Regenerative Braking Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

Declaro que concedo à Universidade do Minho e aos seus agentes uma licença não-exclusiva para arquivar e tornar acessível, nomeadamente através do seu repositório institucional, nas condições abaixo indicadas, a minha dissertação, no todo ou em parte, em suporte digital. Declaro que autorizo a Universidade do Minho a arquivar mais de uma cópia da dissertação e a, sem alterar o seu conteúdo, converter a dissertação entregue, para qualquer formato de ficheiro, meio ou suporte, para efeitos de preservação e acesso. Retenho todos os direitos de autor relativos à dissertação, e o direito de a usar em trabalhos futuros (como artigos ou livros). Concordo que a minha dissertação seja colocada no repositório da Universidade do Minho com o seguinte estatuto: --Disponibilização imediata do conjunto do trabalho para acesso mundial;

2025

for being there on thesis committee and also for their helpful advice and comments on this project. Finally, my deepest thanks to my parents for all the support, encouragement and love they have given me.

2025, Cristiano pinheiro dos santos

Criar uma transmissão elétrica envolve diversos componentes
Aqui está um resumo das etapas gerais

2025, Journal of KONES

In this article we present a simplified model of centre differential control. At the beginning, the introduction highlights important role of center differential control and tests carried out using mathematical models. This work contains the full development of a model, consisting of: the equations which describe the vehicle, the structure of the model, important values and parameters used in the simulation. All these components allow you to expand an existing model, thus is not necessary to create it from the beginning. It presents detailed equations which were realized by a simulation model with a simplified block diagram illustrating the structure of the model and on the next the full structure. Then a concept of a simplified torque of split control system was described and which will be continue as the basis for the simulation model. The action of the control system is presented by the simulation model implemented in Matlab Simulink. Model refers to a linear motion in different road conditions and using the control of centre differential. In the following defines the parameters and data used in the model and the fifth chapter contains sample waveforms of model variables along with their brief description. The last two points are synthetic applications and supporting literature.

2025

This paper presents an overview of EV driving simulation development work on ULTIMATE simulator of Renault, Technical Center for Simulation (TCS). A user case of driving on packed snow road is developed in order to analyze the stability of the EV with regenerative brake on the one hand and to prepare the future ESC tuning scenario on the other hand. The real-time vehicle's dynamics model and the tyre model on low friction road are the prerequisites for achieving the realistic driving simulation. First of all, a process from Adams/Car multi-body dynamics to real-time functional model, such as MADA (internal vehicle dynamics model) or AMESim, is developed by TCS. Secondly, a special adjusted Pacejka internal model based on packed snow road measures is used in the vehicle's model. As the result, the precise modelling associated with a tilt coordination explicit MPC motion cueing algorithm gives a close fidelity of driving simulation.

2025, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems

This paper presents a novel 4-quadrant chopper design for controlling the speed of electric vehicles, featuring a regenerative braking mechanism to improve energy efficiency. Regenerative braking recovers energy during deceleration by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy stored in the battery. This process activates automatically when the accelerator pedal is released, slowing the vehicle while reducing reliance on mechanical brakes, which remain available for emergency situations. The system's voltage control is achieved using a pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique that adjusts the duty cycle of switching devices. A microcontroller serves as the system's core, generating PWM signals and coordinating its operation. The performance of the chopper was evaluated through simulations and experiments, demonstrating that optimal energy recovery occurs at duty cycles of 55-65%. The results revealed that up to 400 joules of energy can be regenerated per braking cycle, particularly in stop-start driving conditions. This innovative design contributes to a 5-10% extension in battery life per charge cycle, enhancing the overall efficiency and sustainability of electric vehicles. The proposed system demonstrates significant potential for energy recovery and reduced wear on mechanical braking systems, paving the way for more efficient electric vehicle technologies.

2025, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems

The integration of computer simulation modules in electric drive courses plays a pivotal role in modern engineering education by offering students hands-on experience and fostering a deeper understanding of theoretical concepts. This study highlights the significance of enhancing engineering education through an innovative simulation module designed to analyze electric drive systems. The module enables the specification of suitable converters and machines for speed and position control systems while focusing on the steady-state operations of AC and DC drives. Through simulation exercises, students explore converter circuit topologies, control strategies, and the two-quadrant operations of electric machines using fully controlled two-pulse bridge circuits, encompassing motoring and braking modes in the first and fourth quadrants. The proposed module demonstrates its effectiveness in bridging theory and practice, evidenced by significant improvements in students' comprehension of circuit configurations and control algorithms. The approach enhances critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and the ability to relate theoretical knowledge to practical applications. Future research will focus on extending the module's capabilities to incorporate additional quadrants of operation and advanced control strategies. By integrating such tools into the curriculum, educators can better prepare students for the evolving demands of engineering careers.

2025

The Formula Student competition is a student competition where teams compete against each other in a real world engineering environment. The competition is commonly known as the Formula 1 of Universities. The team of the Technical University of Lisbon decided to go forward in the design of an Electric Formula Racing Car for the Formula Student competitions. It is proposed a Formula Student Racing Car with an electric power train. The main goal is to compare it´s performance with the previous, Formula Student gas engine car designed and manufactured by the team, in terms of autonomy, performance and efficiency. The Formula Race Car is modeled and simulated in MATLAB / Simulink to predict the performance autonomy of the Formula Electric Race Car and compare it with the previous engine Formula Race Car. The simulation can help the team to find the best compromise for the overall package of the electric racing car. The main goal for this first electric car is to get the know-how to design and manufacture more and better formula electric race cars.

2025

This work presents energy recovery in electrical form that is supplied by the batteries of the electric vehicles. In these vehicles, the batteries do not hold as much charge in the winter or cold months, thereby reducing the distance traveled per charge. This paper provides a method using a microcontroller to generate heat and regenerating the electrical charge in a blended form. The Musettes are controlled in such a way to blend the two processes – regenerating the charge and heating in an optimal manner depending upon the requirement.

2025

Resumen. La mayoría de los cursos introductorios de sistemas de control presenta un enfoque esencialmente teórico con un contenido matemático dominante. El recurso didáctico más utilizado son los laboratorios virtuales orientados a la visualización y análisis de resultados de diseños de papel y lápiz. Por otra parte, aún cuando se contemplen experiencias sobre sistemas reales, es frecuente que se trabaje solo sobre sistemas de tiempo continuo. En este trabajo se presenta un prototipo de bajo costo que permite diseñar una secuencia de experiencias de laboratorio para ser integradas en la formación en sistemas de control para ingeniería electrónica. Las experiencias, orientadas al diseño e implementación del control digital en tiempo real de un sistema dinámico, son ideadas para lograr una mejor comprensión e integración de los diversos conceptos involucrados, tales como sistemas de tiempo real y control realimentado, con la aplicación de las tecnologías actuales asociadas a sistemas embebidos.

2025

The control of induction machine as integrated starter generator forms an interesting academic and practical solution for future 42V PowerNet in hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, an alternative control method is proposed for induction machine, which enjoys the advantages of stator vector control and direct torque control and avoids some implementation difficulties of either of the two control methods. To obtain a fixed switching frequency and low torque ripple, the proportional-integral controllers and space vector modulation technique are used. Furthermore, by controlling the machine's torque, the required DC-bus voltage can be regulated within the 42V PowerNet specifications.

2024, World Electric Vehicle Journal

The ability to regenerate energy when braking is a valuable advantage of hybrid and fully electric vehicles. How much energy that can be regenerated depends mainly on the car driving and the capacity of the driveline. Detailed studies of possibilities for brake energy regeneration in real world driving are needed to better understand the potential gains of car-electrification since test cycles do not take individual driving or elevation into account. This study has analysed the potential for regeneration in Swedish car driving by applying a model for a normalized vehicle to a highly detailed and representative data set of individual car movements for privately driven cars in Sweden. The share of energy at the wheels used for braking was found to range from 12% to 63%, with an average of 30%. Engine braking could however reduce the amount of recoverable energy to about 16%. On average 42% and 89% of the potentially regenerable energy is available below 10 and 40 kW, respectively. Drivers with lower average speed have in general a higher share of the energy at the wheels potentially available for regeneration. This is however not an important factor to determine the total yearly energy/cost savings. Instead the yearly mileage is shown to be a more relevant indicator on total energy savings from regeneration. The results are compared to the NEDC and WLTP test cycles.

2024, Hybrid electric vehicles

2024, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

The electric vehicle (EV) concept is considered the ideal solution to save the environment from pollution occurring due to internal combustion engines or ICE-based vehicles. However, electric power trains have found more penetration in the segment of passenger vehicles and electric buses. This paper presents the performance of an electric truck. Field-oriented controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is used for the powertrain of the proposed electric truck. The performance of the proposed electric truck is analyzed for propulsion as well as regenerative mode of operation using MATLAB. The effect of different gradient conditions of the road surface on the behavior of the proposed truck is observed. The presented simulation results depict the satisfactory operation of the proposed PMSM-driven electric truck for various operating conditions.

2024

TUCer team developed a prototype, portable chassis dynamometer capable of carrying out experimentation with alternate scenarios of acceleration, constant speed and deceleration, in a fully automated way. A controller scheme based on Robot Operating System was programmed, using open source tools. The testing scenarios are implemented using a motor/generator and an electronically controlled load, embedded on the dynamometer. Extensive testing during TUCer systems' development and real race conditions proved the dynamometer's reliability and functionality.

2024

In the present context of the global economic crisis and environmental emergency, transport science is asked to find innovative solutions to turn traditional vehicles into fuel-saving and eco-friendly devices. In the last few years, hybrid vehicles have been shown to have potential benefits in this sense. In this paper, the fuel economy of series hybrid-electric and hybrid-mechanical buses is simulated in two real driving situations: cold and hot weather driving in the city of Taranto, in Southern Italy. The numerical analysis is carried out by an inverse dynamic approach, where the bus speed is given as a velocity pattern measured in the field tests performed on one of the city bus routes. The city of Taranto drive schedule is simulated in a typical tempered climate condition and with a hot temperature, when the air conditioning system must be switched on for passenger comfort. The fuel consumptions of hybrid-electric and hybrid-mechanical buses are compared to each other and with a traditional bus powered by a diesel engine. It is shown that the series hybrid-electric vehicle outperforms both the traditional and the mechanical hybrid vehicles in the cold weather driving simulation, reducing the fuel consumption by about 35% with respect to the traditional diesel bus. However, it is also shown that the performance of the hybrid-electric bus gets dramatically worse when the air-cooling system is continuously turned on. In this situation, the fuel consumption of the three different technologies for city buses under investigation is comparable.

2024

The next generation of military vehicles will require new and improved power systems. As fuel prices continue to rise and as power draws become greater on tactical wheeled vehicles, the performance and efficiency of the power system becomes more important. Up to 40% of vehicular traffic in combat theater is dedicated to fuel and water logistics. Reduction in fuel consumption will result in less traffic and reduced exposure to IED's as well as gains in cost efficiency. Advances in powertrain and vehicle systems are required to achieve these gains. Hybrid propulsion systems have been proven in passenger automobiles as well as some commercial applications. This technology enables fuel economy improvements upwards of 25%. Hybrid systems can also provide export power and silent watch capability for military vehicles. Duty cycle and environmental demands are more severe in military applications and current energy storage devices are not robust. Several hybrid military platforms have been demonstrated, but durability and performance concerns outweigh the benefits. Specifically, electrochemical energy storage systems are limited by operating temperature, and life cycle. Improved energy storage devices are needed and one potential device is the high speed flywheel. Advances in materials and controls have led to more efficient and more powerful systems. This paper explores the application of current flywheel technology to a tactical vehicle using modeling simulations and compares with existing energy storage devices.

2024, International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development

The depleting fossil fuels and environmental concerns are paving the way for the development of renewable energy sources for power generation. The generation of electricity through solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the best ways to increase energy security and address environmental concerns. Various remote areas in developing countries like India lack access to electricity at houses, community health and education facilities. Electricity generation by using stand-alone solar PV systems make the electrification of isolated areas possible. The maturation of PV technology and reduction in the cost of PV modules have made the availability and use PV more profound. Solar PV generated power can be used for lighting purpose; water pumping application for meeting the domestic and irrigation water demand; flour milling; vaccine refrigeration at health centers; running communication devices like radio and television sets which help in linking rural people to the urban centers, etc. This paper presents the role of solar photovoltaic power in sustainable development of communities especially in rural areas.

2024, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

In this work, a method of regenerative braking of an electric scooter was developed. Regenerative braking of electric vehicles is the basis for energy saving cars and environmental protection. A stand was made for the study of a magnets and an ionistor. In the proposed method, an ionistor is additionally connected in parallel to the battery, which charges faster than the battery, so the process of accelerating the electric vehicle after stopping also occurs faster. It should also be noted that if emergency braking is necessary to stop an electric vehicle, the driver can press the brake pedal and stop the car using brake pads. The paper investigates the method of the element base for the vehicle, as well as control. To develop this study, an electric scooter was chosen as an electric vehicle model. The dependences of the electric current on the operating time of the ionistor in three positions are determined. During the actual speed of the electric scooter corresponds to the controll...

2024

The aim of this paper is to build an energy storage system for regenerative braking, with use of dc to dc converter, and testing rig to perform testing for dc drive with dc motor with the super capacitor bank against diesel locomotive (WDM2) regenerative braking profiles. A bank of was constructed along with a bidirectional DC to DC converter allowing practical testing of two of the four possible bank configurations. An average of 55% and 63% end to end efficiency was found for the two configurations respectively when tested fewer than two modes of regenerative braking profiles. It was found that capacitor banks with a higher maximum voltage i.e. more cells in series were more efficient as there were lower input and output currents and most of losses were restricted to the converter.

2024

In an era of total dependence on energy and transport, the need for alternatives to fossil fuels is getting higher as years pass by. The increasingly aggravated climate changes create a constant concern in reducing energy consumption and the emission of pollutant gases into our atmosphere, especially greenhouse gases like CO 2. Naturally, the transport sector is one of the most affected since it's totally dependent on fuels like gasoline, diesel and even natural gas.

2024, Elektron

El presente trabajo describe el proceso de desarrollo y verificación de un sistema de potencia para motores de corriente continua sin escobillas, especialmente diseñado para su uso en vehículos eléctricos, considerando el rápido crecimiento de las tecnologías de movilidad eléctrica. El diseño propuesto implementa funcionalidades adicionales clave para este tipo de aplicaciones, como frenado regenerativo y telemetría mediante una aplicación móvil. El prototipo construido fue verificado mediante diversos ensayos de laboratorio.

2024, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems

This paper presents the practical analysis of Boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode under current control. We start by theconverter modeling, then experimental results will be exposed where we propose an experimental circuit, to study the influence of the variation of different circuit parameters such as reference current, input voltage and load. We also analyze the control technique performances. The experimental results are given and interpreted in each case.

2024, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development

Thermal power plants are one of the noisiest processing plants. However, regular exposure to industrial noise can't be avoided which might be the reason for the neurobehavioral change, mental pressure and misery in day by day existence without demonstrating the manifestations of chronic / acute diseases. In Business, the Two can be caused by excessive Sound exposure Extra-auditory and auditory consequences. The most important of them is currently hearing Harm resulting from exposure to excess sound. Another Effect is a disturbance or addresses interference of communication. Annoyance is the third impact of sound. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that clamor may agitate adjust's sensation reduces productivity on undertakings and may cause veins to overeat, increasing blood pressure and lessen blood stream's quantity. Thus a complete noise reduction system is required to measure, monitor and reduce the noise level in a thermal power plant. The scope of this project is to propose a chamber based silencer muffler design for draft fans, which plays an important role in thermal power plants. Draft fans (Forced Draft (FD Fan) and Induced Draft (ID Fan)) regulate the air pressure inside the boiler system.

2024, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development

Fault-Tolerant, small-scale wind energy conversion (WEC) system often utilises permanent magnet synchronous generator coupled with an uncontrolled diode rectifier. To enhance the electromagnetic performance and fault-tolerant capability over classical three-phase generator, a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator (FP-PMSG) has been opted here. The design and optimisation are carried out using finite element method (FEM). The rectified DC link voltage and its ripple factor is considered as the two basic performance parameters for the overall system. Furthermore it is compared with conventional 3and 5-phase PMSGs both under healthy and faulty conditions. The simulated and FEM results of the proposed generator is further validated with experimental results of the prototype of 60 slots eight poles fractional slot double layer winding surface mounted PMSG.

2024, International Journal of Automotive Technology

The braking system of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is composed of friction and regenerative braking system, meaning that braking torque is generated by the collaboration of the friction and regenerative braking system. With the attributes, there are two problems in the HEV braking system. First, rapid deceleration occurs due to dynamic characteristic difference when shifting the friction and regenerative braking systems. Second, the friction braking torque alters with temperature because the friction coefficient changes with the temperature. These problems cause the vehicle to be unstable. In this paper, the concurrence control and compensation control were proposed to solve these problems. And also, the concurrence control and compensation control were combined for the stability of the braking system. In order to confirm the effect of these control algorithms, the experiment and simulation were conducted. Consequently, it was confirmed that the control algorithm of this study improved the vehicle safety and stability.

2024, International Journal of Automotive Technology

2024

This thesis describes the design of an electric powertrain for a Formula Student race car. The main focus is the comparison of RWD versus 4WD and to investigate the possibilities to use regenerative braking and torque vectoring. 2014 will be the first time that Chalmers Formula Student team will compete with an electricly powered vehicle; this thesis gives guidelines for the design. Models of the vehicle dynamics are set up to investigate the differences between RWD and 4WD. From the longitudinal dynamics model the maximum possible acceleration is calcualted which is of great importance for a race car. This model also sets the requirements for the motors and gearings. The lateral dynamics investigates the performance of the car in cornering. The advantages in using a torque vectoring system are studied. The vertical dynamics models give data about the affect of having higher unsprung mass, which in-wheel motors will cause. From these models it is evident that major advantages can be gained by using 4WD. More traction, and thus better acceleration, is gained when the tire grip of all four wheels is used. It is also possible to implement a more powerful torque vectoring system when the driving force of all four wheels can be controlled. A torque vectoring algorithm were implemented on a RC-car to be able to evaluate the concept and control algorithms. Calculations on the regenerative braking show how much energy efficiency that can be gained. The calculations also show the large benefit of combining 4WD and regenerative braking. The most important powertrain components such as batteries, motors, gears and motor controller are investigated. Recommendations of components types and important design parameters are presented.

2024, Exacta

As características de operação do sistema de tração elétrica metroferroviária podem ser predeterminadas por meio de simulação a partir de modelos matemáticos. A simulação digital é uma importante ferramenta de apoio ao projeto e permite um ensaio das alternativas a custo reduzido, viabilizando sua posterior comparação. Em razão de sua importância, este trabalho tem como objetivo a conceituação, de forma sintética, da simulação do sistema de tração elétrica, seus métodos e modelos. Esta conceituação aborda, primeiramente, o estudo do movimento de um trem em uma linha e a sua modelagem matemática. Em seguida, o trabalho analisa a simulação de tráfego e a representação do circuito elétrico que alimenta os trens, em termos físicos e matemáticos. Por fim, este trabalho traz a proposta e a aplicação de um método numérico para a solução do sistema que representa este circuito elétrico de alimentação.

2024, flywheel generators group

practical guide to build free energy flywheel generator
full detail
all system design
all part apecifications

2024, flywheel generator

Practical guide to build free energy flywheel generator

2024, Locomotiva Diesel-Elétrica - Volume 3

Sistemas de Tração Ferroviária

2024

This paper aims to develop an engine start control approach for a micro/mild hybrid machine for a capable of cranking the engine without injection. First, the powertrain is physically modelled using a co-simulation platform. Second, experiment data of the traditional machine is acquired to optimize the model. Third, a model-based adaptive controller is designed for the starter to crank the engine quickly and smoothly to minimize the operator discomfort. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through numerical simulations with the established model.

2024, 2007 Power Conversion Conference - Nagoya

2024, Energies

Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to extend their driving range. A fuzzy-logic-based regenerative braking strategy (RBS) integrated with series regenerative braking is developed in this paper to advance the level of energy-savings. From the viewpoint of securing car stability in braking operations, the braking force distribution between the front and rear wheels so as to accord with the ideal distribution curve are considered to prevent vehicles from experiencing wheel lock and slip phenomena during braking. Then, a fuzzy RBS using the driver's braking force command, vehicle speed, battery SOC, battery temperature are designed to determine the distribution between friction braking force and regenerative braking force to improve the energy recuperation efficiency. The experimental results on an "LF620" prototype EV validated the feasibility and effectiveness of regenerative braking and showed that the proposed fuzzy RBS was endowed with good control performance. The maximum driving range of LF620 EV was improved by 25.7% compared with non-RBS conditions.

2024, Volume 5B: 38th Mechanisms and Robotics Conference

This paper presents the development of a regenerative brake and launch assist (RBLA) mechanism that stores energy in an elastic medium. Automotive regenerative braking systems harness kinetic energy while a vehicle decelerates, and subsequently uses that stored energy to assist propulsion. Commercially available hybrid vehicles use generators, batteries, and motors to electrically implement regenerative braking and increase overall vehicle efficiency. With the intent to apply regenerative braking technology to conventional automobiles equipped with only an internal combustion engine, a spring-based mechanical device is proposed. This RBLA concept implements clutches, gears, a ratchet and a spring. The mechanism captures energy from, and releases energy to, an additional shaft allowing the axle to continually rotate. Governing equations were formulated and validated by a dynamic simulation. In creating the detailed design, an optimization determined ideal spring and mechanism dimensi...

2024, Resources

In this work, the electromechanical system of the 8000-series of Athens trolleybuses, based on data provided by OSY S.A., is analyzed. Those data were used to develop a valid model in order to estimate the total energy consumption of the vehicle under any possible operating conditions. In addition, an effort is made to estimate the energy saving potential if the wasted energy-in the form of heat-during braking or downhill courses is recovered (regenerative braking) and retrofitted during normal operation. This process requires the installation of appropriate electrical apparatus to recover and temporarily store this energy amount. Moreover, due to the fact that the main engine of the system is an asynchronous electric machine, its driving scheme is also of interest. This study assumes the current driving scheme, that is the direct vector control (DVC), and proposes an alternative control method, the direct torque control (DTC). Energy consumption/saving calculations highlight the effectiveness of incorporating regenerative braking infrastructure in trolleybuses transportation systems. Finally, a sustainable hybrid energy storage unit that supports regenerative braking is proposed.

2024, Resources

In this work, the electromechanical system of the 8000-series of Athens trolleybuses, based on data provided by OSY S.A., is analyzed. Those data were used to develop a valid model in order to estimate the total energy consumption of the vehicle under any possible operating conditions. In addition, an effort is made to estimate the energy saving potential if the wasted energy—in the form of heat—during braking or downhill courses is recovered (regenerative braking) and retrofitted during normal operation. This process requires the installation of appropriate electrical apparatus to recover and temporarily store this energy amount. Moreover, due to the fact that the main engine of the system is an asynchronous electric machine, its driving scheme is also of interest. This study assumes the current driving scheme, that is the direct vector control (DVC), and proposes an alternative control method, the direct torque control (DTC). Energy consumption/saving calculations highlight the ef...

2024

Drive-train bench system is utilized to test powertrain components of a vehicle such as transmission, torque converter, etc. In order to simulate the real vehicle motion, it is necessary that dynamometers of the drive-train bench simulates the various road conditions such as dry road surface and snow road surface, etc. To simulate the condition that the vehicle is running on the dry road, it is necessary that the dynamometer is controlled so that the moment of inertia of the output side of the drive-train bench is virtually equal to the moment of inertia of the vehicle. On the other hand, to simulate the snow road surface, it is necessary that the dynamometer is controlled so that the moment of inertia of the drive-train bench is virtually equal to the moment of inertia of the tire. Furthermore, in the brake operation on the snow road surface, braking time changes by how to use brake. Drive-train bench simulates the brake operation of real vehicle by controlling the dynamometer. In ...

2024, SAE Technical Paper Series

Changing market requirements, pressure to minimize production costs, competition, but also legislative restrictions have an impact on a number of areas, not excluding the automotive industry. Currently, development trends are moving towards the application of advanced technological solutions and materials, with the aim to reduce vehicle's weight, increase their strength and safety, and at the same time reduce the emission of vehicles. The Shell Eco Marathon competition is an excellent platform for the implementation of these activities. The main goal of the competition is to support the creative invention of research teams and bring innovative ideas and technical solutions. The scientific article focuses on a detailed analysis of development steps in the construction of experimental vehicles. The results of the research were presented at a competition in London 2019 with successful achievement. This work is a contribution to the design and aerodynamic optimization of the body and at the same time brings new ideas and structural elements to improve the production power unit.

2024

Generally the braking system for a car is based on hydraulic braking technology. However, this traditional braking methodology causes a lot of energy wastage since it produces unwanted heat during braking. Thus, the invention of regenerative braking in electric car has overcome these disadvantages moreover it helps to save energy and provides higher efficiency for a car. In regenerative mode, the braking uses a generator; it transfers the kinetic to electrical energy to restore the batteries. The excessive energy from the rotational force that can be converted into electricity and fed back into the batteries during regenerative mode. The merits of regenerative braking over traditional braking are energy conservation, wear reduction, fuel consumption and more efficient transportation. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV). A vehicle powered significantly by light energy has a very large number of advantages. Nowadays, the brilliant technol...

2024

A number of different approaches have been used in order to calculate the energy consumption of lifts. Such approaches have ranged from simple rules of thumb, to lookup tables, more detailed equation-based models and simulation-based models. This paper presents an approach based on the use of MATLAB/Simulink to model the various components used in a lift in order to calculate the power drawn during the lift journey as well as the total energy consumption. The model comprises a number of modular blocks, such as the variable speed drive, the induction motor, the gearbox, the ropes, the lift car, the counterweight as well as the passenger load. The main advantage of this model is that it models the energy accurately based on the mechanical and electrical design of the system, as well as the kinematic parameters Moreover, the model is open source, transparent and intuitive (as it is based on the dragging and dropping of modules). The model offers a platform for any lift system designer to calculate the energy consumption of the system based on the electrical and mechanical components of the system.

2024, Algorithms

Reduction of contour error is a very important issue for high precise contour tracking applications, and many control systems were proposed to deal with contour tracking problems for two/three axial translational motion systems. However, there is no research on cross-coupled contour tracking control for serial multi-DOF robot manipulators. In this paper, the contouring control of multi-DOF serial manipulators is developed for the first time and a new cross-coupled PD (CC-PD) control law is proposed, based on contour errors of the end-effector and tracking errors of the joints. It is a combination of PD control for trajectory tracking at joint level and PD control for contour tracking at the end-effector level. The contour error of the end-effector is transformed to the equivalent tracking errors of the joints using the Jacobian regulation, and the CC-PD control law is implemented in the joint level. Stability analysis of the proposed CC-PD control system is conducted using the Lyapunov method, followed by some simulation studies for linear and nonlinear contour tracking to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CC-PD control system.

2024

Environmental protection and optimal energy resources are great activity research areas. As a result of these researches, electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid (HEV) developments have been accelerated. They have challenging problems such as low autonomy, power conversion, vehicle control, energy management and distribution within it, as well as the esthetic and mechanical design and also the economic issues. This set of problems inspired this master's project which is aimed to study and elaborate an algorithm for regenerative braking (RB) in a synchronous permanent magnet brushless machine (BLDC). Motivated in the RB strategy characteristics that provides to the EV, such as, autonomy increased, mechanical and electronic performance improvement just when the RB is activated and part of the kinetic energy is recovered through the electric maquine as a generator. This work was developed in several stages: mainly cover the regenerative braking concepts; study the BLDC motor from its model, driver and outstanding features identification respect others electric motors. Followed by the mechanical design of the system, which includes the transmission and inertia, to be included in the simulated model. Just as the development of the algorithms for the motor drive, where will be monitored speed and rotor position, in order to control its acceleration and deceleration. Subsequently a management regenerative braking algorithm, which monitors the engine state, and excecute the logical decisions for redirecting the energy, and for braking control. As a result it was found that when the electrical machine operates as a generator part of the kinetic energy is recovered during deceleration. And also it was able to prove that the algorithm manages the whole process operation since the acceleration, constant velocity and deceleration step by step, while minimizing energy consumption in every downturn.

2024

Computational modeling is intended to enhance understanding of the process applied to regenerative braking electric vehicle with induction motor. The resulting analysis presented in this paper allows us to define kinetic energy recovered during the deceleration, leading a regenerated energy for a bank of ultracapacitors to be reused. At the same time, the deceleration process should be fully controlled, allowing the driver to determine the desired deceleration and being transparent if the braking process occurs regenerative or dissipative.