Rational Choice Theory Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025

This is the text of a talk delivered at the International MacIntyre Society in Athens in 2014.
The passing of Alasdair MacIntyre prompted my posting, and revisiting the themes here it seems the topics touched upon are still relevant.
Dewey and MacIntyre both engaged in decades long critiques of the dominant social scientific models of their time, and their deleterious effects on our practices, politics, and self-understanding. While as different as a Neo-Thomist and an American Pragmatist can be in some regards, their theories of action overlap in productive ways. This text focuses specifically on their criticism of the rational choice model of action and the attendant consequences for understanding human goods.

2025, Synthese

This introduction contextualises the topical collection on the legacy of the valuefree ideal of science, categorises and summarises its contributions, and proposes directions for and applications of future research, especially those... more

2025, Cultural and knowledge Palingenesis Book I The Scientific Method Applied to the Human Condition Volume II -Second Edition

Human beings, while tending to the utmost rationality, understood as coherence with the objectives that they set themselves, both emotional-sentimental and cognitive-logical, have completely random emotional and behavioral deviations, which, consistently with the whole cosmic nature, make partially unpredictable: their emotions, thoughts, and behavior.
These elements of randomness, completely innate with cosmic nature, have determined the need for control over individuals. This control has ended up being delegated to regulations that are foreign to the natural, or rational, morality inherent in every individual. Control that was entrusted to artificial mechanisms, crystallized in structural universes, completely foreign to the nature of living beings of any species, and definable as archetypes, having a logic completely foreign to the living beings that use them, being, in fact, bodies foreign to nature and, therefore, to the species of animals that have evolved to a minimal sociality and a very limited individualization and deviated towards an interest directed exclusively to the individual, or to the basic procreative nucleus.
Sufficiently advanced human beings may be able to self-control, making it possible to practice the rationality inherent in natural morality. This will allow the creation of a model of organization of human society consistent with such rational morality.

2025, Author eBooks

Since Giving Tuesday was introduced in 2012, it has inspired more than 1billionindonations.Lastyear,estimatedgivingtopped1 billion in donations. Last year, estimated giving topped 1billionindonations.Lastyear,estimatedgivingtopped300 million. These numbers sound big -and they are. But they obscure the fact that relatively few individuals and families make charitable contributions: For example, in a typical year 45 percent of Americans give not even a single dollar, and 75 percent spend no time volunteering. And this is a shame, because giving is an important way to help others, contribute to the public good and build the trust that glues a society together. One important step to encouraging more people to give is increasing our understanding of what motivates giving. When we better understand why people donate, we can be inspired to be more generous. Charitable giving involves a complex array of motivations. I recently reviewed 14 projects funded by the University of Notre Dame's Science of Generosity initiative that studied the manifestations, causes and consequences of giving. Researchers found that even twins, despite their similar genetic makeup, behaved differently based on their ability to take on the perspective of another person. Some people give because of tax incentives (which may explain why charitable giving was down a bit last year: Changes in the tax code made giving less advantageous for some families). A second motive also has to do with economics: Many people feel they simply can't afford to give. Their willingness to give also depends on whether they view charitable organizations as honest and efficient. People can also give simply because they want to make the world a better place. In my research, I've discovered that the most compelling reasons for people to give are social and relational benefits beyond the self. My colleague Heather E. Price and I found that people exist in a web of giving affiliations. People are more likely to give to charitable and religious causes when they have parents who were givers and partners who are supportive of giving, and when religious affiliations regularly expose them to religious-based calls to give. Living within generous social contexts matters. So, too, do friend groups. My colleague Song Yang and I found that people are more likely to donate when they have friends who donate and who ask them to donate. As individuals it is important to see that there is no magical time in life when one suddenly becomes prepared to give, by having more money left to spend or more time on one's hands. Many people assume that as students they are too busy to volunteer, or as a young parents they are too financially squeezed to donate. But in my research, I learned that there are constraints on time and money at every stage in life. We can motivate ourselves to give throughout our lives, in whatever ways one can, by surrounding ourselves in giving-supportive contexts. We also need to be that giving-supportive context for others.

2025, Journal of Social & Organizational Matters

This article introduces a strategic decision-game theoretic approach, the Pardoner's Dilemma, and juxtaposes it with the Prisoner's Dilemma. Game theory has emerged as a significant approach in the twentieth century for explaining strategic decision-making in numerous arenas, including economics, business, politics, ethics, international relations, biology, law, and war studies. 'Game theory' explains how and why players/actors/agents cooperate or conflict to procure their self-interests in a social world. Life is a game, and human, corporate, and artificial intelligent agents are players who play different games to maximise utility or minimise disutility. The Prisoner's Dilemma is a promising game-theoretic approach that explains strategic decision-making in zero-sum and non-zero-sum games. 'Strategic decision-making' means that the outcome does not depend upon the actions of a player but upon all players. There are numerous essential game strategies, including tossing, negotiation, bargaining, balloting, competition, chance, power, and arbitration. Although the Prisoner's Dilemma is a good gametheoretic approach, it does not allow players to use the key game strategies. In contrast, Pardoner's Dilemma is a game theoretic approach that not only explains zero-sum and non-zero-sum games but also allows the players to use different game strategies, such as negotiation, bargaining, tossing, chance, balloting, competition, arbitration, and power. The article develops and defends the Pardoner's Dilemma in the game-theoretic approach as an alternative to the Prisoner's Dilemma. The article claims that the Pardoner's Dilemma is a more promising approach than the Prisoner's Dilemma in the decisiongame theoretic framework. By introducing the Pardoner's Dilemma, the article enhances the scope of decision/game theory in social sciences.

2025, Panoeconomicus

The article aims to show that the paradigm in economics will not change significantly despite descriptive criticism because of axiomatic assumptions. To demonstrate this I analyze Becker's economic approach using Lakatos' methodology of scientific research programmes. I indicate the hard core (instrumental rationality, utility maximization, equilibrium), as well as the protective belt that makes the hard core immune from descriptive criticism. Because of its tautological nature, Becker's approach is considered a degenerative programme. This conclusion is extended to neoclassical economics where the tautologicality of rationality and utility leads to various problems. Ultimately, the immunization strategy hinders paradigm change in economics.

2025, 21st Century Theories of Religion

The chapter offers a summary and critique of Rodney Stark and Roger Finke's Acts of Faith (2000), a central publication in the economics of religion. The chapter critically discusses whether this version of the economics of religion... more

2025, VNU JOURNAL OF FOREIGN STUDIES

Hinduism and its cultural values are the key bases that determine longstanding lifestyles of Indian women. Through the rational choice theory, using interdisciplinary methods and systemic-structural methods, this article summarise and analyse the secondary qualitative data from the national and international journal articles that relate to Indian women's styles of studying, working, mental living, and behaviors in family, thereby, this article highlights the imprints of Hinduism towards Indian women's lifestyle, as well as the movement and adjustment of Hinduism itself to meet the demands of Indian women in particular, and the whole India in general.

2025, Annals of Faculty of Economics

This paperwork examines briefly, the implications it carries on the Lisbon Treaty, the organizational, institutional and decision-making level in the current context of the European Union, included in the reform process. It is important... more

2025

Behavioral economics have brought substantial changes in the way consumer’s behavior is understood. Consumers do not always follow rational patterns of behavior subsumable into classic economic theories. These behaviors, object of our study, have been a fundamental factor in the elaboration of the commercial strategy of many companies in the past few years. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the interrelation between these phenomena and some of the most extended practices in marketing.

2025

This report is the final output from the independent evaluation of the Direct Payment Demonstration Project (DPDP). It is concerned with pulling together all the analysis undertaken by the study team, which has been presented in 13 other outputs. It does so particularly with the roll-out of Universal Credit (UC) in mind -because of differences between the programmes, not all the lessons to emerge from the DPDP are directly transferable to UC, but many are. The report draws on three main sources: analysis of participating landlords' rent accounts; a survey of DPDP tenants; and qualitative work with tenants and officers from the six Project Areas: Edinburgh; Oxford; Shropshire; Southwark; Torfaen; and Wakefield.

2025

The main objective of this thesis is to inquire whether mental freedom is possible despite indoctrination in education. In addition, I have sought for answers to the questions of whether this is a problem or education is a matter of... more

2025

A chapter on the methodology of law and economics, i.e. the economic analysis of law, concerns the methodology of economics. The above quote (Becker 1976, 5) shows that economics should not be defined by its subject, but by its method (also Veljanovski 2007, 19). This method forms the core of our contribution. We discuss several related issues. In his entry on methodology in the Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Kerkmeester (2000) states that most legal economists follow a pragmatic, eclectic approach and that it is hard to fit them in a particular school. A review of the methodology of law and economics must therefore concentrate on the ideas which are shared by the vast majority of legal economists (Kerkmeester 2000, 383). De Geest defines the use of elements from different schools as the ‘integrated paradigm’, and the predominant approach to law and economics as the ‘mainstream approach’ (De Geest 1994, 459ff, Mackaay 1991, p. 1509). In law and economics, the economic approach o...

2025

In the context of voting with ranked ballots, an important class of voting rules is the class of margin-based rules (also called pairwise rules). A voting rule is margin-based if whenever two elections generate the same head-to-head margins of victory or loss between candidates, then the voting rule yields the same outcome in both elections. Although this is a mathematically natural invariance property to consider, whether it should be regarded as a normative axiom on voting rules is less clear. In this paper, we address this question for voting rules with any kind of output, whether a set of candidates, a ranking, a probability distribution, etc. We prove that a voting rule is margin-based if and only if it satisfies some axioms with clearer normative content. A key axiom is what we call Preferential Equality, stating that if two voters both rank a candidate x immediately above a candidate y, then either voter switching to rank y immediately above x will have the same effect on the election outcome as if the other voter made the switch, so each voter's preference for y over x is treated equally.

2025, Games and Economic Behavior

The Condorcet jury model with costless but informative signals about the true state of the world predicts that the efficiency of group decision-making increases unambiguously with the group size. However, if signal acquisition is made an endogenous and costly decision, then rational voters have disincentives to purchase information as the group size becomes larger. We investigate the extent to which human subjects recognize this trade-off between better information aggregation and greater incentives to free-ride in a laboratory experiment where we vary the group size, the cost of information acquisition and the precision of signals. We find that the theory predicts well in the case of precise signals. However, when signals are imprecise, free-riding incentives appear to be much weaker as there is a pronounced tendency for subjects to over-acquire information relative to equilibrium predictions. We rationalize the latter finding using a quantal response equilibrium that allows for risk aversion.

2025, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Starting from Amartya Sen's works on rational behaviour, in this essay a contextually-embedded choice theory is presented. Using concepts and tools from poset mathematics, we show how to inject in rational choice theory cultural and social e¤ects. Speci…cally, we de…ne some choice super-structures seen as choice sets' transformations imposed by accepted external consistency of choice requirements. As we will argue, these applications can be of some help in explaining preference changes within di¤erent contexts fo choice. Hence, using the same analytical framework, some well-known results about maximizing and optimizing behaviour may be con…rmed as well as some insights on intransitive choices phase out.

2025

Starting from Amartya Sen’s works on rational behaviour, in this essay a contextually-embedded choice theory is presented. Using concepts and tools from poset mathematics, we show how to inject in rational choice theory cultural and social effects. Specifically, we define some choice super-structures seen as choice sets’ transformations imposed by accepted external consistency of choice requirements. As we will argue, these applications can be of some help in explaining preference changes within different contexts of choice. Hence, using the same analytical framework, some well-known results about maximizing and optimizing behaviour may be confirmed as well as some insights on intransitive choices phase out.

2025, Progressos na economia da religião

Texto originalmente publicado sob o título “Progress in the Economics of Religion” no Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, v. 150, n. 4, pp. 737-744, 1994. A tradução foi gentilmente autorizada pelo autor Laurence R.... more

2025

Bajo ~1 supuesto de una conexión íntima entre inconmensurabilidad y relativismo (total), Hilary Putnam diseña argumentos de refutación para una y otra tesis. Esto lo encontramos en un capítulo de Razón, Verdad e Historia (1981 ), titulado "Dos concepciones de la Racionalidad" I La primer parte del capítulo analiza el fracaso del positivismo lógico (como 'racionalidad clásica'), en un segundo apartado, llamado "El Anarquismo se autorrefuta", desarrolla los argumentos que aquí nos interesan, dirigidos a demostrar lo insostenible de la tesis de la inconmensurabilidad y del relativismo (total) 2 Ahora bien, en este apartado, así curiosamente llamado, Putnam íncluye entre los 'anarqmstas' a Kuhn, Feyerabend y Foucault Sólo nos referiremos a los aFgumentos contra las tesis de Kuhn, o atribuidas a Kuhn Nos mteresa remarcar que Putnam se mueve en el contexto de análisis de una concepción de la 'racionalidad' diferente a la propia. Como veremos, en la argumentación de Putnam no hay un solo movimiento, sino dos: por un lado, intenta demostrar que la concepción de racionalidad del 'anarquismo' es demasiado limitada como para ser 'racional,' según entiende Putnam lo 'racional;' por otro lado, ofrece argumentos a favor de la inconsistencia del relativismo, basándose en una concepción extrema del relativismo, tan extrema que pareciera que ninguno de los autores nombrados pudiera estar dispuesto a sostenerla realmente. Pero Putnam no diferencia estos dos movimientos, presentándolos como si fueran uno solo; así, la acusación de autorrefutacíón del relativismo hace caer también la racionalidad sostenida por el mismo En lo que respecta a Kuhn, autor al que nos limitaremos en este trabajo, esto parece ser una jugada tramposa. Sostendremos, por un lado, que deben diferenciars<' las acusaciones de 'irracionalista' y de 'relativista' en su contra: éstas son independientes, pues la u11a no implica la otra. Por otro lado, trataremos de demostrar que esta 'trampa' que arma PJtnam no es inocente. responde, en efecto, a intereses muy precisos de inmunizar su propia 1 posi-Ción (al menos, el realismo interno tal cual está expuesto en RVH) de críticas similares,

2025

RESUMEN Los mecanismos de cooperacion, basados en confanza, presentan dependencia de sus condiciones iniciales. Se ha probado que es posible promover y mantener la cooperacion a traves de la combinacion de mecanismos usando un modelo de simulacion sobre la crisis del CO2. Los resultados sugieren que la cooperacion puede ser promovida y sustentada con la combinacion de estos mecanismos. Los experimentos de simulacion ofrecen soporte a la hipotesis de que es posible administrar la cooperacion en dilemas sociales de gran escala incluso si las condiciones iniciales de confanza no son sufcientes para esperar altos niveles de accion colectiva. PALABRAS CLAVE : Gestion de la cooperacion, Dilemas sociales a gran escala, Mecanismos, Confanza, Dependencia de las condiciones iniciales. Testing the possibility to manage cooperation in CO2 crisis through mechanisms to face the dependence of the initial condition of trust using a simulation model ABSTRACT The mechanism of cooperation based on tru...

2025

This paper presents an evaluation of the capacity of cooperation based on trust to support future collective action for mitigating the Ozone Depletion Crisis. We developed a system dynamics model considering the Ozone Crisis as a social dilemma. We con-cluded that the dependence of future trust on initial conditions of trust and difficulties for getting feedback about past cooperation effects are problems which require additional complementary mechanisms to keep cooperation running in the long term. Finally, we suggested that to achieve sustainable cooperation in the Ozone Crisis we need to un-derstand the inertia of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and their effect on the feedback of cooperation.

2025

The reversibility of the effects of Green-house gases is highly discussed by scholars nowadays. We tested whether cooperation mechanisms are efficient at overturning the current CO 2 concentration trend in the atmosphere. We approach the problem as a large-scale social dilemma. We developed a system dynamics model to find the conditions required to achieve effective cooperation that may contribute to reverse the current CO 2 concentration trend. Simulation experiments show that initial conditions of trust and information delays are determinant to attain cooperation in the direction of reducing the CO 2 concentration trend.

2025, Housing Policy Debate

This article uses culture of poverty and rational choice theories of poverty to explain how quickly nonelderly household heads leave public housing. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics serve as the basis for the analysis. Although a significant proportion of all household heads have public housing spells lasting five or more years, the majority have spells lasting less than five years. The availability of other housing options has a strong impact on how quickly individuals move out of public housing. Family structure and human capital play a more modest role. To the extent that one's childhood experiences affect the likelihood of exiting public housing, they appear to do so mostly through their effect on the acquisition of human capital. Finally, the evidence presented is inconsistent with the notion that public housing is a trap from which it is more difficult to escape the longer one lives in it.

2025, Kwartalnik Ekonomistów i Menedżerów

This paper specifies competences and skills of methodologically rational decision making and their impact on security of organisations. The study indicates some reasons for developing the competencies and skills in education, professional development and taking them into account in the recruitment. It is the practical aim of this paper. Its scientific aim is to formulate and to partly justify general hypotheses concerning the impact of methodologically rational and irrational attitudes of members of organisations on their security. We apply the method of ideal types of Max Weber and phenomenological analyses, which concern intentionality of methodologically rational and irrational mental attitudes.

2025

It is widely recognized that we live in an increasingly unsafe society, but the study of security and crime prevention has lagged behind in its importance on the political agenda and has not matched the level of public concern. This exciting new series aims to address these issues looking at topics such as crime control, policing, security, theft, workplace violence and crime, fear of crime, civil disorder, white collar crime and anti-social behaviour. International in perspective, providing critically and theoretically-informed work, and edited by a leading scholar in the field, this series will advance new understandings of crime prevention and security management.

2025, History of the Human Sciences

This article questions the current vogue of Carl Schmitt among political theorists who read him as an antidote to the depoliticizing force of economics and technology in the age of neoliberalism and its algorithmic rationalities. It takes Schmitt's sparse reflections about cybernetics and game theory as paradigmatic of the theoretical and political problems raised by any theory positing the autonomy of the political. It suggests that this ultimately misunderstands the role of cybernetic representations of political decisionmaking in shoring up in the 1960s and 1970s the autonomy of the political that Schmitt so vehemently defended.

2025, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRENDS IN EMERGING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Introduction:
This paper focusing on the Kanyashree Programme in West Bengal reveals that the intervention is a conditional cash transfer programme that seeks to raise female literacy and postpone their marriage ages from lower socioeconomic families, in order to reduce gender disparities and empower the girl child.
Objectives: The aims are to focus on learning about enrollment and rates of continuation, average age of marrying, health and nutritional status, and speed in increase of income, gender roles and norms, and the efficiency in implementing the program.
Methodology: The specific method adopted in the research is to follow a quota sampling technique of 300 undergraduate female beneficiaries, and employ questionnaires, interviews and program files as instruments for data collection and use t-tests and chi-square tests in analyzing quantitative data.
Conclusion: Recommendations for future research since more evaluation is needed to reveal the effectiveness of this program in the long run and how some challenges can be addressed, as well as modifying the program policy to make it easily accessible for all. All in all, Kanyashree Prakalpa is established as an essential programme in the pursuite of gender equality and social emancipation of adolescent girls in West Bengal and a key to the gender sensitive and equitable West Bengal.

2025, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi

Bu makale, cezaevi ve hapsetmenin bireyleri ve toplumu suç işlemekten ne düzeyde caydırdığı sorunsalı üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bununla ilintili olarak bir cezalandırılma biçimi olarak hapsetmenin ve dolayısıyla cezaevinin mahkumlar üzerindeki etkisi tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, cezaevinden salıverilen bazı suçluların yeniden suç işleme nedeni olarak "cezaevi alt-kültürü" faktörü irdelenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, suçluların sadece hapsedilmeleri veya cezaevine kapatılmalarının, suçlular üzerinde istenilen veya beklenen düzeyde caydırıcı bir işlev görmediği ileri sürülmektedir. Sonuç olarak; cezaevine alternatif olarak yeni yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi, toplumda cezalandırma politikalarına ağırlık verilmesi, secici bir tutuklama politikası ile sadece azılı suçluların hapsedilmelerinin sağlanması ve suçluların cezaevine kapatılmaları ile birlikte rehabilitasyon çalışmalarının da bu sürece eşlik etmesi gerekliliğinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır.

2025, Chicago Kent Law Review

2025

In Behavioral Economics approach, don’t exist a perfect rationality to a model, but depends on limits on rationality, willpower, self-interest, and attention, where theories should be judged by the accuracy of their predictions, and not... more

2025, Decision

Focusing on the behavior and outcomes, Prisoner’s dilemma research rarely encompasses the examination of the effects of (un)awareness. To bridge the research gap, the aim is to outline the deviations that stem from the (un)awareness and to assess its impact on the in-game reasoning, outcome, and modeling. More precisely, through a thought experiment, the overview conceptually encompasses the effects of (un)awareness of game elements (actions, players, and payoffs), differing between awareness in a narrow and broad sense. The deviations due to (un)awareness of game elements show how the game can deviate from the proposed model, whereby unawareness and skewed awareness of the players bear the most prominent differences. Compiling the most notable deviations provokes second thoughts on game theory modeling. The findings on each deviation are shortly discussed and extended to two practical examples to illustrate possible implications.

2025, Kul, B. (2024). An overview of current approaches and issues in negotiation ethics. In Advances in social sciences (pp. 511–535).

Negotiation ethics, an important concept that we encounter in many fields,
from daily life to business, from law to diplomacy, directly and strongly affects not only the relations between individuals but also the relations between institutions, communities, and countries. This universal emphasis explains the importance of negotiation ethics not only in the local and social contexts but also at the global level. Today, individuals, organizations, and even states aim to ensure long-term sustainability and protect their reputation by integrating ethical principles, values, and principles in negotiation processes. In recent years, negotiation ethics, which has attracted the attention of the business world and corporate circles, has been frequently studied.

2024, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice

2024

Bashar al-Assad, pemimpin Suriah yang telah memerintah selama lebih dari dua dekade, kini menghadapi akhir dari rezimnya. Sejak dilantik sebagai presiden pada 17 Juli 2000, Assad dikenal dengan kebijakan represif dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Namun, pada 8 Desember 2024, ia melarikan diri dari negara setelah pasukan pemberontak berhasil merebut Damaskus, menandai sebuah perubahan besar dalam dinamika politik Suriah. Kejadian yang Mengubah Segalanya Kejatuhan Assad terjadi setelah bertahun-tahun konflik yang melanda Suriah. Pemberontakan yang dimulai pada 2011 telah mengubah lanskap politik dan sosial negara tersebut. Dengan dukungan Rusia dan Iran, Assad mampu mempertahankan kekuasaannya selama bertahuntahun, meskipun dengan biaya yang tinggi, baik bagi rakyat Suriah maupun bagi stabilitas regional. Namun, serangan mendadak oleh pasukan pemberontak, terutama Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), berhasil mengguncang Damaskus. Keterdesakan situasi memaksa Assad untuk melarikan diri ke Moskow, di mana ia diberikan suaka politik. Kepergiannya menandai akhir dari salah satu rezim paling otoriter di era modern.

2024, Kognice a umělý život V

Abstrakt: Vo svetle pribúdajúcich biologických poznatkov ponúkame neurovedný pohľad na odveký problém vzťahu mysle a mozgu. Prezentovaný pohľad je redukcionistický v tom zmysle, že mentálne procesy chápeme ako dynamiku neurálnych procesov, a je súčasne dualistický v tom zmysle, že postuluje dve úrovne činnosti mozgu, ktoré sa vzájomne ovplyvňujú. Vzťah mozgu a mysle je transformovaný na vzťah neurónov k mozgu ako celku. Kauzalita zdola nahor sa prejavuje existenciou emergentných javov v mozgu, zatiaľ čo ...

2024

It is widely recognized that we live in an increasingly unsafe society, but the study of security and crime prevention has lagged behind in its importance on the political agenda and has not matched the level of public concern. This exciting new series aims to address these issues looking at topics such as crime control, policing, security, theft, workplace violence and crime, fear of crime, civil disorder, white collar crime and antisocial behaviour. International in perspective, providing critically and theoretically-informed work, and edited by a leading scholar in the field, this series will advance new understandings of crime prevention and security management.

2024, RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

This paper estimates sibling correlations in cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills to evaluate the importance of family background for skill formation. The study is based on a large representative German dataset, which includes IQ test scores and measures of personality (locus of control, reciprocity, Big Five) for brothers and sisters. Using a Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) model we find substantial influences of family background on the skills of both brothers and sisters. Sibling correlations of personality traits range from 0.24 to 0.59, indicating that even for the lowest estimate, one fourth of the variance can be attributed to factors shared by siblings. With one exception, all calculated sibling correlations in cognitive skills are higher than 0.50, indicating that more than half of the inequality can be explained by family characteristics. Comparing these findings to the results in the intergenerational skill transmission literature suggests that intergenerational correlations are only able to capture parts of the influence of the family on children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. This result is in line with findings in the literature on educational and income mobility.

2024

This series presents research findings based either directly on data from the German SocioEconomic Panel study (SOEP) or using SOEP data as part of an internationally comparable data set (e.g. CNEF, ECHP, LIS, LWS, CHER/PACO). SOEP is a truly multidisciplinary household panel study covering a wide range of social and behavioral sciences: economics, sociology, psychology, survey methodology, econometrics and applied statistics, educational science, political science, public health, behavioral genetics, demography, geography, and sport science. The decision to publish a submission in SOEPpapers is made by a board of editors chosen by the DIW Berlin to represent the wide range of disciplines covered by SOEP. There is no external referee process and papers are either accepted or rejected without revision. Papers appear in this series as works in progress and may also appear elsewhere. They often represent preliminary studies and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a...

2024

Arab Spring di negara Suriah akhirnya tuntas, ditandai kejatuhan Bashar al-Assad dari kursi kepresidenan, yang telah ia genggam sejak 17 Juli 2000, gerakan oposisi Suriah, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) bersama faksi-faksi oposisi lain, telah berhasil menguasai ibu kota Damaskus, sebelumnya secara maraton kelompok-kelompok oposisi ini mengusai satu demi satu kota-kota di luar Kota Damaskus seperti Allepo, Hama, dan Homs. Keberhasilan kelompok oposisi menjatuhkan al-Assad, tentu saja mengejutkan publik dunia internasional, di tengah konflik Hamas-Israel dan Rusia-Ukraina, di dalam hitungan kurang lebih dari dua belas hari, kelompok oposisi di bawah komando milisi Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), kelompok oposisi terbesar di Suriah saat ini, mampu menguasai wilayah dan kota dari tangan pemerintah Bashar al-Assad dengan sangat cepat. Kelompok Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) melancarkan serangan kilat, yang tidak mampu dibendung militer pemerintah, berbagai pertempuran terjadi lebih dari satu minggu ini, ternyata mudah dimenangkan oleh kelompok oposisi. Sistem pertahanan militer Suriah dan sekutunya tidak mampu menghentikan laju pergerakan Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), sampai akhirnya kelompok ini bisa menguasai Damaskus. Setidaknya terdapat beberapa analisis menjadi faktor kerapuhan sistem pertahanan militer al-Assad ketika menghadapi kelompok oposisi. Pertama, kekuatan militer Rusia yang selama ini menjadi sekutu Bashar al-Assad, tidak bisa membantu maksimal sistem pertahanan Suriah.

2024, www.retizen.republika.co.id

Arab Spring simbol dari gerakan rakyat (people power) di beberapa negara Timur Tengah pada tahun 2010, menjadi peristiwa menggetarkan dunia di kawasan itu, setelah Revolusi Iran 1979, Arab Spring yang berhasil menggulingkan penguasa-penguasa otoriter seperti Zainal Abidin bin Ali (Tunisia), Husni Mubarak (Mesir), Muammar Khadafi (Libya), dan Ali Abdullah Saleh (Yaman), tercatat sebagai salah satu pergerakan rakyat terbesar di abad kedua puluh satu. Keunikan Arab Spring bila dibandingkan dengan peristiwa revolusi sosial di berbagai negara.

2024, Yale Journal of International Law

Two decades ago, while Richard Nixon was President and the Vietnam War still raged, ten energetic Yale law students founded Yale Studies in World Public Order. The prologue to their first issue, painstakingly typed and mulitlithed, announced the journal's commitment "to publishing articles which contribute to the understanding of [a] highly interrelated global process."' The lead article, entitled The New Haven School of International Law: An Invitation to a Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence, observed: The New Haven school does not describe the world's different community decision processes through a dichotomy of national and international law, in terms of the relative supremacy of one system of rules or other interrelations of rules. Instead, it describes them in terms of the interpenetration of multiple processes of authoritative decision of varying territorial compass .... [i]nternational law is most realistically observed, not as a mere rigid set of rules but as the whole process of authoritative decision in which patterns of authority and patterns of control are appropriately conjoined. 2 The Journal's intervening years have seen remarkable growth and change. Today, the masthead has grown to number 63 students, including 26 women and 21 people of color. Issues are now word-processed, desktop-published, and sent to the publisher in camera-ready copy from the Journal's law school offices. As the New Haven School has evolved to employ new modes of analysis, the Journal has followed it. 3 And as scholars in New Haven and elsewhere have come to study international law from perspectives other than World Public Order, the content of the Journal has widened to encompass new subjects and strands of thinking. In the last few years, for example, the

2024, Influence of demonetization on various sectors of the Indian economy

Abstract
Background: India demonetized the currency in November 2016, scrapping 86.9 percent of the currency in
circulation. This policy disrupted most economic activities because India was predominantly a cash economy.
Purpose: The study aims to analyze the impact of demonetization on the informal-formal sector and the Indian
stock markets, where investment reflects investors’ confidence. Another purpose is to know the usefulness of
demonetization in the proliferation of digitalization.
Study design/methodology/approach: The study incorporates primary data to determine the impact on
informal and formal workers’ income and the acceptance of digitalization in rural-urban areas in Faridabad,
Haryana. A survey was conducted, and samples for informal-formal workers and rural-urban households were
collected and analyzed using the F test and the ANOVA model using an independent dummy or qualitative
variables. The secondary data of the Indian stock market were empirically tested and forecasted using the
Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model.
Finding/Conclusions: The empirical analysis reveals that after demonetization, informal workers’ earnings
dropped significantly, and there is a substantial income disparity between informal-formal workers. A wide gap
persists in adopting digital transactions due to low awareness of digital instruments in rural areas compared to
urban areas. On the contrary, no significant impact is noticed in the Indian stock market as the forecasted value
of shares trading depicts positive growth. The study identifies the gaps in policy implementation. It exposes the
implementation of macroeconomic policies ensuring the protection of the interest and livelihood of economically
vulnerable populations. The spread of awareness towards electronic transactions may help to promote
digitalization
Limitations/future research: The study is limited to a few areas. Hence, the scope of future research rests
on macro-level data where comparison could be conducted between rural and urban areas across various
states in India.

2024, The Insiera Insight

2024

While recent measures announced by the government indicate some awareness of the hardships inflicted on the informal sector by the note ban, more needs to be done. In this article, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Siddhartha Mitra, Sarmistha Pal and Bibhas Saha summarise the emerging evidence on the significant adverse impact of demonetisation on the informal sector, and suggest policy measures to ensure a steady recovery.

2024, Critical Studies in Education

This article aims to contribute to current debates about political power and agency relationships in education and other public sectors. In a recent clarion call for a major redirection of political principal-agent theories (PAT), Terry Moe has argued that standard information asymmetries ought no longer to be regarded as the sole foundation of bureaucrat power. According to Moe, current theories largely overlook the direct electoral power of agents and their unions (EPA) in voting for their own bureaucratic principals. Therefore, they are biased systematically towards underestimating agent power. We critically address both Moe's theoretical arguments, and his empirical applications to Californian school board elections. We conclude that Moe overestimates the power consequences of EPA on both counts. We outline a more balanced version of 'multiple-role' PAT and of its potential implications for our understanding of the political power of public school teachers and bureaucrats more generally.

2024, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism

In attempting to explain Israel's retaliatory policies toward Palestinian violence, new institutionalist and rational choice theories vie for dominance. This article argues that both approaches can contribute to understanding the severity of Israel's response if they are viewed as nested explanations appropriate to different threat levels. The article makes its case using data from 74 interviews with senior Israeli counterterrorist experts , counts of Israeli and Palestinian fatalities due to state and collective violence , and a database of collective violence events during the Second Intifada . Institutional effects are evident at low threat levels, as new institutionalists predict, but these effects are overwhelmed at high threat levels, as rational choice theorists assert. What explains Israel's retaliatory policies toward Palestinian violence? Why does Israel sometimes respond with overwhelming force, even at the risk of provoking harsh international criticism, and at other times with measured police or military action? In reviewing the relevant literature, this article identifies two main approaches to these questions, one rooted in rational choice theory and the other in what has come to be known as the "new institutionalism." To assess the validity of the two theories, the article analyzes monthly counts of Palestinian and Israeli fatalities due to state and collective violence from 1987 to 2007, the results of a survey of leading Israeli counterterrorist experts conducted in 2006-07, and data on state and collective violence from 2000 to 2005. The article finds that, although both theories have validity, they apparently apply to different levels of threat to Israeli society and the Israeli state.

2024, Journal of Economic Methodology

In discussing rational choice theory (RCT) as an explanation of demand behavior, Becker (1962, Journal of Political Economy, 70, 1 -13) proposed a model of random choice in which consumers pick a bundle on their budget line according to a uniform distribution. This model has then been used in various ways to assess the validity of RCT and to support as-if arguments in defense of it. This paper makes both historical and methodological contributions. Historically, it investigates how the interpretation of Becker random behavior evolved between the original 1962 article and the modern experimental literature on individual demand, and surveys six experiments in which it has been used as an alternative hypothesis to RCT. Methodologically, this paper conducts an assessment of the as-if defense of RCT from the standpoint of Becker's model. It argues that this defense is 'weak' in a number of senses, and that it has negatively influenced the design of experiments about RCT.