Power Line Communication Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Data Communications Pocket Book

So far we have introduced RS-232 Communications in relation to the PC. RS-232 communication is asynchronous. That is a clock signal is not sent with the data. Each word is synchronized using it's start bit, and an internal clock on each... more

2025, 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Power Line Communications and Its Applications

In-vehicle power line communication (PLC) holds great promises as an enabler of in-vehicle communication without increasing weight, volume, or cost of the wiring harnesses. In this paper, we join a few recent works and present channel measurements for a specific compact car. We discuss and compare our measurement results with those obtained in previous campaigns. Furthermore, we evaluate our measurements from the viewpoint of high connectivity. That is, we are interested in the suitability of PLC for applications that require a reliable link from any node to any other node at any time. Perhaps not surprisingly, we find that advanced transmission techniques such as multihop or frequency diversity are necessary to achieve this goal.

2025, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

This paper investigates the feasibility of Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentica- tion to serve security needs of Power Line Communication (PLC) system. PLC network has been identified as the ideal choice to function as the last mile network, deliver load management messages to smart meters. However, there is need to address the security concerns for load management messages delivered over power line communications. The ubiquitous nature of the power line communication infrastructure exposes load management systems (LMS) deployed over it to a security risk. Ordinarily, PLC network does not em- ploy any security measures on which the smart meters and data concentrators can depend on. Therefore, the need to provide a secure mechanism for communication of load man- agement system messages over a PLC network. In LMS, source authentication is of highest priority because we need to respond only to messages from an authenticated source. This is achieved by investigating suitable ...

2025, IEEE Transactions on Communications

2025

Communications over power lines in the frequency range above 2 MHz, commonly referred to as broadband (BB) power line communications (PLC), is a central communications scenario for smart power grids. BB-PLC channels are characterized by a dominant colored non-Gaussian additive noise, as well as by periodic variations of the channel impulse response and the noise statistics, induced by the mains voltage. In this work we study the fundamental rate limits for multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) BB-PLC channels, modeled as periodic channels with additive non-Gaussian noise and finite memory. We present bounds on the capacity of these channels by exploiting a bijection with timeinvariant MIMO channels of extended dimensions. We illustrate the resulting fundamental limits in a numerical analysis corresponding to practical MIMO BB-PLC channels.

2025, 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

Communications over power lines in the frequency range above 2 MHz, commonly referred to as broadband (BB) power line communications (PLC), is a central communications scenario for smart power grids. BB-PLC channels are characterized by a dominant colored non-Gaussian additive noise, as well as by periodic variations of the channel impulse response and the noise statistics, induced by the mains voltage. In this work we study the fundamental rate limits for multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) BB-PLC channels, modeled as periodic channels with additive non-Gaussian noise and finite memory. We present bounds on the capacity of these channels by exploiting a bijection with time-invariant MIMO channels of extended dimensions. We illustrate the resulting fundamental limits in a numerical analysis corresponding to practical MIMO BB-PLC channels.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Communications

Communications over power lines in the frequency range above 2 MHz, commonly referred to as broadband (BB) power line communications (PLC), has been the focus of increasing research attention and standardization efforts in recent years. BB-PLC channels are characterized by a dominant colored non-Gaussian additive noise, as well as by periodic variations of the channel impulse response and the noise statistics. In this work we study the fundamental rate limits for BB-PLC channels by bounding their capacity while accounting for the unique properties of these channels. We obtain explicit expressions for the derived bounds for several BB-PLC noise models, and illustrate the resulting fundamental limits in a numerical analysis.

2025, Electronics

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) filters are one of the main solutions for dealing with the disturbances generated by power inverters. However, they show series/parallel resonances that introduce variations in the impedance seen from the grid. Consequently, in some cases, these filters have low impedances at resonance frequencies, which can affect Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLC) due to notching effects. For that reason, the potential effects of four EMC filters on NB-PLC have been studied. Laboratory trials in a controlled environment have been carried out, in which the attenuation and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) thresholds that define the communication’s quality have been studied. The results presented in this paper show that, although the variations of the channel frequency response are not selective enough to degrade the communication thresholds, the attenuation measured when the filter is connected near the receiver might be sufficiently high to be critical ...

2025, Energies

Currently, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems have equipped the low voltage section with a communication system that is being used mainly for metering purposes, but it can be further employed for additional applications related to the Smart Grid (SG) concept. This paper explores the potential applications beyond metering of the available channel in a Power Line Communication-based AMI system. To that end, IP has been implemented over Narrow Band-Power Line Communication (NB-PLC) in a real microgrid, which includes an AMI system. A thorough review of potential applications for the SG that might be implemented for this representative case is included in order to provide a realistic analysis of the potentiality of NB-PLC beyond smart metering. The results demonstrate that existing AMI systems based on NB-PLC have the capacity to implement additional applications such as remote commands or status signals, which entails an added value for deployed AMI systems.

2025

In traditional receiver architectures, symbol acquisition and tracking are performed using phase lock techniques that are independent of the channel-code decoding process. In [1] feedback from the constraint-node side of a bi-partite graph is used to estimate symbol frequency and timing offset in a baseband pilotless transmission. In [2] soft information feedback from an LDPC decoder is used to recover carrier phase information under the assumption of perfect symbol timing. In this paper we address the problem of joint carrier-phase and symbol timing recovery. The proposed system is able to perform within 0.3 [dB] of the code performance with perfect knowledge of carrier phase and symbol timing.

2025, 2006 Fortieth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers

2025, IEEE Communications Letters

Timing recovery and channel decoding are traditionally performed independently. However, we show here that the information generated during the iterative decoding of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded data can be fed back to the timing recovery circuit to enable accurate estimation of frequency and phase errors without the need for any pilot symbols. We describe a method capable of handling large offsets with complexity that grows linearly with offset size. Combining the LDPC constraint node observations with a properly calibrated phase locked loop allows successful tracking of a constant time delay, a frequency offset and a random phase walk.

2025, Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Research

In information systems, data is collected, stored and processed, as well as information, knowledge and digital products are protected. The best solution for these requirements is an ISP network monitoring system. ISP networks are distributed and heterogeneous, which makes monitoring crucial for their health. For continuous monitoring, some monitoring systems use open-source software tools. It contributes to the monitoring of systems, applications, services, networks, and infrastructure. We can use these tools to detect network or server problems, share network services or devices among specific groups, generate alerts by simplifying the monitoring process, and save logs for creating reports. Our paper discusses how an ISP can monitor its network using a system such as Nagios. This open-source system provides real-time monitoring and alerts network administrators to anomalies as soon as they occur. We will also present the advantages that Nagios offers to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) for monitoring network equipment and services. We focus on using Nagios as a tool for automatic detection of anomalies occurring in the network topology as well as notification to the Network Monitoring Center (NMC) via email or web interface access.

2025

Power Line Communication (PLC) has received much attention due to the wide connectivity and availability of power lines. Effective PLC must overcome the harsh and noisy environments inherent in PLC channels. Noise in power lines is modeled as a cyclostationary Gaussian process. In order to achieve reliable communication using power lines, effective measures including error control techniques need to be taken against this particular noise. Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes have excellent performance in power lines. This paper presents two new iterative algorithms for noise estimation on power lines based on Higherorder statistics and the Maximum-Likelihood (ML) estimation principle, respectively. The algorithm based on Higher-order statistics uses second, fourth, and sixth moments of the received noisy signal to provide a signalto-noise ratio (SNR) estimate. For the ML estimation algorithm, a derivation of the ML estimate of the amplitude of a Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) mod...

2025

Power line carrier communication is the use of power line carrier communication as a transmission channel, the power system is a unique form of communication. The idea of sending communication signals on the same pair of wires as are used for power distribution is as old as the telegraph itself, the number of communication devices installed on dedicated wiring far exceeds the number installed on AC mains wiring. In the 1920‟s at least two patents were issued to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in the field of “Carrier Transmission over Power Circuits”. United States Patents numbers 1,607,668 and 1,672,940, filed in 1924 show systems for transmitting and receiving communication signals over three phase AC power wiring. It is based on the frequency shift, frequency division principle, the original signal modulates the carrier, move to a different line transmission band to the power line transmission. Since the frequency is generally used for communication over a few hundre...

2025

This study investigated the impact of macroeconomic variables on the performance of the Nigerian economy from 1986-2010. In carrying out the study we employed the ordinary least square (OLS) and co-integration test analysis based on the Engle Grenger (1987) co-integration analysis, in order to establish a long run relationship among the variables employed in this study. The study was guided by four research objectives and hypotheses. Given the influences other variables have on the performance of the Nigerian economy, we discriminately incorporated non-oil export, agricultural sector, manufacturing sub-sector and gross domestic product as the dependent variables while exchange rate, interest rate, government capital expenditure and government recurrent expenditure were the independent variables. The result of our analysis indicates that exchange rate, government capital expenditure and government recurrent expenditure are positively related to non-oil export, agricultural sector, ma...

2025

2025, Sensors

The future of the Internet of Things (IoT) is interlinked with digital communication in smart cities. The digital signal power spectrum of smart IoT devices is greatly needed to provide communication support. The line codes play a significant role in data bit transmission in digital communication. The existing line-coding techniques are designed for traditional computing network technology and power spectrum density to translate data bits into a signal using various line code waveforms. The existing line-code techniques have multiple kinds of issues, such as the utilization of bandwidth, connection synchronization (CS), the direct current (DC) component, and power spectrum density (PSD). These highlighted issues are not adequate in IoT devices in smart cities due to their small size. However, there is a need to design an effective line-code method to deal with these issues in digital IoT-based communication for smart technologies, which enables smart services for smart cities. In th...

2025, Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications

This work presents an adaptive hybrid signal precoding strategy for Cell-Free (CF) Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed solution exploits the advantages of both distributed and centralized signal processing schemes to perform precoding. In our proposal, some access points (APs) are dynamically configured to be used in a centralized precoding scheme, whereas others are adjusted to employ a distributed method. Simulation results show that it is possible to achieve a good compromise between spectral efficiency (SE) and computational complexity (CC) in CF Massive MIMO systems finding a sensible balance between APs utilized in centralized and distributed precoding. To the best of our knowledge, prior-art solutions have not addressed an adaptive hybrid precoding method itself, they have only proposed a specific solution for each architecture, i.e., distributed or centralized. Index Terms-Cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), hybrid precoding, minimum mean-square error (MMSE), maximum ratio transmission (MRT), spectral efficiency (SE).

2025

The Six Positions of Attack and Defense Shock Device (攻守六位时震器) is a tactical framework for timed strikes across anatomical gates when doubled becomes a system of 12 points associated with the Zi Wu Liu Zhi. Executed 9/14/2025

2025

Tableau 1.1 : Symboles normalisés pour la représentation des appareils de connexion….….3 Tableau 1.2 : Contrôle des composants ou des fonctions d'un disjoncteur………………..…19 Tableau 2.1 : Courants de court-circuit selon CEI 60909 …………………………………....27 Tableau 3.1 : Comparaison entre le modèle de Mayr et le modèle de Cassie………………...43 Chapitre 03 Les modèles d'arc à boite noire Chapitre 03 Les modèles d'arc à boite noire

2025, 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings

An effective design of Smart Grid (SG) must include robust combined sensing, efficient Communication and elegant control system, so a vigorous network is the core requirement of a Smart Grid keeping in view the concepts of sensor networks and electrical and topological properties of distribution system. Two-way communication is the most effective way of transceiving the data on both sides; towards Low Voltage (LV) side and towards Medium Voltage (MV) side, which is the basic property of a Smart Grid and has gained higher attraction of the utility companies. The paper enlightens the service of a SG as a communication infrastructure, linking smart meters through the Power Line Communication (PLC) network. PLC's are evolving as an appropriate medium for signal and information communication within Smart Grid application, especially for Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN). Smart Meters and PLC's increase the strength of a Smart Grid as by providing robust two-way communication. For noise reduction this paper elaborates the clipping strategy and the use of equalizer which can reduce the effect of noise and attenuation in the channel signals in PLC's. Clipping is cutting of the amplitude of the received signal up till a predefined threshold value without changing the phase in order to reduce noise effects.

2025

Power Line Communication (PLC) system offers cheaper mode of signal communication facilities. In fast Fourier transform (FFT) based multicarrier PLC system, a cyclic prefix (CP) of the same length of the channel impulse response is added to each symbol in order to transmit data. As a result, there is always an inherent wastage of bandwidth and resources. This research presents a wavelet transform based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (WTOFDM) approach that eliminates the need for these cyclic prefix and improves the efficiency of the PLC transmission. The presented PLC model is designed for faster and efficient transmission over the power line. The obtained results indicate that the proposed approach enhances the transmission throughput; provides better performance for impulsive noise, and increases the efficiency of the PLC system as a whole. In the end a performance comparison of different wavelet techniques have also been incorporated.

2025, 2017 3rd International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET)

The aim of this study is to design a Home Automation system by interfacing Power Line Communication (PLC) with GSM communication which would enable the user to control appliances by sending commands via SMS. A communication model based on Star Topology is utilized in this home automation system which can be scaled at a low cost. The communication system facilitates secured communication by using BlumGoldwasser cryptosystem. The communication system employs a master Central Control System placed at the switch board and slave receiver nodes in household appliances. This system was planned from the outset to make as simpler and cost effective as possible so that it would be affordable to more households in low income countries. The system was tested in a lab environment at a maximum distance of 20 m and the operation was verified. Subsequently, Signal levels were obtained at different distances and the maximum operating distance was calculated to be 30 m.

2025

Doctor of Philosophy: Electronic Engineering Multiscaling Analysis and Modelling of Bursty Impulsive Noise in Broadband Power Line Communication Channels by Mike Omondi Asiyo Power line communication (PLC) networks have the potential to offer broadband application services to homes and small offices cheaply since no additional wiring is required for it implementation. However, like other communication systems, it has its own challenges and the understanding of its channel characteristics is key to its optimal performance evaluation and deployment. Multipath propagation due to impedance mismatch and bursty impulsive noise are the important challenges that must be understood and their effects minimized for optimal system performance. Noise in power line communication networks is non-Gaussian and as such cannot be modelled as the convenient additive white Gaussian noise. The noise is known to be impulsive and in most cases, occurs in bursts. Therefore, it can be referred as bursty impu...

2025, Journal of green engineering

We describe a heterogeneous network composed by wireless links and a power line communication (PLC) infrastructure, using the public lighting system. The network allows to measure consumption of gas, energy, water, etc., in an urban scenario with a large number of nodes, and to remotely control the lighting system for efficient energy usage. For the specific scenario where the network topology is known a priori, we describe a tool for network planning based on the simulation of the power line channel. Moreover, to improve PLC link throughput and reliability we analyze the possiblity to use multiple conductors to enable multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques. Finally, we describe a successfully implemented testbed for the proposed network.

2025, ISPLC2010

Digital networks can be established using the same set of wires that is used to distribute the power signal through our homes, the power-line channel (PLC). This networks have no new wires. However, the PLC channel has highly varying characteristics that need to be taken into account, namely the equivalent transmission line characteristic impedance and input impedance. The impedance seen at the input of the power-line channel varies with frequency, time and from line to line. This means that for the same voltage signal the injected current will vary. The current flowing in the channel is the main source of radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI), and imposes limits on the injected signal. The amplitude of the current in the line is not equal to the input current. The current peaks in the line can be minimized by minimizing the current of the positive traveling wave and it will be shown that this can be accomplished if the transmitter is coupled through a matched resistor (to the line impedance) or adequate signal processing. The signal processing method allows to easily change the access impedance. At the output of the channel the signal to noise ratio is independent of charge resistance. A system with input impedance estimation and minimization of the positive wave amplitude was simulated. 1

2025

Communication using power line as a medium provides a convenient and inexpensive way for data transmission and control signaling in the households. In this paper we will introduce a power-line channel model as well as architecture of a spread-spectrum baseband transceiver IC for a powerline modem. The modulation and spreading scheme used in the proposed transceiver is MBOK. This transceiver runs at the carrier frequency of 256 kHz and provides 100 Kbps data rate. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in household data communication.

2025, Elektronika Ir Elektrotechnika

Narrowband power line communication has become a major focus of research with its applicability extending to residential facilities. This article examines data transmission over flexible AC power line cables stretching from the elevator control panel to the cabin. In previous studies, there has been no significant attempt to characterize the Power Line Communication (PLC) channel and noise of an elevator system. In this article, a vector network analyzer and mixed domain oscilloscope along with coupling devices are used to conduct power line channel noise and response measurements for an elevator system. The acquisition of channel transfer functions corresponding to both idle and moving states of the elevator is carried out for the 9 kHz-500 kHz frequency range. A mathematical model is provided for the average frequency response of the PLC channel. The main source of noise is the inverter that supplies power to the motor. The channel exhibits notable variations for frequencies less than 281 kHz while staying relatively consistent for the 281 kHz to 500 kHz frequency range as the elevator changes from idle to moving state. Reed Solomon and convolutional codes along with interleaving to spread erroneous bits are utilized in this work to simulate an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transceiver. By systematically selecting subcarrier frequencies that do not overlap with the harmonic noise components, simulation results have demonstrated reliable data recovery for signal-to-noise ratio greater than 4 dB.

2025, Electric Power Systems Research

A performance analysis methodology for transmission line primary protection systems is presented, based on a probabilistic approach to protection system successful operation. The protection system operation is represented by reliability graphs, and a probabilistic model of the distance protection is considered. The system successful operation is described by tie-sets, and solutions are obtained from Monte Carlo simulation. The system elements are characterized by the reliability factors: equipment failure rate and time to repair. The system performance is assessed by the availability index. The developed methodology is applied to a transmission line protection scheme with one aided communication channel. Results allow quantifying the influence of the fault location on the protection system performance. Results also show the influence of the equipment failure rate on the system performance. The developed methodology proves to be adequate to quantify the benefits of using communication channels in transmission line protection. Furthermore it is adequate to assess different protection system architectures. A comparative performance analysis, considering four different transmission line protection schemes, can be found in the Part II paper.

2025, Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal

During the last years PLC technologies have been widely developed mainly due to new modulation techniques used for wireless telecommunication systems that can also be applied to PLC systems. The current state of the art of PLC communications is presents many possibilities and opportunities for the utilities. The aim of this paper is to make a review of the existing PLC technologies as well as the analysis of an interesting range of electric applications of PLC.

2025, Wireless Personal Communications

We examine a multiple-access communication system in which multiuser detection is performed without knowledge of the number of active interferers. Using a statistical-physics approach, we compute the single-user channel capacity and... more

2025

Communication over the available power line commonly known as Power Line Communication (PLC) can be an alternate or a component of hybrid network. The reason for this is it's readily availability that can solve the last mile and last inch challenges. However, the channel is characterized by non-white noise uncommon to other channels used. In this paper, the noise in indoor power line in several sites is studied. This is modeled using suitable fits for narrowband and broadband application. The channel capacity is estimated both for Additive White Gaussian and Water Filling approach. Results show that a channel capacity of 0.089 Mbps to 1.48 Mbps can be obtain for narrowband channel with a transmit power of few watt. For broadband communication in the frequency range 1-30 MHz a channel capacity of 84 Mbps to 206 Mbps can be obtain for a transmit power as low as 1mW. This result can be used for simulation of power line channels for testing and designing systems and development of s...

2025, Radioengineering

Estimation of the characteristics of power line channel is a pre-requisite for successful implementation of any power line communication system. This paper presents a method to estimate the forward voltage gain scattering parameters (S21) of an indoor power line using only the input port reflection coefficient (S11). The measured input parameter with one/two load placed at the output suffices to estimate the S21 as far as frequency selectivity is concerned. The positions of notches can be estimated within a limit of error with positive and at times high correlation between the experimental and evaluated S21 parameters. The method is validated for a number of practical networks, and also for random channels with different types of loads and cables found in the papers. The procedure can be incorporated in estimating the channel for mitigating the related problems.

2025

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Viena, Austria, 2004

2025, Photonics

Free Space Optical (FSO) communication systems have extensively invaded the speed of smart city evolution due to the current surge in demand for wireless communication spots that can match recent challenges due to high technical leaps in smart city evolution. As the number of users is vastly increasing throughout all networks in the form of machines, devices, and variously distinct objects, FSO is a hugely recommended robust communication system that mitigates a lot of RF disadvantages on the field with no need for licensing, fast rollout time, and low cost. This paper shows an exploit of a Low Power Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based FSO communication system designed for Line of Sight (LOS) Building to Building Communication over a distance of 12 m using a 650 nm Visible Light (VL) red laser source via On-Off Keying (OOK) and higher-level Intensity Modulation (IM)/Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) schemes. The implemented system reached a doubled data rate than OOK of 230 kbps u...

2025, Energy and Power Engineering

For decades, the power system was highly centralized. With the growing integration of distributed generations into the system, there is a necessity for bi-directional communication methods to monitor and control the remote assets. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a communication link for monitoring and controlling a grid-connected inverter in a remote location. Furthermore, the paper presents developments that have been incorporated to improve the communication link. The literature survey indicates that LoRa is superior compared to other technologies, but has some security and reliability issues. This paper also presents an encryption algorithm to improve the security of the LoRa link. Local data storage added to the system before transmitting data increases the system reliability. A display at the transmission end is added to improve the user-friendliness of the communication link. A Powerline Communication link is parallelly added to the LoRa link to improve the reliability. Finally, tests are conducted with an actual inverter and the results are presented. The tests show that the developed communication link has improved security and reliability, while its open nature makes it highly scalable and adaptable for employment in other smart grid applications.

2025

This thesis presents selection, design, development, and validation of a communica- tion method for remote control of a grid-tied inverter. There is a gap in the smart grid field for a secure and reliable communication method. To fulfill this gap three low-cost wireless such as LoRa, Radio Teletype, and UHF/ VHF based data communication technologies were tested, compared and presented in the thesis. Based on the test results, range, data transfer rate, and power consumption, LoRa based communica- tion are selected as the most suitable method to satisfy the problem. Security and reliability issues have been identified in the LoRa based communication. Therefore, an encryption algorithm is developed to improve the security of the LoRa communication and data have been logged into a local data storage to improve the reliability. To increase the reliability of the developed system further, Power Line Carrier (PLC) communication link has been combined in parallel to the LoRa communication ...

2025, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

This paper deals with the issue of measurement device placement for load flow analysis in medium-voltage (MV) distribution networks. The study is carried out using an innovative measurement algorithm for load flow analysis developed by the authors. It is based on low-voltage (LV) load power measurements applied on a backward/forward algorithm for the load flow resolution. The final aim is to identify the most suitable number and placement of the LV measurement points in order to limit the uncertainty on the power flow estimation to a target value. The proposed approach is based on the uncertainty evaluation of the estimated power flows; a sensitivity analysis is performed in order to assess the uncertainty contribution of each LV power measurement to the estimated power flow upstream of each MV feeder of the distribution network. The LV measurement device placement is presented and discussed in a real case study, i.e., the distribution network of the Ustica Island. Index Terms-Advanced metering infrastructure, load flow (LF) analysis, meter placement, power measurements, power quality analyzer (PQA), power system measurements, power system monitoring, smart grids. T HE INCREASING presence of distributed generation and energy storage systems, at both medium-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) levels, is leading to important changes in the distribution network structure and management [1], . The modern smart grids are characterized by bidirectional power flows and an increased number of monitoring, communication, and management systems and devices, which can guarantee many functionalities, such as voltage and frequency regulation, anti-islanding protection, fault location and isolation, service restoration, power quality monitoring, and system diagnostic [3], . In this framework, a fundamental role of the smart grid monitoring system is the load flow (LF) analysis, which evaluates a lot of network electrical data, such as node voltages Manuscript

2025, IEEE transactions on power delivery

Power line communication (PLC) technology is exploited worldwide for automatic meter reading on low-voltage networks. On the contrary, it is not used at medium voltage (MV) level, where it requires dedicated and costly PLC couplers. To face this issue, in previous works the authors investigated the possibility of reducing costs by coupling the signal by means of elements already installed in MV networks. A patented solution was based on the exploitation of capacitive dividers of voltage detective systems (VDSs) normally installed in MV switchgears of distribution network's substations. This paper investigates the use of capacitive dividers embedded in commercial separable connector of MV cables heads, instead. In comparison with VDSs, cable heads voltage dividers have different characteristics; thus an ad-hoc characterization and design of PLC coupling system is presented and discussed. Firstly, impedance measurements are performed to characterize cable heads behavior in the frequency range of interest. An equivalent circuit model is obtained and used to design an electronic interface card for signal coupling. Simulations and experimental tests are performed in FCC above CENELEC frequency band, to analyze channel frequency response and transmission performances, in terms of success rate and SNR. The results testify the proposed coupling solution feasibility.

2025, Energies

This paper proposes a new coupling solution for transmitting narrowband multicarrier power line communication (PLC) signals over medium voltage (MV) power lines. The proposed system is based on an innovative PLC coupling principle, patented by the authors, which exploits the capacitive divider embedded in voltage detecting systems (VDS) already installed inside the MV switchboard. Thus, no dedicated couplers have to be installed and no switchboard modifications or energy interruptions are needed. This allows a significant cost reduction of MV PLC implementation. A first prototype of the proposed coupling system was presented in previous papers: it had a 15 kHz bandwidth useful to couple single carrier PSK modulated PLC signals with a center frequency from 50–200 kHz. In this paper, a new prototype is developed with a larger bandwidth, up to 164 kHz, thus allowing to couple multicarrier G3-PLC signals using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation. This mo...

2025, Measurement

This paper investigates the feasibility of a smart metering architecture for modern power grids in the smart cities framework. A particular focus is made on Automatic Meter Reading, with the aim of facing some costs and safety drawbacks of current solutions (such as dependence from wireless communication providers, reliability problems in bad weather conditions, and exposition to cyber-attacks). The proposed architecture exploits power line communications (PLC) at both low and medium voltage level, thanks to new devices and an innovative medium voltage PLC coupling system. The new coupling solution and the whole smart metering architecture are experimentally verified in a wide frequency range, from CENELEC A band up to 200 kHz, by using different modulation techniques; the on-field measurement campaign has been carried out on the distribution network of Favignana Island (Mediterranean Sea). Success rate and RTT measured in real environment confirm the feasibility of the proposed solution.  A PLC-based architecture is proposed for smart metering in distribution grids  A new medium voltage PLC coupler is used, which has been patented by authors  On-field experimental tests are made in the distribution grid of Favignana Island

2025, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

The paper proposes and verifies the performance of an innovative and low cost coupling system for power line communication (PLC) on medium voltage (MV) smart grids. The coupling system makes use of the capacitive divider of the voltage detecting systems (VDS) to inject and receive the PLC signal. VDS are usually already installed in the MV switchboards of the major electrical manufacturer all over the world according to IEC 61243-5. VDS are used to detect the presence of the mains voltage to guarantee personnel safety. An interface circuit has been developed to be connected between the PLC transceiver and the VDS socket. In this way, the PLC signal can be coupled to the MV network without installing a dedicated MV coupler, thus avoiding the related costs of the coupler, the installation, and the temporary service interruption. The innovative device is able to couple digitally modulated narrowband PLC signals with modulation rate up to 19.2 kbit/s. In the paper, firstly a description of the proposed solution is reported. Secondly, its communication performance has been tested in laboratory. Finally, different tests have been carried out in two MV smart grid real installations under normal operation, i.e in the presence of the mains voltage.

2025, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Power line communication (PLC) is one of the most today used technologies for both automatic meter reading and many other smart grid applications. In this framework, a characterization of the electrical network in the PLC frequency range is needed in terms of impedance measurement and received signal level. This can allow choosing the most suitable and less noisy frequency ranges for PLC transmission. Usually, these characterization measurements are performed with dedicated instrumentation and in the absence of mains voltage. This article wants to propose an alternative solution, which allows these kinds of measurements to be performed using electronic boards currently used as on-field applications, such as smart meters. To this aim, an innovative measurement tool is proposed, which does not need a specific characterization signal to be injected because it uses the preamble of a generic PLC transmission. Moreover, the impedance calculation is performed using an FFT analysis, which does not require high computational capabilities. These features allowed the proposed tool to be implemented using a G3-PLC transceiver, embedded in many commercial smart meters, and low-cost additional hardware. This article shows how the proposed system correctly measures the PLC impedance on CENELEC A, B, and FCC frequency ranges.

2025, SPIE Proceedings

In the current national scene, many actions point at projects of digital inclusion and citizenship. In this context, providing access technologies as a requisite for the implementation of these actions is primordial. In this way, many innovative experiences have been presented in the past few years. This paper presents a study on the Powerline Communication -PLC technology; as a proposal for a feasible access network for Brazilian Amazon. First, the characteristics of the PLC technology are studied from an implanted indoor prototype at Federal University of Pará. The measures used in this prototype serve as input for a created model, from which it is intended to study the system more widely, considering factors such as: scalability, reliability and the physical characteristics.

2025, Journal of Applied Geophysics

In this paper we discuss the modeling, design and verification of large-moment transmitter (TX) loops for geophysical applications. We first develop two equivalent circuit models for TX loops. We show that the equivalent inductance can be predicted using one of two empirical formulas. The stray capacitance of the loop is then calculated using the measured self-resonant frequency and the loop inductance. We model the losses associated with both the skin effect and the dissipation factor in both of these equivalent circuits. We find that the two equivalent circuit models produce the same results provided that the dissipation factor is small. Next we compare the measured input impedances for three TX loops that were constructed with different wire configurations with the equivalent circuit model. We found excellent agreement between the measured and simulated results after adjusting the dissipation factor. Since the skin effect and dissipation factor yield good agreement with measurements, the proximity effect is negligible in the three TX loops that we tested. We found that the effects of the dissipation factor dominated those of the skin effect when the wires were relatively close together. When the wires were widely separated, then the skin effect was the dominant loss mechanism. We also found that loops with wider wire separations exhibited higher self-resonant frequencies and better highfrequency performance.

2025, Network and Communication Technologies

Performance improvement of a power line communication system is presented here considering the noise as a cyclostationary non-white Gaussian random process. Performance of a power line communication system is severely deteriorated by fading and multipath effect. The impulsive noise has been considered time variant, has short duration, random occurrence with a high power spectral density (PSD). It causes bit error in the signal. Using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique, the effect of impulsive noise and fading can be improved greatly. An analytic approach is presented to evaluate the performance of a power line communication link in the presence of the above limitations. The simulation results show that there is deterioration in system BER due to time and frequency dependence of noise and the degradation is found to be significant at higher bit rates and bandwidth. The system suffers penalty in receiver sensitivity due to non-white nature of the noise process. In this paper, an analytical approach using diversity reception is carried out to examine the performance improvement of a power line channel in fading and impulsive noise. The system bit error rate (BER) is compared numerically for both binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and OFDM system. The BER results show that there is significant improvement in OFDM. Also the performance is remarkably upgraded using diversity reception.

2025, Network and Complex Systems

Power line distribution networks are mainly used for electrical power supply. The ever-increasing demand of low cost telecommunication, broadband and access to internet services has applied a driven force leading to further research in the field of power-line communication. Different multiplexing techniques, OFDM, CDMA, MC-CDMA, has been already used with power line communication. In this paper coded IDMA is being used with power line communication also the simulation and result has been described. Keywords: CDMA.IDMA,MC-CDMA,OFDM, Power line communication.

2025, Ijca Proceedings on International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks Csi Comnet 2011

In this paper a survey of power line communications has been presented. As power line distribution networks are available in almost each building that is mainly used for the supply of electrical power, it will be very interesting if such media could be used for the transmission of data. The demand of low cost telecommunication, broadband and access to internet services is increasing day by day and applied a driven force leading to further research in the field of power line communications. A number of organizations are working on power line communications and more advanced schemes are being proposed so that a new dimension could be added to the potential application of established wire line infrastructure.

2025

The (MC-CDMA) is an advanced broadband wireless transmission technology combining (OFDM) and spread spectrum techniques. The MC-CDMA family can have several competitive properties, e.g., robustness against the frequency selective fading channel, flexibility in system design, low detection complexity, and lower peak-to-average power ratio. MCCDMA support multi-class traffic with different bit error rate .The study of BER performance ,SNR performance, Standard Deviation Of Phase Error performance , Peak Power Compression performance , Mutipath performance over different modulation techniques are obtained. The peak power compression ratio is the ratio of the peak power of the signal before clipping to the peak power of the clipped signal. In this peak power compression and standard deviation of phase error is computed. When the simulation take place the clipping signal effects the output power amplifier being over driven, therefore peak to RMS power of the signal is reduced and it allo...