Political Economy of Development Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Business History

The Kwong Yik Bank (KYB) was the first modern bank formed by the ethnic Chinese in colonial Singapore, the capital city of the British Straits Settlements. Founded in 1903, the bank was short-lived, collapsing in 1913 after operating for a decade. Its failure prompted the British colonial authorities to impose stricter regulations on the finance and business sectors. Drawing on a range of little-utilised primary sources in Singapore, this article demonstrates how stricter regulations were not imposed in a purely top-down approach. Rather, they emerged through debates and negotiations between the colonial state and representatives of corporate and banking interests, with racial and cultural considerations subtly shaping these processes. These findings contribute to business history by highlighting the complexity of the relationship between banking failure and regulatory reform in a colonial and multicultural context.

2025, Good News From Indonesia

Praktik outsourcing telah menjadi bagian penting dalam sistem ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia, khususnya sebagai strategi efisiensi operasional perusahaan. Di balik manfaat ekonomis tersebut, sistem ini menuai perdebatan karena dianggap mengancam perlindungan hak-hak dasar pekerja, seperti kepastian kerja, upah layak, dan jaminan sosial. Artikel ini mengkaji secara kritis dinamika pro dan kontra outsourcing dari perspektif hukum, ekonomi, serta implikasi sosialnya. Regulasi yang ada, seperti UU No. 13 Tahun 2003 dan Permenakertrans No. 19 Tahun 2012, belum sepenuhnya efektif menjamin keadilan bagi pekerja outsourcing. Dalam konteks ini, diperlukan revisi kebijakan, penguatan pengawasan, dan kolaborasi antar pemangku kepentingan untuk menciptakan sistem ketenagakerjaan yang inklusif dan berkeadilan. Artikel ini merekomendasikan perlunya batasan jelas terhadap jenis pekerjaan yang dapat dialihdayakan serta perlindungan hak minimum bagi pekerja outsourcing demi mencapai keseimbangan antara efisiensi usaha dan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja.

2025

The study focuses on reviewing factors that influence accessibility, affordability, efficiency in Nigeria's pharmaceutical industry and its impact on healthcare delivery. Despite the Nigeria's increasing population coupled with a high disease burden, it imports most of its drugs from India and China since its own pharmaceutical sector is not self-sufficient. The study noted certain difficulties such as poor infrastructure, inflation, exchange rate volatility, poverty and weak regulatory structure in the health sector made it tough for people to get access and afford basic medicines. The study deployed a semi-log regression to see how accessibility and affordability of medicines interact with the capacity of pharmaceutical sector in the Nigerian economy. Findings from the study revealed significant interrelatedness between level of access to essential medicines and the pharmaceutical industry contribution to GDP; other variables, such as costs of Malaria treatments, minimum wage, and inflation, showed weak or no statistical impact on the response variable. In conclusion, the study suggests that the federal government should discontinue the NHIS program to allow the private sector takeover this programme, this can free up resource and strengthen local pharmaceutical production, it also recommends applying regulatory measures to ensure medications are accessible and affordable for better health outcomes and a stronger economy.

2025, Salim Abdullahi ELmi

Over the past ten years, the Republic of Djibouti has undergone a remarkable transformation, leveraging its strategic location at the Bab el-Mandeb Strait to drive robust economic growth, ambitious infrastructure projects, and greater regional influence. As the country celebrates a decade of progress, experts and citizens alike reflect on the achievements and challenges that define this new era. Economic Growth Anchored by Ports Djibouti's economy has nearly doubled in size over the last decade, with GDP rising from 768millionin2006to768 million in 2006 to 768millionin2006to1.6 billion by 2014, and maintaining annual growth rates of 5-7% since then. This surge has been powered by large-scale public investment, especially in the construction, transport, and logistics sectors. The expansion of the Doraleh Multipurpose Port and the new Damerjog livestock terminal have solidified Djibouti's status as a regional trade gateway, handling about 15% of global maritime traffic and serving as a vital outlet for landlocked Ethiopia.

2025, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Mega, 2023

2025

The continued youth exodus from Africa to the Western world has turned into a burning socio-political and economic issue across the continent. This paper is a critical examination of the multifaceted contribution of Western influence to the youth exodus, focusing on structural factors such as foreign aid dependence, unsustainable debt traps, and neocolonial power dynamics embedded in global institutions. It argues that while local issues of governance are relevant, the very predominance of Western-backed policies and conditionalities has worked to erode Africa's agency, deepen underdevelopment, and reduce prospects for youth empowerment. Based on a review of empirical data, policy directions, and case studies, the paper explores how development assistance is often tied to exploitative economic deals, external debt servicing diverts resources from social investment, and Western-hegemonic discourses shape youth aspirations. The article concludes by making strategic recommendations on how to reclaim agency for African nations, reform global economic governance, and create meaningful local alternatives for Africa's youth to thrive in their own nations.

2025

In our time, very much attention and intellectual effort are being directed to conflictresolution activities in war-torn societies throughout the world. In this aspect, the centrality of the UN in terms of post-conflict reconstruction activities is notorious. Notoriously, state-building is a key enterprise in regard of addressing the international conflicts throughout the globe, being deployed as a key conflict-resolution tool applied globally. Although such activities are represented as mere techniques aiming to build peace, this peace is intimately associated with the institutionalization of liberal ideas in structuring realms such as the political, the economical and the social spheres. Here lays the objective of this paper. It aims, from a critical position, to discuss and deconstruct this UN model regarding the transformation of the international violent conflicts. Departing from Foucauldian concepts such as dispositif, government, discipline and biopolitics, it aims to critically analyze the post-conflict state-building practice. In a first moment, the paper delineates the conflict resolution mindset which state-building is commonly associated with and immersed. In a second moment, it seeks to (re)problematize the state-building practice as a post-conflict dispositif, rather than merely a conflict-resolution tool, and to interrogate whether (and how) this notion can be related with other Foucauldian concepts such as government, discipline and biopolitics.

2025

Texto da comunicacao apresentada ao 4th Graz Workshop on the Future of Security - Sustainable Peace Building: Humanizing Peace and Conflict Studies, Universidade de Graz, Austria, 7-8 abril 2011

2025, Dr. Salim Abdullahi ELmi

2025

The problem considered in paper is globalization, which has many components, but the component which is more relevant to Tanzania is economic globalization, particularly the international trade aspect of economic globalization. Globalization has made the world more closely than before and has thus resulted in increased demand for goods and services across the world in areas where demand of some goods and services did not previously exist or was very low. Such increased demand has opened market opportunities for a country like Tanzania which has goods and services to export as well as having demand for goods in which it does not have a comparative advantage. Article confirms that economically Tanzania is influenced by globalization.

2025, Leben säen - Kolumbiens neue Drogenpolitik

In October 2023, the Colombian government launched the program “Sembrando Vida” (“Sowing Life”), aimed at offering small-scale farmers in conflict-affected rural areas a long-term alternative to coca cultivation. For the first time, the... more

2025

c. Coming of age: the evolution of Kenya's natural state III. Ethnicity, modernization and patron-client networks a. Identity and development b. Blood is thicker than water: persistence of ethnic allegiances in Kenya IV. The tale of two transitions: theoretical framework and historical narratives a. Intra-elite competition through political and economic organizations: a theoretical framework b. The Kenyatta succession c. The Moi succession V. Conclusion

2025

Este artigo pretende analisar o processo de descentralização em Moçambique e a questão das eleições distritais. A tese central é que, embora a descentralização seja importante para a consolidação de uma democracia emergente, o modelo da descentralização adoptado não se ajusta à actual realidade de Moçambique, onde o centralismo político prevalece, mesmo nas entidades descentralizadas. Um dos principais argumentos é que o modelo da descentralização em curso em Moçambique resultaria numa sobreposição de poderes no nível local, já que, em Moçambique, os municípios e distritos ocupam a mesma área geográfica. Além disso, esse centralismo político contribuiu para o adiamento das eleições distritais no País, com a justificativa de que elas representariam um ónus económico maior do que o que o Estado poderia suportar. A justificativa governamental para a interdição da realização das eleições distritais foi baseada em três principais argumentos: o custo elevado das eleições, a superposição de poderes entre os níveis municipal e distrital, e a falta de capacidade administrativa dos distritos. Estes factores contribuem para a manutenção de um forte centralismo político, que limita a autonomia dos distritos e restringe a participação popular na governança local. Neste contexto, a interdição das eleições distritais resulta em desconfiança e insatisfação entre a população e os líderes locais, além de representar um obstáculo à plena implementação da descentralização e ao fortalecimento da democracia em Moçambique. Em contraste com o Ocidente, onde a descentralização é utilizada como um instrumento político para a reforma do Estado e de toda a estrutura organizacional, territorial, administrativa e política, em África, e particularmente em Moçambique, a descentralização é vista como um instrumento para a pacificação. A despeito disto, o processo de descentralização em Moçambique teve início em 1990, com a aprovação da segunda Constituição, que incorporava princípios de democratização, onde o respeito pelos direitos humanos e o pluripartidarismo eram as tónicas dominantes.

2025

Nas últimas eleições, a Renamo foi, sem dúvida, a maior derrotada em termos relativos, deixando de ocupar o posto de segunda maior força política com representação parlamentar em Moçambique. Entre as principais razões para essa histórica derrocada destacam-se os conflitos internos acirrados, as leituras estratégicas equivocadas e a ambição desmedida de alguns líderes. No entanto, um aspecto inegável é que a Renamo, assim como outros partidos opositores, está cada vez mais distante do seu eleitorado.

2025

The study analyses the effects of fiscal decentralization on the growth of the Nigerian economy from 1970 to 2009. Conflicting findings from empirical works on the subject prompted this study. A Barro type growth model, used by Aigbokhan (1999) was adopted and used in the study. Three measures of fiscal decentralization were defined and built in the model. Ordinary Least Square Method was applied to estimate the parameters of the model. The result shows that the variations in economic growth in the country are sufficiently explained by the variables in the model. From the three measures of fiscal decentralization used in the study, the result indicated that lower levels of governments depend heavily on the federal government for revenue. We recommend a constitutional amendment to devolve some of the high revenue yielding sources to the lower levels of government to improve their internal revenue base and for the government to strengthen measures for fighting corruption in public off...

2025

Lucrarea este o ediție critică a tezei de doctorat în istorie a istoricului Ioan Lupaș, susținută în 1904 la Universitatea din Budapesta, sub conducerea lui Henrik Marczali.

2025

Legal institutions determine the success or failure of developmental states in fostering private sector knowledge generation while preventing crony capitalism and state capture. This research examines how contemporary developmental states can construct legal frameworks that simultaneously enable embedded autonomy and protect intellectual property rights in the knowledge economy. Using Vietnam's Resolution 68-NQ/TW as a primary case study, this analysis demonstrates that successful Smart Developmental States require sophisticated legal architectures combining state coordination capacity with market competition mechanisms. The study employs Peter Evans' embedded autonomy theory alongside contemporary artificial intelligence developments to analyze legal framework requirements. Evidence shows that legal institutions must create "embeddedness" through formal state-private collaboration channels while maintaining "autonomy" through independent monitoring and performance-based allocation systems. The research reveals that intellectual property protection frameworks must balance innovation incentives with knowledge diffusion requirements, particularly as artificial intelligence transforms knowledge creation processes. Vietnam's legal framework provides empirical evidence that transparent administrative procedures, competition law enforcement, and professional bureaucratic standards can prevent rent-seeking behavior while fostering innovation. These findings contribute to understanding how legal institutions can structure state-society relations for sustainable knowledgedriven development without succumbing to the institutional failures that have characterized crony capitalist systems in other developing economies.

2025, Science & Society

This article revisits the debates on socially necessary labor-time (SNLT) in the light of contemporary discussions of Marx´s value-theory, which have tended to move from a rather narrow focus on the explanation of the economic basis of the exploitation of wage-workers, to a wider critical inquiry into the social constitution of alienated forms of mediation that structure capitalist society. Moreover, this re-examination of SNLT draws on a novel reading of the textual evidence offered by the critical edition of the manuscripts for Capital, against the backdrop of a brief overview of the controversies between the three main interpretations which can be found in the literature, and the development of an alternative systematic-dialectical presentation of the constitution of the content and concrete forms of realization of the quantitative determination of value.

2025, Investigaciones De Historia Económica

En este artículo identificamos el libro «Capitalismo Periférico» de Raúl Prebisch, publicado en 1981, como parte de una aventura académica comenzada en el preludio en la década anterior. Apoyándonos en fuentes archivísticas, reconstruimos el itinerario del economista argentino constatando una «fase de preparación» del manuscrito (1971-1975) mientras revisaba sus ideas para un nuevo curso sobre desarrollo económico en la Universidad de Columbia. Su liderazgo de la Revista de la CEPAL le permitió, no solo sintetizar y revisar sus ideas por medio de la publicación de una trilogía de ensayos, sino obtener el tiempo necesario para dedicarse exclusivamente a la revisión y difusión de sus ideas. En la gestación de «Capitalismo periférico» contó con una amplia red intelectual que revela una dimensión colectiva y de autocrítica en la construcción de sus tesis. Estos hallazgos nos permiten perfeccionar la periodización en torno a la conocida como «última etapa» intelectual de Raúl Prebisch.
In this article, we identify Raúl Prebisch's book «Peripheral Capitalism», published in 1981, as part of an academic journey that began in the previous decade. Using archival sources, we reconstruct the itinerary of the Argentine economist and outli-ne a «preparatory phase» of the manuscript (1971-1975), when he revised his ideas for a new course on economic development at Columbia University. Through his leadership in the Cepal Review, not only did he synthesize and refine his ideas in a trilogy of essays but he also guaranteed the necessary time to focus exclusively on revising and dissemina-ting his theories. During the creation of «Peripheral Capitalism», he resorted to a broad intellectual network that reflects a collective and self-critical approach in developing his theses. These findings allow us to clarify the timeline around the so-called «final stage» of Raúl Prebisch’s intellectual work.

2025, … , Integration, and Geography: In Search of …

We argue, based on Indian experience, that the major determinants of economic growth are not political and economic institutions. Through the laissez faire Colonial regime, and the interventionist economy of Independent India income per... more

2025

This course introduces students to historical political economy (HPE). Scholars of HPE study topics of political economy from perspectives that have a strong historical emphasis. In the first part of the course, we will lay the foundations of the course by asking: what is HPE? What defines the subject and what are the methods of this field? What are seminal studies in HPE? As HPE scholars use a variety of approaches, including both qualitative and quantitative methods, we will also briefly review an array of empirical techniques, but put special emphasis on causal inference designs (as they currently represent the dominant methodological approach in advanced HPE research). In the second part of the course, we will discuss several core HPE topics in significant depth. In particular, we will cover (1) warfare and the emergence of the modern state, (2) the roles of society, economic factors, and religion in state building and state demise, (3) the origins, persistence, and consequences of bureaucracies, (4) political change (especially in terms of regime change) and economic change (especially in terms of economic growth/industrialization), (5) the roles and power of economic and political elites, (6) forms of labor coercion and the transition from predominantly coercive economies with hierarchical political institutions to market-oriented economies with inclusive institutions, and (7) colonialism, imperialism, and military conquest. Subsequently, we will look at (8) combined, transformative, and highly innovative perspectives in HPE. Finally, in the last two sessions, students will get the chance to present their research ideas regarding the final paper. Throughout the entire course, students will be actively involved in the seminar. To facilitate participation and maximize learning outcomes, all students will be asked to prepare comprehensive presentations on (1) different episodes of history and (2) seminal books in the field of HPE, linking them to the topics and articles we discuss. Additionally, students will also write a final seminar paper that discusses a topic of interest to them and makes use of the insights gained during the course.

2025

Makalah ini mengkaji dinamika politik perburuhan dalam kerangka ekonomi neoliberal di Indonesia melalui studi kritis terhadap Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja (UU No. 11 Tahun 2020). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan ekonomi politik, teori... more

2025, Universidad de Cuenca

Is a guide book from the Chair of Andean Medicine at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Cuenca. It contains seven chapters: Ancestral Medicine in Ecuador Science and Knowledge Andean Rationality... more

2025

Maternal mortality has been one of the most daunting public health problems facing developing countries for several decades. The average lifetime risk of maternal death in least developed countries is 1 in 22 compared with 1 in 8000 in industrialized countries. Such vast regional differences demonstrate how available and accessible resources can completely change the picture. Even in low-resource settings, it has been shown that basic district health systems can deliver the services needed to save women's lives. But women face many barriers to accessing care including distance, transportation, cost, perceived poor quality or actual poor quality. One mechanism that researchers and policy makers have been experimenting with to address several of these barriers is a voucher. Within a health voucher program, a woman can purchase a voucher for a fraction of the cost of services or receive it for free and redeem it an accredited health facilities (public or private) for specific services. Facilities are reimbursed for the care they deliver through government or development aid. Voucher programs aim to give patients the economic power to demand high-quality healthcare, to target aid to high-risk or low-income patients for critical services and to increase utilization rates within these populations. Funders and policymakers have already shown support for this concept but more evidence is needed in order to evaluate if these programs should be taken to greater scale. This dissertation aims to address gaps in evidence and to work towards building stronger and more evidencebased policy around maternal health vouchers.

2025, Personas migrantes jornaleras agrícolas. Voces de las migraciones internacionales desde Guanajuato

Capítulo 3. Guanajuato y su participación en la atención de las personas jornaleras agrícolas migrantes. Vanessa Rivera Rangel Capítulo 4. Motivos y expectativas de la migración indígena a Guanajuato: principales ciudades y el caso de León.

2025

The call for a more environmentally conscious society is an emerging issue in today’s modern world. Globally, critical concerns about computing and e-waste recycling practices have been raised in recent times. Global warming among other environmental damages caused by computing and inappropriate e-waste management has stimulated the need to rethink environmental impact of information and communication technology. The environmental health consequences of exposure to huge carbon footprints, electromagnetic radiation, and warming heat during computing and environmental contamination during recycling activities in the informal sector are both potentially severe to the ecosystem. Hinged on recent literatures, this article holistically considers the consequence of computing, injudicious dumping of e-waste and inappropriate e-waste recycling practices and offers an understanding of environmentally sound remediation measures to circumvent this menace.

2025

The purpose of this research is to examine China's emerging role in peacebuilding. With a fast-growing economy, China is becoming very influential and has increased its political leverage in conflict-affected countries. At the same time, China's foreign policy and strategy are evolving and Beijing is becoming more proactive in engaging and intervening on peacebuilding efforts. China has developed a unique peacebuilding approach, one that is based on economic growth as way to alleviate poverty and social unrest. China could contribute to bringing these alternative and complementary perspectives to the Peacebuilding debate and open this field to non-Western understandings. This research is going to examine China's approach, its origins in China's domestic situation and how China is exporting this model at the international level. Some of the aspects that will be analyse include: general aspects of the Chinese civilisation, philosophy and history, the domestic situation as well as on the ways that China handles its domestic conflicts in Xinjiang and Tibet; and some of the particularities and characteristics of Chinese foreign policy that shape the way it exports peacebuilding policies to the international arena. The intervention of China in the conflict of Kachin, Myanmar will illustrate how Chinese peacebuilding is evolving and moving away from its Westphalian principles of non-interference. China has thus become a key actor in supporting peace and stability and it should be part of any debate around peacebuilding moving forward

2025, China Water Risk

By 2027, China’s water-saving industry scale is set to hit 1 trillion yuan. This article explore how the nation’s innovative fusion of green finance & policy is overcoming financing bottlenecks & what the world can take from its playbook.

2025, St. Antony's International Review

Multipolarity, rising amid the crisis of neoliberal globalism,
presents a critical area of study to understand the dramatic
reconfiguration of world politics since the 2000s. In this article,
we use conjunctural analysis to explore the origins and main
catalysts of multipolarity. Conjunctural analysis is a holistic and
context-sensitive approach to understand the dialectical interplay
between various social, political, and economic dynamics. What
are the key factors driving the emergence of multipolarity as
a dominant trend in the international system, and how do the
complications arising from these factors influence its specific
shape? To answer these questions, we trace the emergence of
multipolarity to the hegemonic crisis of neoliberal capitalism in
the 1990s, a period defined by the convergence of US unilateralism
and economic instabilities. Chief ramifications of this hegemonic
crisis are observable at two distinct yet interconnected levels.
First, at the grassroots/bottom-up level, neoliberal failures have
been met with the ascent of the Latin American left and the alterglobalisation
movement since the 1990s, alongside the rise of the
far-right worldwide throughout the 2020s. Second, at the interstate
level, the breakdown of the global governance system has
been met by the rise of South-South cooperation. These factors
contribute to a "post-hegemonic" moment, a process characterized
by profound contradictions and uncertainties, both globally and
on the national scale. Our major contribution lies in proposing a
conjunctural understanding and a dual-layered conceptualization
of multipolarity that integrates both top-down geopolitical
dynamics and bottom-up processes.

2025, Journal of Agrarian Change

The energy-dense part of the neoliberal diet and obesity made for an explosive combination upon the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. Energy-dense foods lie at the root of comorbidities associated with complications of the COVID-19... more

2025

This paper explores the crucial aspects of promissory representation in India, particularly attempting to analyse the degree of electoral accountability in the domain of education, as manifested by the BJD (Biju Janata Dal) and TMC (Trinamool Congress), two incumbent regional parties in the states of Odisha and West Bengal. Political parties make numerous electoral pledges when contesting elections; however, after forming the government, there is a perceived lack of political will and effective policy formulations to fulfil the pledged promises, thus eroding the notion of electoral accountability. This paper undertakes a survey research approach with the collection and analysis of responses from a sample of 200 beneficiaries of the educational accessories" support / scholarship programmes (Gangadhar Meher Shiksha Manukbrudhi Yojana and Kanyashree Prakalpa) of the two states. By investigating the party"s degree of fulfilment of electoral pledges, and the consequent beneficiaries" perception of the party"s accountability, this paper endeavours to provide insights on the relation between accountability in education, the degree of political awareness of voters and their consequential relation to the electoral accountability of parties. This in turn reflects the status of accountable governance in Odisha and West Bengal, from which broader generalisations may be drawn for the Indian context.

2025

This is a seminar presentation on ongoing work.

2025, La politica regionale di coesione in Campania. Strategie di sviluppo e attori pubblici e privati nei cicli di programmazione

Il volume propone un'analisi delle politiche per lo sviluppo nella regione Campania, tra passato, presente e nuove sfide. Frutto del lavoro realizzato dall'unità di ricerca dell'Università di Napoli Federico II nell'ambito di un più vasto progetto di ricerca nazionale, il testo esplora questo caso regionale come chiave di lettura delle difficoltà – ma anche delle potenzialità – che caratterizzano l'intervento pubblico nel Mezzogiorno, con specifico riferimento alla politica di coesione. In un contesto segnato da globalizzazione, crisi dello Stato e indebolimento della politica economica, in questo lavoro si analizzano le alterne vicende dell’intervento pubblico a sostegno dello sviluppo locale e sul fronte della convergenza Nord-Sud.
L’analisi si propone di approfondire le ragioni della persistente arretratezza socioeconomica del Sud Italia, con uno sguardo critico alle strategie finora adottate per superare i divari territoriali. In particolare, lo studio si colloca all’interno di un più ampio dibattito teorico, che ha visto nel tempo il passaggio da interpretazioni legate alla teoria della modernizzazione e all’approccio keynesiano all’adozione di modelli analitici più contestualizzati e attenti alle specificità dei differenti contesti territoriali.
Il testo evidenzia come le trasformazioni intervenute nei contesti politici, economici e sociali del Mezzogiorno impongano oggi una revisione delle categorie analitiche tradizionalmente impiegate per leggere la “Questione Meridionale”. A fronte di una narrazione spesso incentrata sull’inefficacia dell’intervento pubblico, i risultati della ricerca inducono a superare approcci semplicistici per individuare con maggiore precisione i fattori – esogeni ed endogeni – che hanno condizionato l’efficacia delle politiche di sviluppo. In tal senso, il volume offre un contributo alla riflessione sulle traiettorie future delle politiche regionali, suggerendo la necessità di un ripensamento critico e fondato delle strategie per la coesione territoriale.

2025, adakole IJOGI

The dreaded COVID-19 pandemic has exposed evidentially the weaknesses, inadequacies and unsustainability of current governance and economic structure of the Nigerian nation. Kindly allow to reiterate the words of a former American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who succinctly stated that “We have come to a clear realization that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence”.
This freedom is guaranteed the Nigerian people by the Nigerian Constitution and reechoed in the National Anthem. Now more than ever before Nigeria MUST rise as a people to overcome this challenge and take responsibility for Nigeria. The fancy rhetoric of having “potentials” must give way to strategic action towards growing the Nigerian economy from WITHIN by Nigerians for Nigeria.

2025, ¿Contribuyen las empresas multi nivel al logro de los ODS?

Las empresas de marketing multinivel (MLM) operan a escala global, presentándose como oportunidades de negocio que promueven el emprendimiento, la independencia financiera y el empoderamiento de las mujeres. Sin embargo, estas empresas utilizan iniciativas de la ONU para lavar su imagen, mientras que podcasts y sitios web anti-MLM llenan las redes sociales con las voces de mujeres que han perdido no solo dinero, sino también amigos y familiares.

2025

The debate about the relationship between democracy and economic development seems to have been reconciled by Gabriel Almond’s work, which states “that democracy and capitalism are both positively and negatively related, that they both support and subvert each other.” Yet, in recent literature the debate about the topic is not finished. This paper focuses specifically on how economic development affects democracy. Scholars such as Fish, Kwon, Mainwaring, Perez-Linan, Bellin, Przeworksi, and Limongi believe that, to a certain degree, economic development promotes democracy. On the other hand, Kwon explicitly rejects the possibility of contingency at the country level. In order to measure the level of democracy, there are two independent variables in this research paper: Political Right (PR) and Civil Liberty (CL). Data for these two variables are taken from Freedom House in the World Historical Rankings Comparative Scores for all countries from 1973 to 2006. The data are ranked from ...

2025, e-article

Capitalism’s inherent feature is “destructive creation”, said Marx. Decades later, in a similar fashion, Schumpeter stated that “Capitalist system incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure FROM WITHIN”.
What are those dynamic forces causing the incessant changes in an economy ?
According to P. Drucker, A. Toffler, Baumol-McLennan and many others it is the productivity increases (growth) in general. P. Romer provides a more specific reply: technological change or the growth of new ideas. In this paper, H. Gürak goes deeper to the core and claims that all technological changes are produced by the intellectual labor of human mind. In other words, knowledge on production, i.e., technology or productive knowledge, provides the premises and gives occasion to a dynamic and uninterrupted growth process, but technology itself is the product of mental labor. In support of this assertion, a simple model of growth based on productive knowledge (creativity of mind) is introduced in the final section.

2025, Middle East Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The main objective of this study is to examine the challenges of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) on Internal Security in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The Descriptive and Survey research design was adopted with data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The population of the study were drawn from AMAC, Bwari, Kwali and Abaji area Council as well as key informants like Religious, community and security officers and Men. Moreover, qualitative content analysis and Descriptive statistical analysis was be used to analyze the data collected. The study revealed that there are a numbers of factors affecting the proliferation of small arms and light weapons ranging from local manufacturers, our porous border, bad governance, corruption and our crude methods of politicking in Nigeria today. However, the major challenges militating the fight against small arms and light weapons proliferation ranges from lack of adequate funding, lack of capacity building, lack of modern security equipment, corruption, poor manpower, poor welfare package and bad leadership etc. Lastly, the study recommended among other things that there is the need for proper funding for security operatives in the FCT.

2025

The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) on Internal Security in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The study is situated within the context of the Failing State Theory. The Descriptive and Survey research design was adopted with data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The population of the study were drawn from AMAC, Bwari, Kwali and Abaji area Council as well as key informants like Religious, community and security officers and Men. Moreover, qualitative content analysis and Descriptive statistical analysis was be used to analyze the data collected. The study revealed that Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) in a bid to address the growing incidence of criminality across Nigeria that has been triggered by arms proliferation, formulated and implemented various policies and programmes aimed at curtailing the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. But the citizens are not well informed on the existence of the policy and there is lack of institutional framework for the control of the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. Lastly, the study recommended among other things that the Federal Government should increase the budgetary allocation to the various security outfits to enable them discharge their functions effectively and efficiently. This funding should include personal, overhead and capital cost.

2025, YK - Economic Review

The relations between the riches of nations and the riches of Productive Knowledge (Technology) gains increasing acknowledgment among economists. Classical economists had assumed that the key to progress was the accumulation of homogenous capital goods. But economies cannot grow incessantly by accumulating more of the same capital goods. So, the Classical growth theory falls short of expectations.
Capitalism’s inherent feature is “destructive creation”, said Marx. Decades later, in a similar fashion, Schumpeter stated that “Capitalist system incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure FROM WITHIN”.

2025

3 Nem szabad elfelejteni, hogy az emberiség olyan mértékben használja például a folyóvizeket, hogy számos folyó már nem éri el a torkolatát, mint például a Colorado folyó, amely még azelõtt kiszárad, mielõtt elérhetné a tengert. Hasonlóképpen Kínában a Sárga-folyó (vagy Huang He) egyes szakaszokon már az év 280 napján nem tartalmaz vizet, mert öntözéssel és egyéb gazdálkodással az emberiség tulajdonképpen felhasználja a rendelkezésre álló teljes vízmennyiséget. Ez is jól mutatja, hogy milyen konfliktusokat generálhat a folyóvíz. 4 Fontos megjegyezni, hogy a vízfelhasználás tekintetében 1 tonna búza megtermeléséhez 1000 tonna vízre van szükség. Ennek következtében azokon a területeken, ahol már vízhiányos állapotok lépnek fel, a mezõgazdasági termelés is jelentõsen csökken. Így a víz importjának legkézenfekvõbb módja, hogy víz helyett gabonát hoznak be, mert indirekt módon ezzel tudják importálni a legtöbb vízmennyiséget. Az emberiség jelenleg a vízforrások 70%-át öntözésre használja fel, 20%-át ipari használatra, 10%-át pedig emberi fogyasztásra fordítja. Ld. Hastings Chikoko: Watering Development in Southern Africa: Water issues in SADC. dia.com/download/sci_conf/Water%20issues%20in%20the%20SADC2.pdf (2014.01.31.) A fenti adatok alapján a mezõgazdaság gazdasági értelemben viszonylag kevés értéket termel, hiszen az 1000 tonna víz 1 tonna búzát eredményez, aminek hozzávetõlegesen 200 dollár az ára, ennek megfelelõen tehát a víz árának nagyon alacsonynak, szinte ingyenesnek kell lennie, hogy megérje felhasználni.

2025

This essay argues that neoliberalism is not merely an economic theory but a political project that has transformed governance and weakened democratic accountability. By elevating market efficiency above public responsibility, neoliberal policies have eroded the social contract and empowered economic elites. Deregulation, privatization, and the dismantling of welfare protections have deepened inequality and public distrust. The state has shifted from serving citizens to managing them as market actors while insulating corporate power from democratic oversight. These changes have fragmented society, hollowed institutions, and fueled political alienation. Neoliberalism's portrayal as neutral economics obscures its role in reinforcing elite control. Neoliberal economic policies and their radical conception of society have undermined the standard of living of the middle and working class and people experiencing poverty. Neoliberalism has hollowed out democracies and civil society by recasting the entire social and political field into the image of the market. It reconfigures critical institutions, particularly the neoliberal state, that actively work to create markets and protect them from alternative discourses while helping to shape society into the image of the market. Neoliberalism has captured our political system and set the national agenda, which sociologist Loic Wacquant calls a new mode of governance.

2025, [Thesis]. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester; 2010.