Plant Morphology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

A phylogeny based on nrITS1 and trnL-F sequences resolves the Lejeunea tumida species group polyphyletic with individuals belonging in two clades either side of the basal-most node within Lejeunea. It is impossible for the Lejeunea tumida species group to be more polyphyletic and still be attributed to the same genus under the existing generic classification. A simulation-based approach to testing the null hypothesis of group monophyly rejects this at the P < 0.01 level of significance. Bayesian tests find very strong support for polyphyly, given the data. The monophyly of L. tumida s.s. + L. colensoana is fully supported; however, although Lejeunea tumida s.s. is nested within L. colensoana, this position is not supported. Both L. oracola and L. rhigophila are resolved as monophyletic. Whereas there is moderate support for the monophyly of L. rhigophila, there is no support for the monophyly of L. oracola. Neither is the monophyly of L. oracola + L. rhigophila supported in Bayesian or parsimony analysis.

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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

Résumé Introduction. Adansonia digitata L. est une espèce à usages multiples en Afrique qui présente une forte variabilité morphologique. Nos travaux ont cherché à caractériser et à mesurer cette variabilité morphologique dans différentes zones climatiques prospectées au Bénin, puis à construire des modèles prédictifs de variables de production à partir de caractères de la capsule. Matériel et méthodes. Les analyses ont porté sur une caractérisation biométrique de 1200 capsules groupées en quatre différentes formes ...

- by Achille Assogbadjo
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- Biology, Morphology, Plant Morphology, Fruits

This study examined the patterns of plant functional trait variation in relation to geomorphology, disturbance and a suite of other environmental factors in the riparian margin of the Upper Hunter River, New South Wales, Australia. Vegetation was surveyed on three geomorphic surfaces (point bar, bench and bank) along a 5.5-km stretch of the Upper Hunter River. Functional traits relating to plant growth and reproduction were collected for the identified species. anova and principal components analysis were used to compare the trait assemblages of species associated with each geomorphic unit. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to investigate trait variation with respect to environmental variables. There were clear differences in the plant functional trait assemblages associated with the three geomorphic units. Generally the point bar was associated with species that were herbaceous, with small seed mass, a short stature and a high specific leaf area (SLA). Conversely, the bench was associated with grasses that had unassisted seed dispersal and intermediate seed mass and SLA, while species on the bank had tall stature, large seed mass, a high SLA and a perennial life cycle. Variation along the primary gradient of plant functional trait composition was most strongly related to disturbance frequency and to a lesser extent soil nutrients and the proportion of clay and silt, while variation along the secondary gradient was associated with variation in substrate texture as well as soil nutrients.

- by Michelle Leishman
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- Geomorphology, Plant Morphology, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Browse instantaneous intake rate (IIR) is a product of bite size and bite rate which are constrained by plant morphology. We studied the effects of leaf size, thorn density and leaf accessibility on the IIRs of five browse species in semi-arid savanna over three leaf phenophases using cafeteria-style trials. Bite size was influenced by leaf size and bite rate by leaf accessibility, while thorn density had an impact on both bite size and bite rate. The lowest IIRs were recorded on the small leafed Acacia tortilis which also had the highest thorn density. Dichrostachys cinerea had the highest IIRs due to the large bite sizes. Although Terminalia prunioides and Commiphora pyracanthoides had small leaves, their arrangements in clusters allowed for higher IIRs, which were comparable to those of the large leafed D. cinerea. Instantaneous intake rate showed no clear trend in relation to leaf phenophase, although at early leaf the goats cropped smaller bites because of the small size of the newly sprouting leaves. We conclude that leaf size influenced IIRs through bite size, leaf accessibility through bite rate and thorn density through both bite size and bite rate.

- by Lindela Rowland Ndlovu
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- Earth Sciences, Arid environments, Plant Morphology, Biological Sciences

In this study, the genetic diversity of 50 individuals of rocket, Eruca vesicaria, from five accessions, four of them wild type collected from different parts of Spain and one commercial, were evaluated using morphological, agronomical and inter simple sequence repeat DNA (ISSR) data. Molecular analysis was carried out using the ISSR technique with 20 primers. Out of these 20 primers, nine were polymorphic, producing a total of 395 DNA bands, 247 of which were polymorphic among the accessions. A dendrogram drawn on the basis of a similarity matrix using the UPGMA algorithm revealed that the 50 samples of rocket plants could be classified into three major clusters at a Nei's genetic distance of 0.36. The experiment shows that molecular markers such as ISSR are a good instrument for distinguishing and selecting rocket accessions to group different wild populations. In general, a high variation was observed for most of the 16 morphological and 6 agronomical traits showing significant differences. Some morphological traits such as leaf length, petiole length and lamina width explained 69.1% of the whole variation observed in the populations, and some agronomical traits such as leaf area, nitrate and chlorophyll contents accounted for 65.7%, but the clusters generated by means of agronomical and morphological variables were less evident than when ISSR markers used. Some accessions showed good qualities, such as small leaves, high chlorophyll content, late-flowering or low nitrate content. All these parameters, together with the high degree of genetic homogeneity found, could make the local accessions good candidates for a future breeding programme. ß

- by Catalina Egea-gilabert
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- Genetics, Horticulture, Polymorphism, Morphology

The natural phenotypic variability present in the germplasm of cultivated plants can be linked to molecular polymorphisms using association genetics. However it is necessary to consider the genetic structure of the germplasm used to avoid false association. The knowledge of genetic structure of plant populations can help in inferring plant evolutionary history. In this context, we genotyped 360 wild, feral and cultivated accessions with 20 simple sequence repeat markers and investigated the extent and structure of the genetic variation. The study focused on the red fruited tomato clade involved in the domestication of tomato and confirmed the admixture status of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). We used a nested sample strategy to set-up core collection maximizing the genetic diversity with a minimum of individuals.

- by Nicolas Ranc
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- Genetics, Microbiology, Biomass, Plant Biology

Morphometric data have long suggested the existence of three species of Sicyos in Australia and New Zealand. Molecular data now corroborate this and place the three species in the context of the remaining 72 species of Sicyos, most of them in the New World. We here describe and illustrate Sicyos undara I.Telford & P.Sebastian from northern Queensland and S. mawhai I.Telford & P.Sebastian from New Zealand, and emend the circumscription of S. australis to account for the removal of these two extraneous elements. We also provide a key to the three species, map their ranges, and note their habitat and conservation status.

- by Jeremy Bruhl
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

The epidermal and leaf venation pattern of eophylls and nomophylls of Cryptocarya moschata Nees, Endlicheria paniculata (Spreng.) Macbride, and Ocotea catharinensis Mez are described. Both C. moschata and O. catharinensis presented pronounced variation in the rate of ondulation in the anticlinal cell walls as well as in the minor venation of nomophylls. This makes it difficult to use these features for taxonomical purposes.

- by Pedro Luís Rodrigues de Moraes
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- Biology, Plant Morphology, Anatomy, Lauraceae

The early introduction of maize from the newly discovered Americas and a central position in the Mediterranean region fostered the role of Italy in the secondary evolution and diffusion of maize. New environments, new uses and crossing of strains coming from different places stimulated the rising of numerous new populations, suited to different agroecological situations. The spread of USA dent hybrids in the late 1950s changed Italian maize cultivation, leading to the loss of traditional varieties. Principal components analysis of 17 relevant phenological, morphological and geographical characters, performed on 562 Italian maize accessions of the indurata and indentata groups, divided the accessions into 65 agroecotypes, representing 34 landraces derived from nine racial complexes. A brief description of the landraces and the racial complexes is presented. Samples of many Italian maize landraces, collected in 1954 and the following years, are maintained, studied and utilised as sources of useful genes in breeding programmes. The Italian maize collection is permanently preserved ex situ at the Bergamo Unit of the Italian Agricultural Research Council (CRA).

- by Andrea Brandolini
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- Conservation, Principal Component Analysis, Evolution, Phenology

The morphology of ovule - and microsynangia-bearing systems of most primitive Upper Devonian (Elkinsia polymorpha, Moresnetia zalesskyi) and Lower Carboniferous gymnospenns (Kerryia mattenii, Pullaritheca longii) has been reinterpreted and redescribed in the tenns of a shoot morphology. The cupules alone and the cupuliferous complex constructions are a single morphofunctional unit being a system of modified reproductive shoots bearing synangia- insynangescence. These gyrnnospenns are characterized
by aggregate insynangescences, or synsynangescences of pleiochasidial type representing in itself a whole hierarchy of insynangescences. The cupules of Elkinsia and Moresnetia. and also those of Kerryia are interpreted as partial insynangescences (synangescences) aggregated into compound insynangescences (cincinni) and constituted in its tum an aggregate synsynangescence of pleiochasidial type. The cupules of Moresnetia and Elkinsia are interpreted as dichasidia, those of Kerryia as trichasidia, whereas cupules of Pullaritheca are interpreted to represent another type of the compound insynangescent system - a condensed calathifonn aggregation of two dichasidial insynangescences, tenned a pocule. The bisexuality of the synsynangescence of Pullaritheca longii obviously indicates that it belongs
to some seed plants having a bisexual assemblage of ovules and microsynangia. It does emphasize that known unisexual and possible
dioecious Upper Devonian/Lower Carboniferous gyrnnospenns were far too specialized to be the only initial group for all spermatophytes. It is more likely to hold them as a blind branch of gymnospennous evolution taking into consideration its retaining imperfect telomic organisation of the reproductive shoot. In such a case in the starting naked insynangescence there are not any potentialities for a fonnation of the additional protective epi-integumentary systems enveloping an ovule as seen within more advanced spennatophytes.
The insynangescence concept finally debunks views on the origin of integument from the vegetative segments like tegoclades of dichasidium, trichasidium or pocule. On the basis of comparative morphology of insynangescences, Pullaritheca has been segregated into a distinct family Pullarithecaceae and order Pullarithecales. Thus it has been fonnally ascertained an existence of two distinct highly specialized phyla within the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous seed plants.

- by Alexander Doweld
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- Plant Systematics, Palaeobotany, Plant Morphology

Carnivorous plants may benefit from animal-derived nutrients to supplement minerals from the soil. Therefore, the role and importance of their roots is a matter of debate. Aquatic carnivorous species lack roots completely, and many hygrophytic and epiphytic carnivorous species only have a weakly developed root system. In xerophytes, however, large, extended and/or deep-reaching roots and sub-soil shoots develop. Roots develop also in carnivorous plants in other habitats that are hostile, due to flooding, salinity or heavy metal occurance. Information about the structure and functioning of roots of carnivorous plants is limited, but this knowledge is essential for a sound understanding of the plants’ physiology and ecology. Here we compile and summarise available information on: The morphology of the roots. The root functions that are taken over by stems and leaves in species without roots or with poorly developed root systems; anchoring and storage occur by specialized chlorophyll-less stems; water and nutrients are taken up by the trap leaves. The contribution of the roots to the nutrient supply of the plants; this varies considerably amongst the few investigated species. We compare nutrient uptake by the roots with the acquisition of nutrients via the traps. The ability of the roots of some carnivorous species to tolerate stressful conditions in their habitats; e.g., lack of oxygen, saline conditions, heavy metals in the soil, heat during bushfires, drought, and flooding.kg]Key words

- by Wolfram Adlassnig
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- Physiology, Nutrition, Adaptation, Ecology

We have examined slime cell distribution on the surface of the achenes of some Artemisia and Neopallasia taxa, as well as slime composition, envelope formation during the hydration, and slime relation to different morphological features and environmental factors. The results of the studies show a characteristic pattern of slime cells distribution, which could differ between taxa. The slime in the taxa studied belongs to the cellulose type and consists of two components i.e., pectins and cellulose. Although all fruits contain slime cells, not all of them show the slime envelope formation. Plants occurring in dry habitats (such as A. barrelieri) or annual species (such as A. annua) are characterised by a large amount of slime and a fast process of slime envelope formation. Slime production has not been observed in some polyploid populations (A. campestris and A. campestris ssp. sericea) and in two species occurring in relatively fertile habitats (A. verlotiorum, A. vulgaris). A reason for this may be either the immaturity of polyploid fruits leading to the production of a scarce, not detectable slime amount or, alternatively, the occurrence of not functional slime cells. Slime facilitates and stimulates the germination, as well as the adherence of the fruits to the ground or to animals (for dispersal). The slime could play important role in the distribution and colonisation of new habitats in many Artemisia taxa.

- by Joan Vallès
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- Plant Biology, Seed Dispersal, Seed germination, Plant Morphology
- by Mario Coiro
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- Plant Systematics, Plant Morphology, Cycads, Cycadophytes

Morphological variation of 16 rice accessions representing both traditional and improved varieties was assessed using 12 vegetative traits as described in International Rice Research Institute descriptor for rice, in sand medium using a Complete Randomized Design. The single linkage clustering, morphological dendrogram, multivariate analysis of variance and the Principal Components Analysis were performed to assess the traits. According to the cluster analysis, accessions 2840 and 10617 were the most closely associated among the varieties. Based on the variations associated with morphologically important vegetative traits, all the rice accessions were classified into three major groups as two traditional and one new improved variety groups. Existence of such clusters was validated by the Wilks' lambda statistics. The first four principle components explained over 80% of the total variation associated with the varieties. Among them the first two principle component cumulatively explained 54.46% of the total variation. Rice accessions 8920 and 2835 representing Bg360 and Bg 450, respectively showed the highest principle component 1scores. Traditional rice varieties showed the comparatively higher scores in both principle components 1 and 2 than newly improved varieties. This study indicated that measured vegetative agro-morphological traits were helpful for preliminary characterization of varieties and also they can be used as a broad-spectrum approach to assess morphological diversity among morphologically distinguishable rice accessions.

- by Darshani Wijayawardhana
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- Biology, Plant Morphology, Rice

Plant morphology, including morphogenesis, remains relevant to practically all disciplines of plant biology such as molecular genetics, physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology and systematics. This relevance derives from the fact that other disciplines refer to or imply morphological concepts, conceptual frameworks of morphology, and morphological theories. Most commonly, morphology is equated with classical morphology and its conceptual framework. According to this, flowering plants and certain other taxa are reduced to the mutually exclusive categories of root, stem (caulome) and leaf (phyllome). This ignores the fact that plant morphology has undergone fundamental conceptual, theoretical and philosophical innovation in recent times. These changes, when recognized, can fundamentally affect research in various disciplines of plant biology. They may even change the questions that are asked and thus may affect the direction of future research. If, for example, plant diversity and evolution are seen as a dynamic continuum, then compound leaves can be seen as intermediate between simple leaves and whole shoots. Recent results in molecular genetics support this view. Phylogenetically, this could mean that compound leaves are the result of developmental hybridization, i.e. partial homeosis. Many other examples are given to illustrate the relevance and potential impact of basic conceptual and theoretical innovations in plant morphology.

- by Rolf Sattler
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

The concept of genetic conformity lies at the basis of the definition of essential derivation, or the process of using a protected variety (or `initial variety', IV) as the base to develop another similar variety (the essentially derived variety, EDV). Methods based on morphology, biochemistry or on molecular markers can be used to estimate genetic conformity. In this study, the capability of AFLP®1 markers to provide a reliable and meaningful estimate of genetic conformity of different varieties was investigated in diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp.), an allogamous species whose varieties are genetically heterogeneous. Twelve accessions with known breeding lineage, comprising five closely related groups, were included in the study. For the set of test accessions analysed, the AFLP protocol accurately reproduced the same relationships as were evident from examining their morphology and both these results were consistent with the relationships known to exist within ...

- by E. Calsyn and +1
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- Genetics, Intellectual Property, Principal Component Analysis, Plant Biology

Three wetland macrophytes, Sesbania herbacea, Bidens frondosa, and Eclipta prostrata, were exposed (0.4-1,000-ppb nominal concentrations) to the antimicrobial triclosan for 28 d in a flow-through system. Sesbania herbacea had decreased seed germination at the 100-ppb exposure level at days 7, 14, and 21, and B. frondosa germination was reduced at the 1,000-ppb exposure level at day 7. Eclipta prostrata germination was unaffected. Seedling effects monitored were total fresh weight, shoot and root fresh weights, root length, and root surface area. Root metrics were most affected by exposure. Total root length was diminished at all exposure levels in S. herbacea and B. frondosa and at the 10-ppb and higher concentrations for E. prostrata. Root surface area decreased at all exposure levels in B. frondosa and at the 10-ppb level and above in S. herbacea and E. prostrata. Root and shoot bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated for S. herbacea and B. frondosa. While BCFs were low in shoots of both species and roots of S. herbacea (,10), they were elevated in B. frondosa roots (53-101). Methyl-triclosan was formed in the system and accumulated in shoot and root tissues of S. herbacea to concentrations that exceeded those of the parent compound. However, methyltriclosan was nontoxic in an Arabidopsis thaliana enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (the putative enzymatic target of triclosan) assay and did not appear to contribute to the effects of exposure. Two of the three plant species assessed exhibited reduced root systems at environmentally relevant concentrations, raising the concern that wetland plant performance could be compromised in constructed wetlands receiving wastewater treatment plant discharges.

- by kevin steven
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- Wetlands, Seed germination, Antimicrobials, Quality Control

Identification of Australian species of Nitella is problematic. Several species of monoecious Nitella have been described from south-eastern mainland Australia, but identification of these based on current treatments has been difficult. In response to the discovery of a new monoecious Nitella from the swamps of the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, the monoecious species of Nitella from south-eastern mainland Australia were examined and compared. N. paludigena M.T.Casanova & K.G.Karol is distinguished from other monoecious species on the basis of its overall vegetative morphology and oospore morphology. N. paludigena is found in peaty tea-tree (Leptospermum sp) swamps on the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, and in the south-west of Victoria. A description of the morphology and ecology of the five monoecious Nitella species from south-eastern mainland Australia is given, along with a key.

- by Michelle Casanova
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

Natural history, distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and conservation of Central American black walnuts (Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon). J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 136: 1-25. 2009.-The tree genus Juglans (nogal, walnut) is generally thought of as a north temperate group, but most of the 16 species of black walnuts (Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon) occur in subtropical areas of the New World, spanning Central America, Andean South America, and the Greater Antilles. The two species native to Central America (J. olanchana var. olanchana and J. steyermarkii) and two closely related Mexican taxa (J. olanchana var. standleyi and J. pyriformis) have not been studied thoroughly from a comparative systematic perspective, so here we provide a detailed investigation of their morphology and natural history as a first step towards a broad-based synthesis of J. sect. Rhysocaryon. Fieldwork in Guatemala and Mexico provided the material for germination studies, morphological analyses, and phylogenetic reconstruction using DNA sequences. Juglans steyermarkii was rediscovered in its type locality in Guatemala, and new populations were located during the course of fieldwork. SEM analysis of trichome diversity and density, along with leaflet shape, provided characters to differentiate among five taxa of Juglans in the accompanying key. Staminate flowers and pollen examined for the first time in J. steyermarkii showed close morphological similarities to those of other species of black walnuts. Variation in the pattern of nut-wall sculpture appears to be a promising source of variation; however, adequate capture and quantification of this variation will likely require three-dimensional scanning techniques. There was high variability in percent seed germination of the two Central American species and no observed advantage to leaching, scarification, or a prolonged stratification period. DNA studies included in the exploration of three promising sources of nuclear sequence variation: the ETS and ITS (external and internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA), and the second intron of the LEAFY gene. Combined phylogenetic analysis of these sequences provided a moderately 1 We wish to thank the many who

- by Sang-Hun Oh
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- Conservation, Phylogenetics, Plant Biology, Natural History

Originally coined to emphasize morphological differences, ‘microphyll’ and ‘megaphyll’ became synonymous with the idea that vascular plant leaves are not homologous. Although it is now accepted that leaves evolved independently in several euphyllophyte lineages, ‘megaphyll’ has grown to reflect another type of homology, that of euphyllophyte leaf precursor structures. However, evidence from the fossil record and developmental pathways fails to indicate homology and suggests homoplasy of precursor structures. Thus, as I discuss here, ‘megaphyll’ should be abandoned because it perpetuates an unsupported idea of homology, leading to misconceptions that pervade plant biology thinking and can bias hypothesis and inference in developmental and phylogenetic studies. Alternative definitions are needed that are based on development and phylogeny for different independently evolved leaf types.

In this study, the researchers used one of the species of Nepenthes that is endemic in the Philippines. This species, known as Nepenthes alata, belongs to the the monotypic family of Nepenthecedae. The plant is composed of photosynthetic lamina (blade) and a highly modified leaf called the pitcher. Pitchers are those that are shaped like a container, which bears an internal fluid and functions in the capture and digestion of small animals for maintaining their nutrients. This study examined the morphology and anatomical traits of the said species and compared their lower and upper epidermis.

- by Shiela Damian
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- Botany, Plant Morphology, Plant Anatomy, Plant morphology and anatomy

An international journal devoted t o t h e t a x o n o my, b i o g e o g r a p hy and evolution of all plant groups a u s t r a l i a n s y s t e m a t i c b o t a n y Abstract. A taxonomic revision with full descriptions and key are presented for the 109 known species of Gastrolobium, including 29 new species described here for the first time. Brachysema, Jansonia and Nemcia are formally placed into Gastrolobium and new combinations have been made where necessary. Included in the revision are full taxonomic descriptions for all species, full synonymies, literature references for original publications, typification, including selection of lectotypes where necessary, distributions complete with maps, and taxonomic and nomenclatural notes.

- by Gregory Chandler
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

Plant functional traits are the features (morphological, physiological, phenological) that represent ecological strategies and determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels and influence ecosystem properties. Variation in plant functional traits, and trait syndromes, has proven useful for tackling many important ecological questions at a range of scales, giving rise to a demand for standardised ways to measure ecologically meaningful plant traits. This line of research has been among the most fruitful avenues for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes. It also has the potential both to build a predictive set of local, regional and global relationships between plants and environment and to quantify a wide range of natural and human-driven processes, including changes in biodiversity, the impacts of species invasions, alterations in biogeochemical processes and vegetation-atmosphere interactions. The importance of these topics dictates the urgent need for more and better data, and increases the value of standardised protocols for quantifying trait variation of different species, in particular for traits with power to predict plant-and ecosystemlevel processes, and for traits that can be measured relatively easily. Updated and expanded from the widely used previous version, this handbook retains the focus on clearly presented, widely applicable, step-by-step recipes, with a minimum of text on theory, and not only includes updated methods for the traits previously covered, but also introduces many new protocols for further traits. This new handbook has a better balance between whole-plant traits, leaf traits, root and stem traits and regenerative traits, and puts particular emphasis on traits important for predicting species' effects on key ecosystem properties. We hope this new handbook becomes a standard companion in local and global efforts to learn about the responses and impacts of different plant species with respect to environmental changes in the present, past and future.

- by Natalia Perez Harguindeguy
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- Microbiology, Plant Biology, Functional Ecology, Ecology

Morphological and anatomical characters of stem, petiole and leaves of 16 selected medicinal taxa of family Lamiaceae collected from Bani Matar district, Sana'a (Yemen) were examined using both stereo-and light microscopes. The obtained macro-and micromorphological characters (298) were analysed using the software jmp version 13. The resulted dendrogram was discussed on the light of the current taxonomic treatments of Lamiaceae. The measurement of the quantitative characters of macro-and micromorphological characters for the studied taxa was established by multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Evaluation of obtained results revealed that, many characters viz. leaf composition, stomatal types and distribution, number of stamens, stem and petiole vasculature, types of trichomes, nutlet features, number of palisade and spongy layers and types of crystals are of diagnostic value in species identification and delimitation and are potentially valuable at different taxonomic levels. All the quantitative macro-and micromorphological characters except nutlet length are highly significant in species delimitation.

- by Hassan M Ibrahim and +1
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- Plant Taxonomy (Taxonomy), Plant Morphology, Plant Anatomy

Late Eocene prickly-leaved and scaly-fruited palm macrofossils are described from Pikopiko, Southland, New Zealand, and compared with extant Arecaceae: Calamoideae. Lamina prickles and scaly fruits support affinities to the subfamily and tribe Calameae and possible association with the extant genus Calamus. Because isolated calamoid leaf fragments and fruit are difficult to determine precisely, the fossils are placed into a new form genus (Calamoides) for the leaves and the existing form genus Lepidocaryopsis for the fruits. These represent the first calamoid-like palm macrofossils from New Zealand and suggest a subtropical to tropical palaeoclimate at far southern latitudes in the Late Eocene and an early, widespread vicariant Gondwanan distribution for the subfamily.

- by Jennifer Bannister
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

A scanning electron microscopic study of the floral ontogeny of seven species of the Plumbaginaceae (representing five genera of the Armerioideae and two of the Plumbagoideae) is presented. The early ontogenetic stages in all species examined are sufficiently similar to propose the following familial description. The five sepal primordia are initiated simultaneously or spirally. These soon reach continuity and develop into the synsepalous calyx. Meanwhile, five common stamen-petal primordia that alternate with the sepal primordia are initiated simultaneously on the flattened apex. Soon, two distinct growth-centres can be observed on each of these primordia: a petal primordium at the abaxial side and a stamen primordium on the top. After inception of the common primordia, five gynoecial primordia alternating with the common primordia are initiated simultaneously on the corners of the apex that has become pentagonal. These primordia soon reach continuity and develop into the superior unilocular gynoecium. Continuity between the gynoecial primordia is reached earlier in the Plumbagoideae than in the Armerioideae. In the centre of the ovary a primordium arises that develops into the single basal circinotropous bitegmic ovule. The floral nectaries are associated with the androecium.

- by Jan De Laet
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- Plant Morphology

The Botanical Garden of Naples has a collection of papier-mâché models that reproduce plant structures, whole plants or fungi. They are known as Brendel Models, named after the German Company that built and supplied them to the Botanical Garden in the early nineteenth century. For their state of decay, due to time and continuous use for educational purposes, the models have undergone recovery interventions. Given their historical and artistic interest, and in order to preserve them, the models are no longer used today. In order not to completely lose such a cultural heritage for didactics, a CD-ROM has been created which includes, for each species reproduced by the models, photos in nature of the plants represented and didactic cards reporting all the useful information for the use of models in computer mode.

- by Giancarlo Sibilio
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- Plant Morphology, History of Botany, Botanical Gardens, Anatomical Models

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

- by Andrzej Marzec
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- Critical Theory, Biochemistry, Botany, Landscape Ecology

Floral development and anatomy of Moringa have been investigated in the context of the disputed view of a capparalean affinity. Flowers arise in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals arise sequentially and petals simultaneously. Antepetalous stamens arise simultaneously and precede the antesepalous staminodes, which emerge sequentially. Within their respective whorls, the petals and stamens become twisted along different orientations. The gynoecium develops as a ring primordium on which three carpellary lobes become demarcated simultaneously. A saccate ovary bears numerous ovules on a parietal placentation and is topped by a hollow style. The interpretation of laminal placentation is denied. Monothecal anthers are formed by the failure of one half to initiate. The flowers present a peculiar form of zygomorphy running transversally from the petal between sepals 3 and 5 to sepal 4. The shape and position of petals and stamens is related to a pollen presentation mechanism with bowl-shaped anthers on different levels. The floral anatomy also reflects the zygomorphy of the flower. Although Moringa shares important morphological features with certain members of the Sapindales and Capparales, differences in ontogeny make a close relationship with either Capparales or certain Sapindales appear uncertain.

- by Jan De Laet
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- Plant Systematics, Plant Morphology

Aims The architecture of a plant depends on the nature and relative arrangement of each of its parts; it is, at any given time, the expression of an equilibrium between endogenous growth processes and exogenous constraints exerted by the environment. The aim of architectural analysis is, by means of observation and sometimes experimentation, to identify and understand these endogenous processes and to separate them from the plasticity of their expression resulting from external influences. † Scope Using the identification of several morphological criteria and considering the plant as a whole, from germination to death, architectural analysis is essentially a detailed, multilevel, comprehensive and dynamic approach to plant development. Despite their recent origin, architectural concepts and analysis methods provide a powerful tool for studying plant form and ontogeny. Completed by precise morphological observations and appropriated quantitative methods of analysis, recent researches in this field have greatly increased our understanding of plant structure and development and have led to the establishment of a real conceptual and methodological framework for plant form and structure analysis and representation. This paper is a summarized update of current knowledge on plant architecture and morphology; its implication and possible role in various aspects of modern plant biology is also discussed.

- by Wasilah Sahabuddin
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- Plant Biology, Ecology, Phenotypic Plasticity, Plant Morphology
- by Tria Nency
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- Plant Morphology
- by Deby Noviyanti
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- Biology, Plant Morphology
- by Finkha rani giana putri
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- Plant Morphology, Plant Anatomy

 Merupakan daun tunggal, berukuran besar, dan bercangap  Mempunyai bagian-bagian daun lengkap, berupa pelepah atau upih daun (vagina), tangkai daun (petiolus) dan helaian daun (lamina).  Tangkai daun bulat dan berongga  Mempunyai bangun bulat (orbicularis)  Ujung daun meruncing (acuminatus)  Tepi daun  Bertulang daun menjari (palminervis)  Permukaan daun licin (laevis), sedikit mengkilat (nitidus)  Daging daun seperti perkamen (perkamenteus)

- by Firda Nur Azizah
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- Plant Morphology, Biologi, Tumbuhan, Morfologi Tumbuhan

panjatkan puja dan puji syukur atas kehadirat-Nya, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, hidayah, dan inayah-Nya kepada kami, sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ilmiah tentang limbah dan manfaatnya untuk masyarakat. Makalah Morfologi Tumbuhan ini telah kami susun dengan maksimal dan mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai pihak sehingga dapat memperlancar pembuatan makalah ini.Untuk itu kami menyampaikan banyak terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berkontribusi dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Terlepas dari semua itu, Kami menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih ada kekurangan baik dari segi susunan kalimat maupun tata bahasanya.Oleh karena itu dengan tangan terbuka kami menerima segala saran dan kritik dari pembaca agar kami dapat memperbaiki makalah Makalah Morfologi ini. Akhir kata kami berharap semoga makalah Morfologi Tumbuhan tentang ORGAN VEGETATIF PADA TUMBUHAN ini dapat memberikan manfaat maupun inpirasi terhadap pembaca. Tanjungpinang, 06 Oktober 2016 Penyusun Daftar Pustaka KATA PENGANTAR DAFTAR ISI BAB I PENDAHULUAN

- by Nolis Anggraini
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- Biology Education, Plant Morphology, Plant Anatomy, Plant Physiology
- by Nolis Anggraini
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- Plant Biology, Plant Morphology, Biological Sciences, Morfologia

An international journal devoted to t h e t a xo n o my, b i o g e o g r a p hy and evolution of all plant groups a u s t r a l i a n s y s t e m a t i c b o t a n y Australian Systematic Botany 14, 689-869 Abstract A total of 222 taxa (excluding Cyanophyceae and non-geniculate corallinales) are reported from the Suva Lagoon and Reef (Fiji), consisting of 71 Chlorophyceae, 24 Phaeophyceae and 127 Rhodophyceae. Of these, five represent new or undescribed species. The Suva flora is comparatively impoverished with only 222 species, although the relative percentage of the three classes is comparable to the overall Fijian flora, in particular with respect to the Rhodophyceae. M a r i n e a l g a e f r o m S u v a A . D . R . N ' Y e u r t A n t o i n e De R a m o n N ' Y e u r t S B 0 0 0 1 5

- by Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

The use of organic soil amendments, such as green manures, animal manures, composts or slurries, certainly has many advantageous aspects for soil quality and is suggested as a promising tool for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. However, during a recent literature survey we also found numerous studies reporting an increase of plant-parasitic nematodes after the use of organic amendments. Therefore, we critically re-evaluated the usefulness of organic amendments for nematode management and suggest possible mechanisms for a stimulation of plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as mechanisms that might be causing a reduction of plant-parasitic nematodes. In addition, we also elucidate a possible mechanism that might be responsible for the observed overall positive effects of organic amendments on crop yields. It is likely that a significant part of this is, inter alia, due to the proliferation of non-pathogenic, free-living nematodes and their overall positive effects on soil microbial populations, organic matter decomposition, nutrient availability, plant morphology and ecosystem stability.

- by Gerard Korthals
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- Zoology, Nematology, Plant Morphology, Soil Quality

Comprehension of plant morphogenesis is essential for understanding organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis processes, i.e., stages of tissue and organ development of a multicellular organism, which can lead to partial or total plant regeneration. Morphogenesis comprises the integration of growth and differentiation, mediated by cell division and specialization as a result of a complex spatial and temporal hormonal control, which occurs through regulation and expression of multiple gene systems, correlative action of meristems and their derivatives and environmental variations. However, in plant tissue culture, this endogenous links are disrupted. Tissues are exposed to exogenous conditions, represented by plant growth regulators, nutrients from the culture medium and controlled conditions of temperature and light. Therefore, morphogenesis seems to be modulated by the interaction of these factors, and also by other signaling agents, that act directly or indirectly on genetic level, triggering specific processes of synthesis that interfere with various biochemical pathways. Considering that complete elucidation of all the processes involved in morphogenesis has not been established yet, is essential to do a comprehensive study, particularly of the main factors implicated in these processes. In this context, this review aims to discuss, in general, the factors involved in the acquisition of competence, determination and cellular differentiation of morphogenesis processes, which may contribute to a better understanding and provide a basis for new research. Morfogênese vegetal: bases teóricas Resumo A compreensão dos processos de organogênese e embriogênese somática é fundamental para o entendimento da morfogênese vegetal, ou seja, das etapas de desenvolvimento de tecidos e órgãos de um organismo multicelular, as quais podem ocasionar a regeneração total ou parcial da planta. A morfogênese compreende a integração entre crescimento e diferenciação, mediada por divisão e especialização celular, resultado de um complexo controle hormonal, espacial e temporal, que ocorre por meio da regulação e expressão de sistemas gênicos múltiplos, da ação correlativa dos meristemas e seus derivados e das variações ambientais. Entretanto, na cultura de tecidos vegetais, ao se romper as relações endógenas, os tecidos ficam sujeitos às condições exógenas, representadas pelos reguladores de crescimento, nutrientes do meio de cultura, e condições controladas de temperatura e luminosidade. Sendo assim, a morfogênese passa a ser modulada pelo balanço destes fatores, e também por outros agentes sinalizadores que, atuando direta ou indiretamente em nível gênico, desencadeiam processos específicos de síntese que interferem em rotas bioquímicas diversas. Considerando que a completa elucidação de todos os processos envolvidos na morfogênese ainda não tenha sido estabelecida, é imprescindível o estudo pormenorizado, particularmente em relação aos principais fatores atuantes nestes processos. Neste contexto, esta revisão pretende discorrer, de maneira geral, os fatores envolvidos na aquisição de competência, determinação e diferenciação celular nos processos de morfogênese in vitro e in vivo, que poderão contribuir para sua melhor compreensão e fornecer subsídios para novas pesquisas.

- by obsolete resurgence and +1
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- Plant Morphology

This volume is the first critical review of the Crimean vascular flora’s diversity in the 21st century. It contains data on 2536 species and subspecies in 5 divisions, 127 families, and 760 genera, including ca. 900 nomenclatural and taxonomical amendments, with their explanations and documentation. The book includes also a theoretical compendium with essays on the origin of the Crimean flora, history of its exploration, discussion on the concepts of natural flora and species based on a broad list of 612 references.

- by Andriy Yena and +1
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- Floristics, Plant Systematics, Plant Morphology, Plant Biodiversity Conservation

The effect of salt stress on leaf morphology and functionality was studied in three Populus alba genotypes differing in tolerance to salinity: 6K3 (sensitive), 2AS11 (moderately tolerant), and 14P11 (tolerant). Plants were subjected to an intense and progressive salt stress from 50 to 250 mM NaCl by 50 mM steps at 10-day intervals. The micromorphological results highlighted phenotypic variation among the three genotypes already in control plants, with the genotype 14P11 having significantly smaller epidermal cells and higher stomatal density. Salt-treated plants modulated differently the expansion of stomata compared with epidermal cells. Regression analysis showed significant correlations between decrease of stomatal area and stomatal conductance (g s ) in genotypes 14P11 and 6K3. So, the common reduction of stomatal area could be an early mechanism to save water in this species. However, only genotype 14P11 showed further significant decrease of this trait under the highest salinity level, combined with a significant reduction in leaf length. In addition, this genotype showed the lowest leaf abscission rate at the end of salt stress period. The genotype 6K3 was severely affected by leaf necrosis and showed the highest leaf abscission rate in salt stress conditions. In the moderately tolerant genotype 2AS11, an intermediate plastic behaviour in both leaf morphology and physiology was observed during the experiment. The phenotypic variation among the three genotypes in terms of micromorphology and stomatal conductance is discussed in relation to plant functionality in salt stress conditions. Overall results suggest that leaf morphological habit contributes to salt tolerance in P. alba.

- by Rosario Muleo and +1
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- Botany, Plant Ecology, Plasticity, Stress
- by Md. Parvez Anwar
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- Agriculture, Plant Morphology, Crop Yield, Cultivars

Post transplant success after nursery stage is strongly influenced by plant morphology. Cultural practices strongly shape plant morphology, and substrate choice is one of the most determining factors. Peat is the most often used amendment in commercial potting substrates, involving the exploitation of non-renewable resources and the degradation of highly valuable peatland ecosystems and therefore alternative substrates are required. Here the feasibility of replacing peat by compost or vermicompost for the production of tomato plants in nurseries was investigated through the study of the effect of increasing proportions of these substrates (0%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 75% and 100%) in target plant growth and morphological features, indicators of adequate post-transplant growth and yield. Compost and vermicompost showed to be adequate substrates for tomato plant growth. Total replacement of peat by vermicompost was possible while doses of compost higher than 50% caused plant mortality. Low doses of compost (10 and 20%) and high doses of vermicompost produced significant increases in aerial and root biomass of the tomato plants. In addition these treatments improved significantly plant morphology (higher number of leaves and leaf area, and increased root volume and branching). The use of compost and vermicompost constitute an attractive alternative to the use of peat in plant nurseries due to the environmental benefits involved but also due to the observed improvement in plant quality.

- by C. Lazcano and +1
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- Spanish, Plant Morphology, Low Dose, Plant growth

• Background In contrast to most animals, plants have an indeterminate body plan, which allows them to add new body parts during their lifetime. A plant's realized modular construction is the result of exogenous constraints and endogenous processes. This review focuses on endogenous processes that shape plant architectures and their evolution. • Scope The phylogenetic distribution of plant growth forms across the phylogeny implies that body architectures have originated and been lost repeatedly, being shaped by a limited set of genetic pathways. We (1) synthesize concepts of plant architecture, so far captured in 23 models; (2) extend them to the fossil record; (3) summarize what is known about their developmental genetics; (4) use a phylogenetic approach in several groups to infer how plant architecture has changed and by which intermediate steps; and (5) discuss which macroecological factors may constrain the geographic and ecological distribution of plant architectures. • Conclusions Dichotomously branching Paleozoic plants already encompassed a considerable diversity of growth forms, here captured in 12 new architectural models. Plotting the frequency of branching types through time based on an analysis of 58 927 land plant fossils revealed a decrease in dichotomous branching throughout the Devonian and Carboniferous, mirrored by an increase in other branching types including axillary branching. We suggest that the evolution of seed plant megaphyllous leaves enabling axillary branching contributed to the demise of dichotomous architectures. The developmental-genetic bases for key architectural traits underlying sympodial vs. monopodial branching, rhythmic vs. continuous growth, and axillary branching and its localization are becoming well understood, while the molecular basis of dichotomous branching and plagiotropy remains elusive. Three phylogenetic case studies of architecture evolution in conifers, Aloe and monocaulous arborescent vascular plants reveal relationships between architectural models and show that some are labile in given groups, whereas others are widely conserved, apparently shaped by ecological factors, such as intercepted sunlight, temperature, humidity and seasonality.

- by Guillaume Chomicki and +1
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- Botany, Evolutionary Biology, Plant Ecology, Morphological evolution

To improve the production of Kappaphycus plantlets in tissue culture, optimum media concentrations of an Ascophyllum nodosum extract (Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder, AMPEP), plant growth regulators (PGR), pH–temperature combinations, and explant density were determined. Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalang purple (PUR), kapilaran brown (KAP), vanguard brown (VAN), adik-adik (AA), tungawan green (TGR), and K. striatum var. sacol green (GS) were used as explants. Based on the shortest period for shoot emergence and the economical use of AMPEP, the optimum enriched media was 3.0 mg L−1 AMPEP and 0.1 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR 1 mg L−1 each phenylacetic acid (PAA) and zeatin for PUR, 1.0 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR for KAP and GS, 0.1 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR for VAN, and 3.0 mg L−1 AMPEP and 0.001 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR for AA and TGR. Results showed that the addition of PGR to low concentrations of AMPEP hastened shoot formation. pH–temperature combinations for the most rapid shoot formation were determined for the brown (KAP) and purple (PUR) color morphotypes of K. alvarezii var. tambalang and the green morphotype of K. striatum var. sacol (GS) cultured in 1.0 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR. The brown morphotype produced the most number of shoots at pH 7.7 at 20°C after as little as 20 days. Purple K. alvarezii showed an increased shoot formation at pH 6.7 at 25°C and the green K. striatum morphotype at pH 8.7 at 25°C. The optimum number of explants added to the culture media was also determined for tungawan green (TGR), brown (KAP), and tambalang purple (PUR) varieties of K. alvarezii in 1.0 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR. The number of explants and the volume of the culture media combination were also tested. The highest average number of shoots formed occurred in two explants:1 mL culture media (2:1) for KAP and PUR (35.00% and 16.67%, respectively) and 1 explant: 2 mL culture media for the TGR (100.00%) with a range of 0.5–3.0 mm shoot length after 40 days in culture. The earliest shoot formation was observed after 21 days for the brown and 9 days for both the green and purple color morphotypes of Kappaphycus, in all densities investigated. This indicated that within the range tested, the density of explants did not have a significant effect on the rate of shoot formation but did influence the average number generated from the culture. The rate of production of new and improved Kappaphycus explants for a commercial nursery stock was improved through the use of AMPEP with optimized culture media pH, temperature, and density conditions.

- by Anicia Hurtado
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- Plant Biology, Taxonomy, Environmental Biotechnology, Optimization

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.), like many other woody plants, has a long juvenile period in which the plant is not able to produce flowers. Knowledge of the moment when the plant is capable of flowering is important for breeding programs and also for determining the physiological basis for sexual reproductive behavior, but currently the only indicator of that moment is the actual flowering. In many species, the juvenile-to-adult phase shift includes changes in leaf structure known as heteroblasty, that is, varied form of successive leaves on the same plant. Some differences have been observed between juvenile and adult olive leaves, particularly in size and form, but to our knowledge, no complete systematic study has been carried out. In this research, we measured size, morphology and anatomy for juvenile and adult leaves of olive plants grown from seeds. Differences were found in most of the parameters studied, including leaf size, form, mesophyll thickness, layers of palisade parenchyma and quantity of peltate trichomes, which were generally significant but overlapping between the two leaf types. The most consistent and striking difference was the presence of an organized layer of subepidermal cells only in the abaxial mesophyll of adult leaves. This characteristic could be a simple and effective criterion of phase change in the olive tree.

- by Raul de la Rosa
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- Plant Biology, Morphology, Plant Morphology, Plant Anatomy

At least seven foliar taxa of Proteaceae occur in Oligo-Miocene lignite from the Newvale site. These taxa include two new species of the fossil genus Euproteaciphyllum, and previously described species of tribe Persoonieae and Banksia. Other specimens from Newvale are not assigned to new species, but some conform to leaves of the New Caledonian genus Beauprea, which is also represented in the lignite by common pollen. Two other Euproteaciphyllum species are described from the early Miocene Foulden Maar diatomite site. One of these species may belong to Alloxylon (tribe Embothrieae) and the other to tribe Macadamieae, subtribe Gevuininae. Ecologically, the species from Newvale represented important components of wet, oligotrophic, open vegetation containing scleromorphic angiosperms and very diverse conifers. In contrast, Proteaceae were large-leaved and rare in Lauraceae-dominated rainforest at the volcanic Foulden Maar site. Overall, the Oligo-Miocene fossils confirm that Proteaceae was formerly much more diverse and dominant in the New Zealand vegetation, and provide fossil evidence for biome conservatism in both leaf traits and lineage representation.

- by Jennifer Bannister
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Plant Ecology, Plant Biology

The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is native to Mediterranean countries. it is robust and rustic. The carob tree is cultivated for its pods, abundant and rich in sugar at maturity, they are crushed with seeds into powder for livestock feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the morphological characterization of the carob tree and the chemical composition of the fruit (pulp and seed). We have found that the leaf has a length 15,42cm, a width 10,88cm, a petiole length 3,67cm and 9±1 leaflets. The leaflet has a length and a width corresponding to 5,59cm
and 3,95cm. The pulp of Marrakech (P5) has the highest rate with 52, 52% sugar. For fiber, Marrakech pulp (P7) contains the most with 10, 90%. On secondary metabolites , the rate of total phenols is significant enough, the order of 5,36 mg/g of dry matter for the pulp of Fez,
which is 3,74mg/g for seeds of Fez, followed by the rate of flavonoids , which is 0,48 m /g for pulp of Khemisset (P4), hydrolyzable tannins, with a maximum of 0,07mg/g for the pulp and seed of Meknes (P3) and pulp of Khemisset (P4).

- by Mohammed Diouri
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- Composition, Plant Morphology, Ceratonia siliqua

A comparative micromorphological study of leaves was carried out on 102 species of Mentheae; 61 species were selected for the anatomical study. Mentheae possessed both amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves. The diversity of leaf epidermal characteristics was based on the variation in morphology of epidermal cells, stomata types and trichome types. Although each characteristic on its own has rather limited systematic value, the combination of some of these features may be systematically relevant, especially for the identification of species. For example, branched multicellular nonglandular trichomes were a diagnostic characteristic for all genera investigated of the subtribe Salviinae; however, this trichome type was also observed in Hedeoma ciliolata and Neoeplingia leucophylloides of the subtribe Menthinae. Capitate glandular trichomes with pear-shaped heads were only observed in Salvia dorrii. Subsessile glandular trichomes with multicellular heads (more than ten cells) were an apomorphy for Perovskia. The anatomical leaf structure was consistent throughout the tribe. In some species, the vascular bundles in the midrib were modified into a mechanical tissue, which is an adaptation to xerophytic environments. The observed variations are discussed in an ecological context and their phylogenetic significance is evaluated.

- by Suzy Huysmans
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- Phylogenetics, Plant Biology, Systematics, Plant Morphology