162 mg) and pulp (35.1 mg). Chlorine content is high in pulp (20.9 mg) and endosperm (0.113 mg). Magnesium is concentrated in the germ (0.132 mg) and absent in the endosperm. Two microelements are remarkable in the fruit: aluminum (457.5 μg/pulp, 5.5 μg/ endosperm and 2.1 μg/tegument) and iron, mainly in the pulp (702 μg/pulp, 4.2 µg/germ and 2.6 μg/tegument).

2025, 한국가축위생학회지

A year round study was carried out to investigate the etiology, clinical signs, postmortem lesions and occurrence of naturally occurring enterotoxaemia in Black Bengal goats. Sixteen goats of different age and sex died in different seasons with sigh associated with enterotoxaemia made the materials of this study. Accidental access to large amount of concentrate was noted as one of the predisposing factors although few cases were reported to occur without known diet change. Younger animals (50%) and males (62.50%) were found more prone to the disease and it was likely to be more prevalent during winter (50%) followed by at rainy season (31.25%) and summer (18.75%). Diarrhoea (81.25%), dullness (56.25%), drooping of the ears (50%), anorexia (43.75%) were recorded as major clinical signs whereas enterocolitis (100%), lung edema (87.50%), fluid filled intestines (87.50%), enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes (56.52%) etc. were most common post mortem lesions found. A few cases showed lesions on heart (31.25%), brain (25%) and/or liver/spleen (18.75%) but no lesion was found on kidney. Thus the so called 'pulpy kidney' lesion was absent. Intestinal contents were subjected to conventional bacteriological culture based methods to identify the causal agents. Based on the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties the causal agent was identified as Clostridium perfringens. Despite the study was carried out at certain area it showed a clear picture of goat enterotoxaemia in terms of etiology, clinical signs, postmortem lesions and occurrence of goat enterotoxaemia in Bangladesh.

2025, Asian Journal of Research in Botany

The Sonerila gigantea is a new acaulescent species found in Mallalli Falls, Kodagu District, Karnataka, India, part of the Western Ghats. This species has distinguishable characteristics like habit from the genus Sonerila worldwide. S. gigantea is compared with Sonerila wallichii Benn. & Sonerila grandis Ridl. The species shown differ in several characteristics like habit, leaf and inflorescence, described in a table form with taxonomic keys and even explained micro morphology characters like pollen and seed. This report deliberates on the new species Sonerila gigantea from the Western Ghats, India.

2025

Penelitian mengenai uji pertumbuhan karakter vegetatif awal beberapa genotipe tanaman sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) terhadap toksisitas aluminium pada media kultur hara telah dilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Andalas Padang mulai dari bulan Mei sampai Juli 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan tingkat toleransi genotipe sorgum terhadap cekaman aluminium. Terdapat 8 genotipe yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu genotipe Advanta, Pahat Batan, Samurai 1, Samurai 2, Sumanik Tanah Datar, Halaban 50 Kota, No. 5 dan No. 41. Setiap genotipe tanaman sorgum ditumbuhkan pada media pasir selama 6 hari dan setelah itu bibit tanaman sorgum dipindahkan ke media yang berisi larutan hara Hoagland yang telah diberi perlakuan konsentrasi aluminium 0 ppm dan 8 ppm sampai 2 MST. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa setiap genotipe mempunyai pertumbuhan yang bervariasi walaupun tidak diberikan cekaman. Pemberian konsentrasi aluminium 8 ppm pada beberapa genotipe ...

2025, PLoS ONE

Background: Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting nutrient for plant growth in many soils. Studies in model species have identified genes involved in plant adaptations to low soil P availability. However, little information is available on the genetic bases of these adaptations in vegetable crops. In this respect, sequence data for melon now makes it possible to identify melon orthologues of candidate P responsive genes, and the expression of these genes can be used to explain the diversity in the root system adaptation to low P availability, recently observed in this species. Methodology and Findings: Transcriptional responses to P starvation were studied in nine diverse melon accessions by comparing the expression of eight candidate genes (Cm-PAP10.1, Cm-PAP10.2, Cm-RNS1, Cm-PPCK1, Cm-transferase, Cm-SQD1, Cm-DGD1 and Cm-SPX2) under P replete and P starved conditions. Differences among melon accessions were observed in response to P starvation, including differences in plant morphology, P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE) and gene expression. All studied genes were up regulated under P starvation conditions. Differences in the expression of genes involved in P mobilization and remobilization (Cm-PAP10.1, Cm-PAP10.2 and Cm-RNS1) under P starvation conditions explained part of the differences in P uptake and PUE among melon accessions. The levels of expression of the other studied genes were diverse among melon accessions, but contributed less to the phenotypical response of the accessions. Conclusions: This is the first time that these genes have been described in the context of P starvation responses in melon. There exists significant diversity in gene expression levels and P use efficiency among melon accessions as well as significant correlations between gene expression levels and phenotypical measurements.

2025

Morphological concepts are used in plant evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) and other disciplines of plant biology, and therefore plant morphology is relevant to all of these disciplines. Many plant biologists still rely on classical morphology, according to which there are only three mutually exclusive organ categories in vascular plants such as flowering plants: root, stem (caulome), and leaf (phyllome). Continuum morphology recognizes a continuum between these organ categories. Instead of Aristotelian identity and either/or logic, it is based on fuzzy logic, according to which membership in a category is a matter of degree. Hence, an organ in flowering plants may be a root, stem, or leaf to some degree. Homology then also becomes a matter of degree. Process morphology supersedes structure/process dualism. Hence, structures do not have processes, they are processes, which means they are process combinations. These process combinations may change during ontogeny and phylogeny. Although classical morphology on the one hand and continuum and process morphology on the other use different kinds of logic, they can be considered complementary and thus together they present a more inclusive picture of the diversity of plant form than any one of the three alone. However, continuum and process morphology are more comprehensive than classical morphology. Insights gained from continuum and process morphology can inspire research in plant morphology and plant evo-devo, especially MorphoEvoDevo.

2025, SAARC Journal of Agriculture

Fifty three genotypes of Capsicum annuum L. collected from different parts of the West Bengal, India were characterized for 23 characters namely, stem colour, plant growth habit, branching habit, leaf size, leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf colour, leaf pubescence, pigment at node, flower per axil, corolla colour, anther colour, calyx margin, mature fruit colour at intermediate stage, fruit shape, fruit position, fruit adherence to the calyx, fruit shape at pedicel attachment, blossom end fruit shape, ascorbic acid content of the fruit, capsaicin in red fruit and colour value of the ripe fruit. These genotypes upon cataloguing showed distinct variations with respect to vegetative, inflorescence, fruit and quality characters. A wide range of variation was also observed among the genotypes for several morphological, fruit and quality characters. Among the different characters, white corolla colour showed 100 % frequency and higher frequency was also recorded in single flower per axil (86.79 %), number pigmentation at node (83.02 %) and green fruit colour (69.81%) at intermediate stage. Predominance of single descriptor state was found in more than 50 % genotypes for 15 characters. Based on the D 2 value 53 genotypes were grouped into 17 clusters and results indicated that Cluster I and Cluster VII comprised with 29 and 9 genotypes respectively. Rest of clusters consisted of one genotype in each case. Variability studies revealed that there was a wide range of variability for all the characters studied. High heritability along with higher genetic advance (as a %age of mean) was found in capsaicin content in fruit, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and primary branches per plant. These characters may be considered as reliable selection indices as they are possibly governed by additive gene effect.

2025

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with... more

2025, Journal of Experimental Botany

Active gibberellin (GA 1 ) is an important mediator of thermoperiodic growth in pea. Plants grown under lower day than night temperature (negative DIF) elongate less and have reduced levels of GA 1 compared with plants grown at higher day than night temperature (positive DIF). By comparing the wild type (WT) and the elongated DELLA mutant la cry s , this study has examined the effect of impaired GA signalling on thermoperiodic growth, photosynthesis, and respiration in pea. In the WT a negative DIF treatment reduced stem mass ratio and increased both root mass ratio and leaf mass ratio (dry weight of specific tissue related to total plant dry weight). Leaf, root and stem mass ratios of la cry s were not affected by DIF. Under negative DIF, specific leaf area (projected leaf area per unit leaf dry mass), biomass, and chlorophyll content of WT and la cry s plants were reduced. Young, expanding leaves of plants grown under negative DIF had reduced leaf area-based photosynthetic capacity. However, the highest photosynthetic electron transport rate was found in fully expanded leaves of WT plants grown under negative DIF. Negative DIF increased night respiration and was similar for both genotypes. It is concluded that GA signalling is not a major determinant of leaf area-based photosynthesis or respiration and that reduced dry weight of plants grown under negative DIF is caused by a GA-mediated reduction of photosynthetic stem and leaf tissue, reduced photosynthesis of young, expanding leaves, and reduced growth caused by low temperature in the photoperiod.

2025, Nigerian Journal of Botany

A comparative study of morphological and foliar epidermal characters of sixteen species of Combretum in Nigeria was undertaken with light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the variations and relationships among the members of Combretum for species identification and classification. The vegetative and reproductive features of 16 Combretum species were collected from various locations across Nigeria. Combretum had ovate, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, obovate and lanceolate leaves, 4-5 winged fruits, actinomorphic and hermaphrodite flowers. All Combretum species possessed amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves. Systematically, the leaf epidermal ultrastructure revealed remarkable variation. All species had epidermal irregular cells with wavy anticlinal walls on both leaf surfaces, except for C. dolichopetalum and C. hispidum, which had polygonal cells with sinuate walls on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Papillate epidermal cells were constantly observed in abaxial surface of C. binderanum, C. glutinosum and C. hypopilinum. Nonglandular trichomes (NGT) were predominant in all species, except C. nigricans. Considerable variation was recorded in trichome length. The shortest trichome was obtained on the adaxial surface in C. ghasalense (148.36±6.27 μm), whereas the longest trichome was recorded for C. constrictum (894.55±35.16 μm) on the same surface. The shape of the leaves, habit, number of stamens and fruit-wings, inflorescence position, presence or absence of caducous bracts, multicellular glands, epidermal cell shape and anticlinal walls are useful characters for the identification of some Combretum species. Based on these unique features of Combretum species, two groups and four subgroups were identified with hierarchical cluster analysis.

2025

The growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in domestic wastewater in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

2025

El desarrollo de variedades adaptadas es una de las estrategias que contribuye a garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en zonas productoras de frijol con estrés por sequía. En los invernaderos de cristal del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Palmira, Colombia, se evaluaron las características morfológicas y fisiológicas de raíces de 21 líneas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en condiciones de estrés por sequía e irrigación, utilizando un sistema de tubos plásticos desarrollado por el eIAT. Las características evaluadas fueron profundización visual, longitud total de raíces y distribución de raíces a través del perfil del suelo. En campo, utilizando los mismos genotipos de frijol, se evaluaron características relacionadas con la eficiencia de uso de agua mediante la técnica de discriminación de isótopo de carbono y producción de grano. Los resultados en invernadero mostraron que la profundización visual y longitud de raíces entre 60 y 75 cm tienen una correlación significativa (r ~0.56 Y 0 .50 respectivamente, P < 0.001) con la biomasa aérea de la planta en condiciones de estrés por sequía. En campo, la discriminación del isótopo de carbono en grano se correlacionó (r = 0.32, P < 0.01) con la producción de grano en condiciones igualmente de estrés por sequía. Las líneas de frijol NCB 226, SER 16, SEN 56 Y SEA 15 presentaron una mayor longitud de raíces bajo estrés por sequía (28, 24, 29 Y 27 m Zplanta respectivamente) en comparación con las demás líneas evaluadas, lo que les permite mayor transpiración y movilización de fotoasimilados, que favorecen una alta producción de granos. Se estima que la profundización visual, la longitud de raíces entre 60 y 75 cm y la discriminación de isótopo de carbono en grano, son características valiosas como criterios de selección en mejoramiento por tolerancia a estrés por sequía en frijol común. Palabras clave: Discriminación de isótopo de carbono, longitud de raíz, producción de grano, profundización de raíz.

2025, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science

This paper examines the philosophical foundations of Goethe's morphological studies, in particular his concept of the 'archetypal plant', which can be described as the dynamic principle of a living surface that governs plant formation through alternating processes of expansion and contraction. The Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner claimed that Goethe's approach offers a scientifically grounded approach to understanding organic form and development through what may be termed empirically based, productive intellectual intuition, namely the mental reconstruction of an organism's formative principle and laws. Here it is shown that Goethe's rational organicism, as elaborated by Steiner, provides a conceptual and methodological framework that suggests a solution to the long-standing problem of understanding organismic properties like autopoiesis, autonomy and agency. Yet, Goethe struggled to identify a comparable principle for animals. Steiner argued that animal life is determined by a psychological principle-a non-physical centre of sensation and movement that structures the organism in relation to its environment-and that this, too, can be grasped in productive intuition. The paper reconstructs the animal archetype by delineating its essential features: the relations between its interior and exterior, realized in sensory, nutritive and motor functions. The study concludes that Goethe's rational organicism can serve as a methodological complement to the organicism of the current philosophy of biology.

2025

Teichmuller space is defined as a space of hyperbolic structures on a surface rather than as a space of conformal structures. Earthquakes are defined and we see how they correspond to hyperbolic structures, via homeomorphisms of the circle. Metrised laminations are defined and we obtain a correspondence with earthquakes. We deduce a correspondence between measured laminations and earthquakes. We define uniform boundedness of earthquakes and show that such earthquakes are surjective. Quasisymmetric maps are defined and investigated. We show that an earthquake is uniformly bounded if and only if its boundary mapping is quasisymmetric. Finally we show how a uniformly bounded earthquake can be approximated, in a natural fashion, by a bi-Lipechits diffeomorphism.

2025

Metriorrhynchus rhipidius (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Lycidae) has been observed feeding and presumably pollinating the flowers of a number of heathland plants on sand dunes in central, coastal New South Wales. These species are: Leucopogon lanceolatus (Sm.) R.Br., Leucopogon virgatus (Labill.) R.Br., Brachyloma daphnoides (Epacridaceae), Leptospermum polygalifolium Salisb. (Myrtaceae) and Conospermum taxifolium (Proteaceae). The beetles were aggregated in various areas where the food plants were profusely flowering and were absent from most areas within the sand dune system. The mouthparts of Metriorrhynchus are suitable for obtaining nectar from the more tubular-shaped flowers of Leucopogon, Brachyloma and Conospermum. The open bowl-shaped flowers of Leptospermum are easily accessible for the Metriorrhynchus beetles.

2025, Sexual Plant Reproduction

In olive (Olea europaea L.), the formation of functionally staminate flowers rather than fully functional hermaphrodites is one of the major factors limiting fruit set, as flowers with aborted pistils are incapable of producing fruit. Studies conducted on various angiosperm species have shown a correlation between flower abortion and starch content. Thus, it is important to know if starch content plays a role in regulating pistil development in olive and if so, what mechanism regulates starch distribution. Cyto-histological observations of staminate and hermaphrodite olive flowers show that pistil development in staminate flowers is interrupted after the differentiation of the megaspore mother cell. At that stage, starch grains were only detected in the ovary, style and stigma of the hermaphrodite flowers. No starch was observed in the pistils of the staminate flowers. This finding suggests a tight correlation between starch content and pistil development. The secondary origin of starch within the flower is indicated by low chlorophyll content in the gynoecium, undetectable Rubisco activity in the pistils of these two kinds of flowers and by the ultrastructure of the plastids observed by transmission electron microscope analysis. The plastids have few thylakoid membranes and grana and in the staminate flowers appeared very similar to proplastids. Considering differences in starch content between staminate and hermaphrodite flowers and the secondary origin of the starch, differences in pistil development in the staminate and hermaphrodite flowers could be related to differences in the sink strength of these two types of flowers.

2025, Jeanne Millet

The result of 60 years of research by 3 generations of researchers Complete overview of notions and concepts in plant architecture Valid for all plants, from herbs to trees, in all regions of the world 375 drawings, glossary of 260 terms, index of plant names Description of the architecture of 41 tree species with page markers for quick consultation This book is intended for tree lovers, both professionals (biologists, foresters, arborists, pruners, etc.) and the general public. It will be of interest to anyone who wants to better understand the development and architecture of different species.

2025

Biochemical markers and indices indicate plant tolerance and sensitivity to air pollution. • Resilient plant like M. nigra, P. orientalis, and A. altissimaimprove air quality in polluted urban areas. • Indices (BCF, CBCI, MAI) compared heavy metals bioaccumulation. • Heavy metal levels in tree leaves vary greatly by species and are influenced by the characteristcs of the sampling site.

2025, Environmental Control in Biology

In Japan, Bulbophyllum drymoglossum is a unique species without pseudobulbs in the genus Bulbophyllum. A normal form of B. drymoglossum was described as having an obtuse leaf tip and unclear midrib but we found many B. drymoglossum individuals with an acute leaf tip adding clear midrib in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. It is questionable whether the individuals having an acute leaf tip and/or a clear midrib are simply morphological variants of this species. To reveal the status of the individuals, we performed morphological and molecular analyses using B. drymoglossum having acute/obtuse leaf tips and clear/unclear midribs and two related sympatric species, B. inconspicuum and B. japonicum. Morphological analyses showed that B. drymoglossum with an acute leaf tip had a longer leaf and rhizome internode than those with an obtuse leaf tip, though the two types of leaf tip shape of B. drymoglossum overlapped with the two character ranges. Individuals of B. drymoglossum with unclear midribs were twice as many as those with clear midribs regardless of leaf tip shape. Molecular analysis showed no evidence of genetic differentiations between the two types of B. drymoglossum. Because a local floral variation of B. drymoglossum (described as B. somai) was reported from Taiwan, this species might have various morphological variations adapted for local regions.

2025, Agriculture

Lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are serious soil pollutants that adversely affect plant growth and development and need to be removed through phytoremediation. The present study aimed to assess the morphological indices of Albizia lebbeck (L.) (Benth.) in relation to anatomical modifications for survival under both Pb and Ni stress. The seedlings of A. lebbeck were established and then subjected to four different concentrations, viz. 0 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM and 75 mM, of Pb and Ni for 14 days in two phases. Morphological traits such as shoot length (70.93%), fresh weight (79.27%), dry weight (83.9%), number of root hairs (65.7%), number of leaves per plant (67.4%) and number of leaflets per plant greatly reduced under Pb or Ni stress. Surprisingly, root length increased rather than decreased with the increase in Pb or Ni concentrations, along with an increase in leaflet width, leaflet length and leaflet area. Moreover, root cortical cell area, metaxylem area and phloem area decreased at 75 mM ...

2025

This chapter elucidates Schiller's characterization of Goethe's scientific method as rational empiricism by considering Goethe's statement that his philosophical development was influenced by Spinoza, Bacon, and Kant. An examination of Goethe's color studies in this context shows that he drew key ideas from all three philosophers for developing a three-stage scientific method and, furthermore, that his rational empiricism overcomes a mechanistic conception of inorganic nature by providing an elucidation and a non-mechanical explanation of color phenomena.

2025, Journal of Krishi Vigyan 131

A field experiment was conducted at the Vegetable research farm, Khanaura of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during summer seasons of 2021 and 2022 with three phyto-harmones in varying concentrations viz., Ethrel (100, 200, 300 ppm), Indole acetic acid
(100, 150, 200 ppm) and Gibberellic acid (20, 40, 60 ppm) to enhance the production potential and reproductive behavior of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria M.) variety Punjab Komal. The experimental results showed that foliar spray of ethrel @ 300 ppm observed to be significantly better than control for reproductive characteristics viz., number of pistillate flowers/vine, days to first fruit harvest, fruit set percentage, lowered sex: ratio, furthermore, the exogenous application of gibberellic acid @ 60 ppm increased vine length at maturity and number of staminate flowers/vine. The yield attributing traits i.e., fruit weight, number of fruits as well as total yield/plant had also improved with ethrel @ 300 ppm. Therefore, it may be concluded that spray of the ethrel @300 ppm at 2 true leaf stage and superimposed at 4 true leaf stage can be recommended to enhance number of female flowers in bottle gourd ultimately producing early and higher fruit yield.

2025, American Journal of Plant Sciences

The objective of this study consisted in the characterization of morphological variability presented in the Prosopis population in the corridor that unites the semiarid with the arid region in Argentina. In this region, four species of Prosopis get in contact (P. chilensis, P. flexuosa, P. alba and P. nigra). Due to the fact that these species make fertile hybrids, this corridor has an enormous diversity. The mother's allowed the differentiation of five morphologic groups, which from the point of view of classic taxonomy have been classified in 16 taxa. Only groups 3 and 4 presented intermediate characteristics. The morphologic study of the descendants showed that the regrouping of the intermediate groups had a high error rate. This fact reaffirms the condition of intermediate groups. The canonical correlation analysis between the morphologic variables of the mothers and the seedlings revealed that each morphologic group had its own association of canonical variables between mothers and their seedlings, and that the variability observed in the set of the mothers and their seedlings follows a certain order. The enormous existing morphologic diversity in the Prosopis populations of the semi-arid Chaco of the north of Córdoba and southeast of Santiago del Estero was ordered in five morphologic groups. The descendant's morphologic studies confirmed the existence of the defined morphologic-genetic groups.

2025

Pollen morphology of 28 species representing 9 genera viz., Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe, Pseudosedum, Rhodiola, Rosularia, Hylotelephium, Sedum, Tillaea and Orostachys of the family Crassulaceae from Pakistan has been studied by light and scanning electron microscope. Pollen grains are usually free, radially symmetrical, isopolar, sub-oblate to oblatespheroidal, or prolate–spheroidal to subprolate often prolate and tricolporate. Tectum mostly striate-rugulate or sub-psilate rarely reticulate-rugulate. Significant variation is found in shape and exine ornamentation and on the basis these characters family has been divided into three pollen types’ viz., Rhodiola sinuata–type, Rosularia viguieri–type and Sedum hispanicum–type. Numerical analysis of based on pollen characters of 28 species was also carried out to determine the phylogenetic relationships of various genera and the species of the family Crassulaceae.

2025, Pakistan Journal of Botany

Pollen morphology of 50 species representing 20 genera of the family Rubiaceae from Pakistan has been examined by light and scanning electron microscope. Pollen grains usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, mostly prolate-spheroidal to... more

2025, Pakistan Journal of Botany

In our earlier paper (Perveen et al., 1994) while dealing the pollen flora of Pakistan, we accepted Malvaceae (s.str.) in its traditional sense as accepted by Adanson (1763) and other workers like Cronquist (1968, 1981, 1988); Takhtajan... more

2025, Biotecnología Vegetal

Las evaluaciones morfoagronómicas en mutantes obtenidos en Programas de mejoramiento genético, son esenciales para la incorporación de nuevas variedades de plátanos a la producción. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron varias características físico-químicas del fruto maduro en tres mutantes (IBP 14-23, IBP 17-13 e IBP 24-14) de bajo porte, derivados del híbrido de plátano FHIA-21 (Musa AAAB) obtenidos con el empleo de la mutagénesis in vitro. Se evaluó el peso, longitud y diámetro del fruto, así como la masa fresca de la pulpa y de la cáscara. Se determinó el color de la pulpa y de la cáscara, contenido de sólidos solubles totales y pH. Como resultados del trabajo se obtuvo que el mutante IBP 14-23 logró dedos con mayor peso, estos fueron más cortos pero con un mayor diámetro y peso de la pulpa. Se observaron cambios en el color de la pulpa en el mutante IBP 17-13 de naranja amarillo a naranja oscuro. Las evaluaciones de los sólidos solubles totales mostraron diferencias entre los mutantes IBP 24-14 e IBP 17-13 con respecto al control. Los valores de pH tendieron a ser ácidos en todos los casos.

2025, Biotecnología Vegetal

2025, International journal of innovation and scientific research

Cette revue bibliographique rassemble les informations publiées sur le baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) et ses différentes parties. Les résultats recensés dans la littérature ont fini de montrer toute la variabilité morphologique et phénologique du baobab. La production fruitière est attribuée à des caractères génétiques, des phénomènes physiologiques et des conditions pédoclimatiques. Les graines de baobab sont très riches en protéines, en lipides et en glucides. L'huile des graines de baobab prisée par les industries pharmaceutiques et cosmétiques pour ses propriétés nourrissantes, émollientes, adoucissantes et antalgiques sur la peau.

2025

The basic architectural features of 45 shrub species representing 12 families are described from a Mediterranean semi-arid shrubland in the location of Cabo de Gata (SE Spain). Six different architectural models were recognized: Scarrone, Rauh, Holttum, Leeuwenberg, Champagnat and Corner. The Tomlinson model was recognized as a variation with basitonic repetition of the Rauh, Corner, Leeuwenberg and Holttum models. The sympodic variant of the Scarrone model was the most common in our study area. Functional traits such as plant height, lateral spread and plant coverage were correlated with the architectural models. Small shrubs up to 0.6 m height with reduced lateral spread (0.1-0.25 m) and plant coverage (0.5-1 m 2 ) were likely to have sympodic growth patterns, acrotonic dichasial branching and terminal inflorescences. Inversely, large shrubs up to 1-3 m in height, with large canopies (1-3 m 2 ), and well developed lateral spread (> 0.25 m) were likely to have a determinate growth pattern with lateral inflorescences. The first group have species which grow following the sympodic variant of the Scarrone model, whereas the second group presents species following the Rauh model and includes thorny shrubs from the climax communities.

2025, Gayana. Botánica

En este trabajo se estudia el desarrollo morfológico y la expresión sexual de los gametófitos de Polypodium feuillei. Se emplearon cultivos multisporos en agar nutritivo para sembrar esporas. En menos de tres semanas se observó germinación vigorosa, alcanzándose porcentajes del 78%, siendo el patrón de germinación del tipo Vittaria. El gametófito de P. feuillei presenta una fase filamentosa alargada, cuyo crecimiento se prolonga unas dos semanas, seguida de una fase laminar. Hacia la décima semana tras la germinación, los gametófitos alcanzan la forma cordado-alada y presentan abundantes pelos en los márgenes y en la superficie abaxial de la lámina antes de la madurez. Este modelo ontogénico de desarrollo se ajusta al tipo Drynaria. En su madurez, hacia la vigésimo quinta semana, P. feuillei desarrolla inicialmente protalos de sexo femenino, que adquieren mayor tamaño y vigor que los masculinos. Muy pocos gametófitos exhiben condición bisexuada.

2025

The structure and histogenesis of the stigma of Datura stramonium was investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy to determine the developmental origin of the transmitting tissue and “wet stigma”. Four developmental stages were defined on the basis of bud length. Stage one, the histogenesis stage, was comprised of buds 2-15 mm in length. Stage two, signified by the growth and development of the stigma was comprised of buds 15-40 mm long. Stage three, with buds of 40-60 mm in length, represented a receptive and mature stigma. Stage four started with self pollination (occurs prior to anthesis) and ended with stigma senescence. A developing stigma showed a bilobed, papillated surface, covered with sticky secretion. The stigma consisted of two distinct zones; 1) Superficial zone; formed by papillae and 5-8 layers of secretory cells immediately beneath them. This zone was subjected to a gradual lysis in the ontogeny of the stigma. 2) Internal zone; formed by the transmitting t...

2025, Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research

The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological diversity and relationship within 17 genotypes of mentha species. Different species of Mentha were collected from different ecological zones of the world. Great variation was observed in stem length with the coefficient of variation of 198.7% and standard deviation of 14.1. Among the 17 mint collection, nine special aromas was smelled including mint gum, strong camphoraceous, mint like, spicy, lemon, pungent, musky and acrid due to the presence of diverse bioactive compounds and essential oils. The present study may help to patronize the essential oil industry on latest scientific techniques. Like other herbs Mentha have diverse aromatic properties that can be explored for utilization in the industry and this information will be helpful for exploitation and development of natural agricultural resources on scientific grounds.