Political Economy of Development Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Economic and Political Weekly

In the mainstream literature, commercialisation of
agriculture is studied in a linear fashion as a process of
growth of surplus. However, the advance of productive
forces that follow commercialisation is also associated
with changes in the relations of production and has
important distributional implications in the rural economy
and society. Through this case study of long-term
agrarian change over half a century in a village in
Maharashtra, it was found that agrarian differentiation
had intensified, intermediated with demographic
changes and migration. The share of landless households
in the village had increased, and ownership and
operational holdings were increasingly concentrated
with the dominant caste group. Income and wealth
inequalities across classes and caste groups were built
on these inequalities in landownership and possession.

2025, KRAJ MONETARNE ERE I DOBA GLOBALNIH LOMOVA

This article examines the profound geopolitical and economic transformations marking the end of the monetary era dominated by the U.S. dollar and the emergence of a multipolar world order. The decline of American hegemony, the rise of BRICS nations, and shifting alliances highlight a redistribution of global power that is rarely peaceful. Europe faces mounting internal crises—debt, migration, and institutional distrust—while external conflicts, particularly the war in Ukraine, deepen instability. At the same time, capital flight, weakening confidence in Western financial institutions, and the erosion of the dollar’s role as a reserve currency signal systemic fragility. Precious metals and select safe havens emerge as key means of preserving value amid inflation, resource shortages, and geopolitical turmoil. The article concludes that by 2028 the world will likely enter a new epoch where old monetary and political patterns no longer apply.

2025, Euroopan synnystä Suomen syntyyn - Kruunun ja alttarin ulkopolitiikka 753 eKR. - 1848 jKR.

J.L. Runebergin Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat jätti hyvässä tarkoituksessa 1808-1809 Suomen sodan kuvasta pois niitä, jotka käänsivät sen tappion menestykseen rauhassa. Yksi heistä oli Paimion Wiksbergin kartanon Robert Henrik Rehbinder... more

2025

This paper focuses on why the debate over neoliberal globalization is so popular around the world at the beginning of the 21st century and investigates the new instituonal economics responses. Crises are not new to capitalism, but we all have been witnessing devastating economic, social, cultural, and political fluctuations in the global economic order. Classical welfare economics ignores distributional effects of theory and morality. Global poverty, inequality, unemployment, unfair trade, migration, environmental disasters etc. are paradoxes or evils of neoliberalism and not sustainable for future of humanity. In order to explain evolution of major causes of the conflicts related to globalization historically, we review a wide range of the literature and analyze the recent discussions of controversial topics on global welfare and governance implications of neoclassic economic thought. The study concludes that there is a growing consensus on the inedequacy of welfare economics in gl...

2025, Lectures on AI and Neuroscience: Carrying Capacity Diagnostics

A principles use of AI could and should be national carrying capacity diagnostic; aimed at streamlining roadmaps for development, so that peoples of developing countries could know - with some certainty - what exactly their country needs... more

2025

Poverty reduction has been a central objective of the world community in the last decade. This can partly be traced to the failure of the stabilization policies of the 1980s and 1990s to generate or sustain growth in many poor countries and the worsening of poverty in some regions. The elevation of social or human development issues in international development policy is perhaps one of the major contributions of the Millennium Development Goals, in which governments commit to halve poverty and hunger by 2015. Development assistance is now strongly oriented towards poverty reduction and other MDG targets. This has led to a shift in aid allocation in favour of social services. The public expenditures of poor countries have also tended to reflect this shift, with increased spending on basic services used by the poor. There has also been a proliferation of social assistance schemes, such as free health care for children, pregnant women, lactating mothers, and the aged; pensions for the ...

2025, Anales del Archivo Nacional de Honduras

El escrito examina las políticas educativas establecidas en los Códigos de Instrucción Pública desde finales del siglo XIX hasta principios del XX (1881-1947), con un enfoque en su emisión, revisión e impacto en el sistema educativo de la época. Se matizan analogías, contrastes e innovaciones de estas políticas, así como lo que las llevó a su eventual sucesión; también, se analiza cómo fueron implementados estos documentos o emisiones gubernamentales en el ámbito instructivo general durante el período histórico.

2025

El presente trabajo examina en la primera sección los aportes de Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson y James Robinson, recientemente laureados con el premio Nobel en Economía 2024. En la segunda sección se exponen las discrepancias teóricas y empíricas que desde hace algunos años escribió el economista mexicano Jaime Ros a lo que nombró el contraataque institucionalista y el avance de la nueva economía institucional en el marco del debate reciente de la separación entre crecimiento y desarrollo económico y del “olvido” de la teoría económica dominante. Al final, como es usual, se presentan algunas ideas de cierre y algunas aportaciones para estudios y discusiones posteriores sobre estos ítems.

2025, International Journal of Science and Research

Participatory Communication is one stage of the inevitable changes of communication which turns out the rational of sustainable development. The idea of participation and participatory communication came forth as early as 80s but still many developing and less developed nations hardly take the advantages of it. The importance of public participation seems intentionally ignored or whether public is deprived and mislead which in return stops them to empower themselves. This is the situation in many rural areas of the country. Moreover in the state of Manipur, through which Trans Asia Highway is passing, people in the rural are still fighting against socioeconomic constrain, insecure life, unemployment, poverty etc. Looking reasonably into the matter, the study on participatory communication was set out during 2015-16 in Manipur valley where development is at the outset and the transition from traditional to modern would be undeniable. The study reasonably reveals the resonance between affordability, usage and responsibility of media and where public stands whether to participate for sustainable development or to moil against poverty is a big perplexity. Yet another issue is public's trust in Government's plans and programmes and its implementation. As such people in the state had already experienced the debile functioning of the development projects, now they become more prone to participation in development issues. This study reveals the way how they participate and where media stands for a sustainable development.

2025, Energy Research & Social Science

Existing research has shown a correlation between lower oil prices and political instability in oil-rich countries. This paper examines the conditions under which declining oil revenues can contribute to political instability in such countries, with a focus on the impact of the 1980s oil glut on 29 oil-rich countries. Employing Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), the study identifies three distinct pathways to political instability during this period. Each instance of political instability corresponded to a distinct causal configuration bringing together low oil abundance and high oil dependence with one specific political condition: either high clientelism, relatively high public service provision, or significant political freedom. The findings illustrate the complex interplay of factors that influence the relationship between declining oil revenues and political stability. While rooted in a historical context, the results offer insights for the future, as the global transition to renewable energy may similarly affect oil revenues, posing potential risks to political stability in oil-rich countries.

2025

The economics of terrorism in Nigeria is largely an under-studied research area. There is a growing body of literature on Boko Haram terrorism and its impact on Nigeria's political economy, but none of these works had examined Boko Haram terrorism in the context of disaster capitalism and profiteering. Hence, this study seeks to cover this knowledge gap. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher deployed the historical research methodology. Historically, it found that the abysmal political and economic performance of the Nigerian state, despite her enormous wealth, are first shocks to Nigerians, and the rise of terrorism in Nigeria is the second shock. These negations of the social contract between the leaders and followers are the breeders of the political malfeasances and economic injustices propelling the economics of terrorism. Implicitly, they become the door handle shock doctors (terrorism entrepreneurs and disaster capitalists) use to open the national treasury of Nigeria to profiteering and plundering. In the country, Boko Haram terrorists and their local and foreign collaborators were argued to be shock doctors administering shock therapies (terror and violence) for profiteering. Therefore, this study concludes that troubleshooting Nigeria's political economy instead of increasing military budgeting is a more pragmatic step to countering Boko Haram terrorism. The latter is a no-no because it spurns the economics of terrorism into a complex web.

2025

Cet article vise à présenter comment le Brésil peut parvenir à une véritable indépendance et se libérer de sa dépendance économique séculaire, de la période coloniale à nos jours. Le Brésil célèbre 203 ans d'indépendance du régime colonial portugais et il n'y a aucune raison de le célébrer, car le pays demeure économiquement dépendant de l'étranger. Les problèmes économiques actuels du Brésil, résultant de sa dépendance aux capitaux étrangers, aux technologies étrangères, aux marchés d'exportation et aux importations en provenance de divers pays, exacerbés par les hausses de tarifs douaniers de l'administration Trump, exigent que l'administration Lula adopte des politiques économiques qui contribuent à : 1) accroître l'épargne du gouvernement et du secteur privé ; 2) promouvoir le développement du marché intérieur ; 3) renforcer l'industrie nationale ; 4) développer l'industrie nationale des biens d'équipement ; 5) moderniser l'industrie brésilienne en l'intégrant dans l'Industrie 4.0 ; 6) réaliser des investissements massifs dans l'éducation pour qualifier les ressources humaines en mettant l'accent sur la technologie ; 7) réduire et éliminer la dépendance technologique du Brésil en investissant massivement dans la recherche et le développement, l'éducation et l'innovation dans les secteurs stratégiques ; 8) renforcer la recherche et le développement de solutions technologiques nationales ; 9) encourager l'innovation nationale et la production technologique et renforcer les universités et les centres de recherche brésiliens ; 10) renforcer l'industrie nationale, promouvoir les entreprises locales et favoriser la collaboration entre les universités, les entreprises et les gouvernements afin de bâtir une base technologique plus solide et autonome ; 11) éviter que le système productif du pays ne reste fortement dépendant des marchés d'exportation étrangers ; 12) rechercher de nouveaux marchés pour les produits exportables du Brésil afin de compenser la perte du marché américain due aux hausses de droits de douane décidées par l'administration Trump ; 13) privilégier le marché intérieur afin de réduire la dépendance à l'égard des exportations ; 14) réduire les dépenses d'importation en adoptant une politique de substitution des importations ; et 15) protéger l'industrie nationale de la concurrence prédatrice des intrants et produits importés.

2025, African Journal of Social Sciences Education

Social protection has become legitimised and embedded in the politics of many developing countries as a means to address poverty and social exclusion; and it has found favour across different political ideology adherents. This, in part, is due to recognition of its importance to help stabilise society through social safety-nets. However, this is not without challenges. This paper investigated the politics of social intervention implementation, utilization of transfer funds, and whether or not such programmes influence citizens' sense of loyalty and ability to criticise government, with a focus on the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) in Ghana. The study was conducted through qualitative semistructured interviews in two districts in the central region of Ghana. Findings show that information and access to the programme was fairly available to all, and cash transfer funds were used for food, care of orphans and grandchildren, health expenses, security for loans, small businesses and home repairs. Findings also indicate that participation in programme did influence perception and sense of attachment to the state positively. However, whereas some beneficiaries felt constrained in their ability to criticise government, others were prepared to do so regardless of benefits received. Thus, it concludes that social interventions may limit the 'exercise of voice' but do not shut it down entirely; this remains an important finding for social interventions policy and democracy promotion.

2025

El siglo XVIII irrumpe, en el escenario de los acontecimientos, con un suceso que si bien es cierto es fortuito, permite inaugurar una serie eslabonada de factores que determinarán la caída de España como imperio y un nuevo momento para América: la muerte de Carlos II, el hechizado. Este evento abrió nuevos horizontes diplomáticos donde se alternarán la guerra y la paz; donde los intereses coloniales entrarán en conflicto, llegando, así, a un clímax que permitirá una nueva visión de lo americano. En este marco histórico, los diversos Estados propenderán a la dominación de las rutas comerciales: Francia a través de su tutelaje sobre España; Gran Bretaña a través de su "Imperio del mar", garantizado por su ley de navegación de 1651 (1) y ratificado por los diversos tratados que se concertaron a lo largo de esta centuria décimo-octava. Sea como fuere, los perjuicios recaían, indefectiblemente, sobre la agobiada corona española. Europa empieza el siglo convulsionada, como presagiando un cambio: "[...] la ocasión --nos dice Alfredo Castillero --se la dio en 1700 la muerte del último de los Austrias y las subsecuentes guerras de Sucesión [...]. El Rey sol impone a la península una dinastía francesa con su nieto Felipe V [...]" (2). No es de extrañar, entonces, observar que la influencia de Francia sobre la península "exceda a tales puntos,

2025, Revista Tempo do Mundo - IPEA

O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é analisar o processo de formulação do Plano de Ação da Nova Indústria Brasil (NIB), em especial a metodologia utilizada nessa construção e o processo de participação. Procura-se responder às seguintes perguntas: de que forma a metodologia da política orientada por missões direcionou o processo de construção do Plano de Ação da NIB? Como se deu o processo de participação na construção deste plano? Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo de caso que envolve também pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e observação participante. Destacam-se dois principais argumentos do trabalho. O primeiro é que o estabelecimento das seis missões de desenvolvimento industrial, com seus princípios e objetivos formalizados por meio de uma resolução específica do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Industrial (CNDI), constituiu-se num importante instrumento para a construção de consensos em torno do entendimento de que a política industrial está associada a objetivos sociais centrais do país. O segundo é que o desenho do Plano de Ação da NIB, elaborado com base nas premissas da política orientada por missões, se formou como um documento abrangente, resultado de um processo de construção coletiva entre o governo federal e a sociedade civil, o que fortaleceu a legitimidade dessa política, conforme evidenciado pelo apoio de diversas instituições sociais, empresariais e trabalhistas à NIB. Nesse sentido, o Plano de Ação da NIB se constituiu como o novo modelo possível de desenvolvimento industrial do país.

2025, 2008 IS NOT OVER, THE WELFARE CRISIS CONTINUES

The 2008 global financial crisis profoundly shook the functioning of contemporary capitalism and led to a renewed questioning of the relationship between economic stability and social welfare. The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 triggered not only a collapse in the U.S. financial sector but also a global domino effect; the collapse of banks, the freezing of credit markets, and the contraction of production resulted in one of the deepest recessions in global economic history (Tooze, 2018). However, policymakers largely diagnosed the crisis as a "temporary shock." The policies developed at the time were based on short-term liquidity injections, bank bailouts, and monetary expansion measures. Thus, the structural nature of the crisis was ignored and confined to "a malfunction in the markets.

2025, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

In some cases spot markets failure to govern to whole or a part of the marketing channel effectively and contractual relations are gaining more importance. It is especially true in case of agricultural markets, since these markets became more differentiated and market players are vulnerable in most of the cases. Examination of Hungarian dairy sector is an actual issue, so that one could understand how contractual systems work in the situation when crises appear thanks to governance insufficiency. Our research's aims are to present a theoretically structured framework of contracting arrangements of milk producers based on Transaction Cost Economics' (TCE) predictions and economics of contracting and an empirical analysis of the key determinants of governance structure between farmers and dairy processors in Hungary. The source of the research is a theoretical argument based partly on review of Hungarian and international literature on relevant market channels, economics of contracting and governance structures. These gave the theoretical determinants of testable prepositions. In the framework of a postal survey in the second quarter of 2005 we carried out a survey among milk producers. A total of 300 questionnaires containing closed and open questions were sent out for milk producers, 65 of them could have been evaluated. The results have been structured, electronically converted for applying SPSS-software. The data base has been analysed by employing multivariate techniques (cluster analysis, linear regression, multidimensional scaling, etc). First, to be able to decide the number of clusters, we applied a hierarchical clustering. The formation of starting clusters was made by giving the number of the future groups which based on hierarchical cluster method and dendrogram. Hence asset specific investment, price determination and bargaining power proved to be significant in dividing the cases into three groups focusing on governance structure. We revealed the main characteristics of clusters focusing on contracting attributes. Groups' means comparison obtains the result that there is no significant difference in partner change, neither in the whole sample nor in the sub-groups. Unlike from this, the reasons for selling to a particular buyer are different in the clusters, the most important factors are reliability, valid contract and the ones based on geographic reasons. The variables mentioned above were suitable for further investigations, so with the help of linear regression we attempted to see their effect on the contract period. Taking into consideration the t-values of the variables, neither asset specific investment and bargaining power, nor price determination have role in the explanation of contract period. Since the variables applied in the whole survey measure same theoretical concepts, we had the possibility to reduce their number by multidimensional scaling. The aim of this scaling is to gain information about the differences among the respondents reducing the dimensions of the variables. The goodness of fit was good in case of three and two dimensions, so we found that the six-dimensional space can be reduced into two or three dimensions without giving up the differences among cases.

2025

A representative sample of 49 state and collective farms in Ukraine provides data in physical units on livestock and crop production and input use for 1989-92. The changes in production efficiency for beef, pork, dairy, winter wheat, grain, and potato production, investigated using stochastic frontier methods, show declining technical efficiency in livestock production and especially low marginal contribution of labor inputs. The number of workers, size of farm, and distance from nearest city are related to efficiency in agricultural production.

2025

Cet article vise à démontrer que le Brésil doit surmonter sa dépendance aux capitaux et aux technologies étrangers, aux marchés d'exportation et aux importations pour exercer sa souveraineté. Au Brésil, les grandes entreprises transnationales occupent les segments économiques les plus importants et les plus dynamiques au cœur des chaînes de valeur, ce qui leur permet d'exercer un contrôle stratégique sur la production et la commercialisation (amont et aval) de chaque secteur. Outre sa dépendance aux capitaux étrangers pour ses investissements, le Brésil s'appuie également sur les technologies étrangères. Le Brésil connaît également une croissance de ses recettes d'exportation et de ses dépenses d'importation, ce qui contribue à sa dépendance accrue aux marchés d'exportation et aux importations de biens et services. Le Brésil ne pourra exercer sa souveraineté tant qu'il restera dépendant des capitaux étrangers, des technologies étrangères, des marchés d'exportation et des importations. Pour garantir sa souveraineté, il est nécessaire non seulement de renforcer sa puissance de dissuasion militaire, mais aussi et surtout de surmonter sa dépendance aux capitaux et aux technologies extérieurs, ainsi qu'aux marchés d'exportation et d'importation.

2025

This study examines how Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and cuttingedge technologies can reposition Africa in global value chains (GVCs) under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) (Mondaq, 2023). Africa's intracontinental trade remains low (≈15% of total exports), and its GVC participation (≈5%) and export value-added (≈14%) are far below other regions. SEZs-over 200 currently active in Africa-offer a policy vehicle to boost manufacturing and export diversification. We develop a conceptual framework combining Global Value Chain theory, Institutional theory, and Innovation Diffusion theory to analyze firm upgrading, trade composition, and technology adoption in SEZs. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach (trade data analysis, policy document review, and case studies of Rwanda (Kigali Innovation City), Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia), we find that well-designed SEZs can enable capability upgrading (especially via skill development and local linkages), modestly shift exports toward higher-value manufactures, and attract investment if backed by strong institutions. However, many SEZs remain "enclaves" with limited spillovers. Emerging technologies (blockchain, AI, IoT, 5G, additive manufacturing) show promise for enhancing SEZ operations by improving supplychain transparency, productivity, and efficiency, but their adoption is hampered by infrastructure gaps, high costs, and skills shortages. We conclude with tiered policy recommendations (zone-level, national, and AfCFTA-level) to foster tech-enabled SEZs that promote value addition and regional integration, and outline areas for future research and long-run trends (e.g. digital GVC platforms and green value chains).

2025, International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research

In discussing African Development and its attendant food security question, it is important to examine critically what sustainable development means in the African context in relation to United Nations championed sustainable development goals. Such a definition will open our horizon in an attempt to search for alternative approaches and solutions to African developmental problems with the hope to improve the lives of the local peoples. The idea here is that any new alternative approaches to development must touch the social, spiritual, cultural, economic, political, and cosmological aspects of the indigenous people. Therefore, if the current wave of UN driven theory of sustainable development issues in Africa is to be understood and applied it must address the local people's problem of hunger. It must be situated in the appropriate anthropological context that provides practical and social meaning to the African actors as the real subjects of a developmental discourse and not as passengers. The current approach of defining and operational zing sustainable development agenda from the perspective of the world capitalist economy and the associated globalization processes at the same time does not make sense to an average hungry local African. The rapid social change and transformation of indigenous societies require a different methodology to the problem of social development and existentialism. Hence the need for retheorization and re-conceptualization of the issues associated with poverty and food security like urbanization, demography trend, and agriculture, etc. It is against this background that this work examined the United Nations' sustainable development goals, African development, and the question of food security using secondary data such as books, newspapers, journals, and the internet.

2025, Sociology & social policy

This work reevaluates the neoliberal global order under American hegemony and the call to multipolarism by Russia and China. The work argues that Russia's special military operation into Ukraine, and their eventual defeat of the collective West and America in said war or Special Military Operation as the Russians call it, is forcing the Americans, the hegemon of the neoliberal capitalist world-system since the fall of the Soviet Union, to end neoliberal (identity) globalization for a neomercantilist system divided between America, Western Europe, China, Russia and their spheres of influence or colonies, against the call to multipolarism by China and Russia.

2025

Livro sobre a história do CCT - Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, escrito em parceria com Laura Luedy. Textos de apresentação do Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, da Ministra da CTI Luciana Santos e da Chefe da Assessoria do... more

2025, Comportamiento del tipo de cambio del dólar en Costa Rica en el primer trimestre del 2024

El tipo de cambio del dólar en Costa Rica, en el último trimestre ha variado de forma importante, impactando la economía del país. Los objetivos de este artículo están enfocados en analizar ¿cuál ha sido la fluctuación del tipo de cambio del dólar en Costa Rica durante el último trimestre de 2024?, ¿cuáles han sido los factores que han influido en estas fluctuaciones? y ¿cuál ha sido el impacto que ha generado en la economía costarricense? El alcance se basa en realizar un análisis del tipo de cambio del dólar específicamente para la compra frente al colón costarricense, analizando factores económicos que han influido en esta variación, así como estudiando el impacto que estas fluctuaciones han ocasionado en la economía costarricense.

2025, Gondolatok civilizációnk összeomlásáról

Reflections on the Collapse of Our Civilisation The effects of climate change are already part of our everyday lives. Increasingly extreme weather phenomena such as extreme temperature fluctuations, drastic changes in rainfall patterns,... more

2025, Asian Affairs: An American Review

Government actions influence a country’s economic performance. However, the debate about the effects of government budget deficit on economic growth remains unsettled. On the one hand, deficit is believed to trigger high tax rates, which can decrease productivity and deter private investment. On the other, deficit spending is assumed to complement business investment and stimulate economic productivity. This article assesses the probability of such claims for the Vietnamese government’s fiscal policy between 1989 and 2011. After the introduction of the Doi Moi reform policy in the late 1990s, Vietnam has witnessed high economic growth. Yet, its government’s deficit pattern is among the highest in Southeast Asia. The findings demonstrate that in the case of Vietnam, government deficits had no direct effects on the country’s economic productivity between 1989 and 2011. Instead, the article discovers that foreign direct investment (FDI) played an important role in Vietnam’s economic productivity over the same period, while real interest rates adversely affect growth. This article concludes that rather than an expansion of the public sector through government spending deficit, Vietnam requires administrative and regulatory reforms to ensure an efficient use of government resources, a continuous flow of foreign capital, and consistent economic growth.

2025, Border Governance, Trade Facilitation, and Security: Policy Reforms for Nigeria’s Development Competitiveness.

This paper critically examines Nigeria’s economic border governance, exploring its influence on cross-border trade and national security. Economic borders go beyond geographic boundaries to include legal, institutional, and policy frameworks that regulate the movement of goods, services, and capital. Despite Nigeria’s strategic trade alliances—such as ECOWAS and AfCFTA—its borders remain porous, leading to widespread smuggling, illicit trade, and insecurity. The study identifies key challenges, including weak institutional coordination, underfunding, poor infrastructure, and corruption. It also highlights the link between porous borders and the spread of arms, human trafficking, and terrorism. Using descriptive analysis and sectoral data, the paper recommends comprehensive reforms such as unified border management, technological investment, legal harmonisation, community engagement, and anti-corruption measures. These proposals aim to improve Nigeria’s border governance, regulate trade more effectively, and strengthen national security. The study concludes that securing economic borders is vital for sustainable development, trade competitiveness, and internal stability within Nigeria’s increasingly interconnected regional environment.
Keywords: Economic Borders, Border Governance, Cross-Border Trade, Nigeria, Smuggling, Insecurity, Trade Policy, and Regional Integration.

2025

La corriente de pensamiento marginalista sostenía que la solución al desempleo debía darse por la acción de los mecanismos automáticos es decir por una caída del salario nominal que permitía llegar al equilibrio y haría desaparecer el desempleo. Sin embargo, Keynes había podido observar que al caer los salarios caería la demanda y con ello los precios. Por lo tanto, el mecanismo automático de ajuste se explicaba por una tendencia al equilibrio como elemento a priori.

2025

Il testo analizza l'articolo History and Science di Kitcher e Immerwahr, che propone un modello interdisciplinare per integrare storia e scienza attraverso il dialogo e la pluralità epistemologica. Pur valorizzando le specificità di ciascuna disciplina, emergono criticità come il rischio di predominio della scienza sull'interpretazione storica e la difficoltà di conciliare la verità regolativa con la natura narrativa della storia. L'analisi evidenzia la necessità di un confronto rispettoso delle differenze metodologiche per costruire una conoscenza condivisa e dinamica.

2025, Research Article

Abstract: A comprehensive policy framework
and proper implementation are necessary to
ensure women's empowerment, including gender
equality in decision-making positions. This
research examined selected Ethiopian women
based legal frameworks from the perspective of
women's political empowerment. It aimed at
assessing the extent to which the policies in
place improve women's political empowerment.
This research primarily utilizes a qualitative
approach that draws on relevant primary and
secondary data sources. The study used Variety
of Democracy Women’s Political Empowerment
Indicators (V-Dem Index) to review the content
of the selected legal frameworks of Ethiopia
since 1991. Using the indicators, the 1995
Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia, the 1993 National Policy on
Ethiopian Women, and other two strategy
documents were specifically examined. The
results revealed that existing women-based
policies and strategies in Ethiopia do not fully
recognize and comprehensively address the key
indicators of women's political empowerment.
This has also an adverse impact on the political
representation of women in Ethiopia. Thus,
reform efforts to comprehensively include
women’s political empowerment indices during
the development and implementation of policy
and legal frameworks are still policy concerns in
Ethiopia. Indeed, policy reform measures that
consider women's perspectives and interests
should be developed in order to enhance
women's genuine decision-making roles.

2025, Global Strategy Journal

Is foreignness a liability or an asset when firms decide on CSR spending? We examine how foreign ownership influences CSR overspending, defined as spending that exceeds legally mandated thresholds, in emerging markets. Using data from 320 publicly listed firms in India (2015-2023), we find that higher foreign ownership is associated with lower CSR overspending, challenging the assumption that foreign firms are more generous CSR spenders. This relationship is moderated by the ESG reputation of the foreign owner; owners recognized for "doing good" tend to reduce overspending, while those linked to controversies increase it. Our contingency-based perspective suggests that whether foreignness acts as a liability or an asset depends on firm-specific characteristics, complementing research that emphasizes institutional-level explanations for foreign firm behavior in emerging markets.

2025, Journal of International Politics and Development,Babock University, Ilesha-Remo, Nigeria

In all democracies, political parties play significant roles in the smooth and proper functioning of the system. That is no meaningful democracy without a properly functional party system. This is because Political parties constitute a permanent feature of modern democracies, a key element of electoral competition, and a crucial linking mechanism between citizens and the state. In many countries, especially in Nigeria, some face a crisis of legitimacy, sometimes being regarded as corrupt, undemocratic in their internal procedures and only serving the interests of small groups rather than the public at large. This decline in confidence in political parties results in distrust and decreased political participation. The Nigerian political system as operated has not become a pillar of democracy and indistinguishable in terms of their composition, ideology and programmes. This paper argues that the survival of democracy in Nigeria depends on a greater willingness on the part of political actors and parties to tolerate each other and seek compromise, a greater abstention from use of state power for systematic political advantage and a determination to make democracy succeed are needed. That is respect for rule of law, imbuement of democratic culture and values necessary for political stability, peace and progress.

2025, Shan News ( English )

This article examines the evolving political and military dynamics in Northern Shan State following the 1027 offensive by the Three Brotherhood Alliance. It highlights how ethnic armed organizations (EAOs)—notably the TNLA, MNDAA, and KIA—have expanded territorial control and implemented localized governance while facing internal tensions, economic constraints, and contested legitimacy. Drawing parallels to Tal Afar in Iraq, the article suggests that inclusive, culturally sensitive governance models could guide peacebuilding in Myanmar. In contrast to traditional state-centric or Eurocentric frameworks, it argues that polycentric governance—with multiple, interacting centers of authority—offers a more viable approach in Myanmar’s fragmented landscape. The analysis also underscores China’s complex role, regional rivalries among EAOs, and the need for localized political agreements that reflect Myanmar’s diverse realities and aspirations.

2025, Agriculture

Although the literature concerning poverty is rich in theory and policy suggestion, the implementation of poverty alleviation is still poorly studied. This study aims to answer the question of what could be considered a good framework for poverty alleviation and how to implement it in rural areas. Based on China's experience, we here conceptualize an implementation framework and process by using a systemic approach. A five-year case study of over fourteen thousand poor households is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework and process. The case study results show that poverty alleviation measures have been successfully implemented following the framework and process, and the absolute poverty is eliminated. Key characteristics of China's poverty alleviation program, such as people-centered philosophy, pro-poor development, functional institution, systematic anti-poverty measures, and social mobilization may be useful for other poverty alleviation implementation approaches. The novel implementation framework and process, and propoor development strategy in this study can provide valuable experience for other poverty alleviation programs, and more similar poverty alleviation programs would make a significant contribution to the shared Sustainable Development Goals.

2025

This paper revisits the issue of foreign-led and domestic-led modernisation (FLM/DLM) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), twenty years after the original 2004 study (edited and attached as annexe). Using a neo-Schumpeterian historical political economy perspective, it traces the evolution of modernisation models in CEE across four major periods: interwar, socialist, post-socialist, and post-neoliberal phases. The paper conceptualises modernisation as a structural pendulum, with CEE economies oscillating between foreign-led growth driven by external finance, technology, and markets and domestic-led efforts focused on strategic autonomy and national industrial capacity. Empirical cases from Romania, Poland, and Hungary, as well as sectoral evidence from the electronics and automotive industries, illustrate the persistent tensions and trade-offs between these models. The analysis shows that neither pure FLM nor DLM ensures sustainable catching-up; rather, deliberate coupling between foreign integration and domestic capability-building is essential for long-term innovation-driven growth. Drawing comparative insights from East Asia, Brazil, Malaysia, Ireland, and East Germany, the paper argues that without institutionalised coupling mechanisms, CEE risks being locked into a middle innovation trap. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of current geopolitical shifts and EU industrial policy debates for the future trajectories of CEE modernisation.

2025, Energy Studies Review

This paper reviews the factors that can influence environmental quality in the course of economic development and examines critically empirical studies that have been carried out, including those that have produced evidence of environmental 'Kuznets curves.' It also considers the policy implications of the relationships that have been estimated and examines the question ohether the estimates of environmental Kuznets curves imply that development will necessarily and automatically cure the environmental ills that it creates. Cette etude passe en revue les facteurs qui peuvent influencer la qualite de l'environnement au cours du dtveloppement de I'economie et examine de mani"ere critique Ies etudes empiriques qui ant ete menees, y compris celles qui ant conduit ades preuves de creation de "courbes de Kuznets" environnementales. Elle examine aussi Ies implications en matiere de reglementation des relations qui ant eli estimees et se demande si les estimations etablies a partir des courbes de Kuznets impliquent que Ie dtveloppement guerira necessairement et automatiquement les maux envirannementaux qu'il a crees.

2025, World Development

This paper examines the transformation of rural textile production in Jiangsu Province, China, during the socialist period (1949-78), and traces the subsequent development of the region's rural textile industry. Based on data collected from Wujin County in the province, the paper reveals how socialist China had trained and transformed rural artisans into workers of collective factories. Along this process was the transition between two skill regimes: household and collective skill regimes. The collective skill regime facilitated the adoption of advanced technologies and the acquisition of diverse skills, while also reproducing social inequalities and generating new forms of social differentiation among workers. By examining skill formation and social differentiation of rural artisans and workers in the socialist and reform periods, this paper illuminates how rural China had transformed from a handicraft-based economy into an industrial powerhouse. This holds implications for rural development and nonfarm economic transitions in China and other contexts. ☆ This article is part of a special issue entitled: 'Socialist industrialization' published in World Development.

2025, Current Anthropology - "The Price of Wealth" supplement

Anthropology has long considered the social institutions that pool and redistribute wealth through various forms of reciprocity. In Paraguay, state-sponsored life insurance for poor communities on the receiving end of conditional cash-transfer entitlements reveals the battles over managing pools (both risks and resources) and the contested morality of fairness attached to them. This article argues that studying the politics of pools allows us to see the historically grounded relationship between kinship, financial capitalism, and the asset form. Microinsurance in Paraguay reveals how an idea of "fairness" is used to define the risk pool, but it has been successfully stripped from wealth pools. What might this imply for a distinctively anthropological approach to a politics of pooling, one that can articulate alternative social models of fairness?

2025, Nationalities Papers

The article addresses the question of the distinction between voluntary and involuntary immobility under emigration restrictions. Based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with people whose family members intended to emigrate from the Polish People's Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic but who have not fulfilled their intentions, it examines the role of the would-be migrant's agency in driving the immobility outcome under the narrow opportunity structure for international mobility. The analysis of reasons for the emigration intentions of formerly aspiring migrants having remained unfulfilled demonstrates that the boundary between voluntary and involuntary immobilitysimilar to that of voluntary versus forced migrationis often blurred. The studied cases suggest it is more justified to view immobility through the lens of a continuum of (in)voluntariness rather than as a voluntary-involuntary binary. Moreover, the study shows how the blurriness of the boundary between voluntary and involuntary immobility may be understood through changes over time in the reasons for the non-realization of one's migration intentions.

2025, Acta Humana – Emberi Jogi Közlemények

A fejlesztési segélyezés elvi megalapozása, a helyes, károkozás nélkül történő segélynyújtás kérdése a rezsimmel kapcsolatos tudományos gondolkodás központi része. Írásunkban azt vizsgáljuk, hogy a hatalom és az erő milyen formában, mértékben jelenik meg a nemzetközi segélyezési relációkban. Gondolatmenetünket abból a megfontolásból vezetjük le, hogy a nemzetközi segélyezés a legszélesebb értelemben vett politika része, és jellemzően állami szereplők között zajlik. Ezért először a nemzetközi kapcsolatok rendszerének egészében vizsgáljuk a hatalmat, majd ezután fordulunk a segélyezés felé azzal a céllal, hogy rámutassunk azokra a rezsimet alakító elméleti körülményekre, amelyek meghatározhatják és újraértelmezhetik a donor és a recipiens kapcsolatát.

2025

In the late 1940s, Modernization Theory was developed to explain why poorer countries had failed to develop. Rostow believed that an initial injection of aid from the west in the form of training, education, economic investment. Would be enough to jolt a society into economic development. Modernization theorists argue that there are a number of cultural and economic barriers that prevent traditional societies from developing. See the next sheet for details of modernization theory in terms of how countries should develop.

2025

Resumo: O artigo analisa, em um primeiro momento, os conceitos de amanualidade, trabalho e técnica conforme formulados pela filosofia de Álvaro Vieira Pinto, destacando a relação entre técnica-compreendida como essencialmente inovação-e desenvolvimento. Em seguida, discute-se filosoficamente a exportação de matérias-primas como forma de exportação de trabalho, revelando um dos mecanismos de sustentação do subdesenvolvimento. Os argumentos mostram que Vieira Pinto aborda a técnica sob uma perspectiva política e geopolítica. Por fim, é examinada a hipótese de que as nações metropolitanas empregam métodos para o congelamento do poder mundial e a manutenção do subdesenvolvimento.

2025

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of China’s foreign direct investment on
manufacturing industry in Ethiopia in the case of Bole Lemi industrial park. Specifically the study was
intended to investigate the impacts of Chinese FDI on manufacturing industry in Ethiopia in the case of
Bole Lemi industrial park. To identify the problems the researcher used descriptive research design. In
addition the researcher used mixed research approach which is quantitative followed by qualitative in
order to analyzed and interpreted data. So the researcher used close ended questions and interview as
tools of data collections. Furthermore, the researcher employed stratified and probability sampling
techniques so as to select representative sample. Finally, the findings of the study shows that Chinese
foreign direct investment dumps low quality Chinese goods in Ethiopian markets, Chinese investor’s
involvements in corruption and other trade frauds, the wage and salary paid by the Chinese foreign direct
investors in the manufacturing industry sector doesn’t fulfill the minimum wage for employees, Chinese
investors don’t use employees' safety, the investment undertaken by Chinese foreign direct investors on
manufacturing industry sector contribute for the economic development of Ethiopia, Technology transfer
from Chinese FDI to domestic investments towards the productivity of local firms in the manufacturing
industry is very low, Chinese foreign investors engaged in manufacturing industry sector provide some
social infrastructures to the local community.
Key word: FDI, China, Impact

2025

In its first part, the paper discusses implications of definitions of modern public administration for current administrative practices. The role of evaluation as an inevitable part of every management activities is emphasized here and discussed in relation to the phenomenon of e-government in the second part of the paper. Existing approaches to evaluation of public administration electronization in the international and supranational benchmarking practice and other selected approaches together with the current evaluation practices in the Czech Republic are introduced and discussed. The aim of the paper is to introduce visible challenges of evaluation approaches which contradict to integrated approach that is necessary because of the intersectoral features and complexity of electronic public administration. The holistic approach is more heard than realized. It is not only the case of the Czech Republic where higher level of mutual integration of published results is almost missing. ...