Sand Cement Brick Research Papers (original) (raw)

2024, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Massive migration and increasing population in Malaysia has contributed to the increasing demand of quality and affordable housing. Over the past 50 years, the Malaysian housing industry has seen the growth of using conventional construction system such as reinforced concrete frame structures and bricks. The conventional system, as agreed by many researchers, causes delays and other disadvantages in some of the construction projects. Thus, the utilization of interlocking loadbearing hollow block (ILHB) system is needed to address these issues. This system has been identified as an alternative and sustainable building system for the construction industry in Malaysia which the PUTRA block system is the latest example of the ILHB developed. The system offers various advantages in terms of speed and cost in construction, strength, environmentally friendly and aesthetic qualities. Despite these advantages, this system has not been practically applied and develop in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper aims to review the past and present development of the interlocking loadbearing hollow block (ILHB) system that available locally and globally.

2024, Journal of Physics: Conference Series

This study deals with the effects of using Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and river sand in roof tile production. This work is based on experimental study of roof tiles produced with river sand and recycled PET in varying proportion of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 100% of PET combined with the corresponding fine aggregate percentage. The PET plastics used were derived from waste plastic bottles for soft drinks. The shredded plastic was subjected to heat and ensured that it does not lose it’s plasticity. The tests which were performed to evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of this material were sieve analysis, specific gravity, water absorption, density and compressive strength. The results show that recycled PET replacement gives better results for 40 and 50% of plastic composite tile than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) at 28 days. In conclusion, the plastic composite tiles have both good strength and absorptive property for roof tiling.

2024, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT)

In-situ index tests Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) Intact rock Nail gun The penetration depth is one of the major index parameters for indirect determination of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rock. That is, the weaker the rock, the deeper the nail penetration should be, and vice versa. However, the penetration depth depends on the strength of material, the impact energy and nail diameters of nail guns. In order for an empirical equation relating the penetration depth to the UCS to be widely used, the equation should be related to all varieties of gasnailers. The scope of this investigation is to develop an empirical equation relating the nail penetration depth (h) obtained through nail guns of different energy levels (e) and nail diameters (d) to UCS. In this context, a series of gasnailers with different energy levels and nail diameters were performed on 65 rock blocks. The results of laboratory conducted unconfined compressive test were correlated with nail penetration depth (h), nail gun energy (e) and nail diameter (d) and an empirical equation was established using multiple regression analysis. It covers a relatively wide range of energy levels and nail diameters for commercial gasnailers. The proposed equation can be used to estimate the UCS of intact rocks, thus providing the technical features needed for using commercial gasnailers.

2024, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

This study is focuses to the performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. The objective is to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste and to determine the optimum mix ratio of bricks containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste. The bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of compressive strength, it indicates that the replacement of RCA shows an increasing strength as the strength starts to increase from 25% to 50% for both mix design ratio. The strength for RCA 75% volume of replacement started to decrease as the volume of PET increase. However, the result of water absorption with 50% RCA and 1.0% PET show less permeable compared to control brick at both mix design ratio. Thus, one would expect the density of brick decrease and the water absorption to increase as the RCA and PET content is increased.

2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Green building technology and sustainability development is current focus in the world nowadays. In Malaysia and most tropical countries the maximum temperature recorded typically at 35C. Airconditioning system has become a necessity in occupied buildings, thereby increasing the cost of electric consumption. The aim of this study is to find out the solution in minimizing heat transfer from the external environment and intentions towards going green. In this study, the experimental work includes testing three types of concrete wall panels. The main heat intervention material in this research is 2 inch diameter Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe embedded at the center of the concrete wall panel, while the EPS foam beads were added to the cement content in the concrete mix forming the outer layer of the wall panel. Water from the rainwater harvesting system is regulated in the PVC pipe to intervene with the heat conductivity through the wall panel. Results from the experimental works show that the internal surface plain interlocking bricks.

2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Concrete is a building material that is widely used in the construction industry. With the increasing need for concrete, the demand for constituent materials will increase. To reduce dependence on natural materials, the recycling process of the concrete waste has been encouraged recently. This study applied a heating and grinding method of waste concrete to obtain higher quality recycled coarse aggregate. The addition of vibrations in the mixing process is aimed to enhance the recycled concrete compressive strength. To produce recycled coarse aggregate, the concrete waste was heated to a temperature of 100°C for 24 hours followed by a grinding process using a Los Angeles machine for 600 cycles. Additional vibrations for 30, 60, and 90 were applied in a concrete mixer during the mixing process. Conventional concrete with normal aggregate and no additional vibration during mixing was also provided for comparison. According to the experimental results, the quality of natural coarse agg...

2023, Journal of physics

This study deals with the effects of using Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and river sand in roof tile production. This work is based on experimental study of roof tiles produced with river sand and recycled PET in varying proportion of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 100% of PET combined with the corresponding fine aggregate percentage. The PET plastics used were derived from waste plastic bottles for soft drinks. The shredded plastic was subjected to heat and ensured that it does not lose it's plasticity. The tests which were performed to evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of this material were sieve analysis, specific gravity, water absorption, density and compressive strength. The results show that recycled PET replacement gives better results for 40 and 50% of plastic composite tile than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) at 28 days. In conclusion, the plastic composite tiles have both good strength and absorptive property for roof tiling.

2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

Waste disposal can contribute to the problem of environmental pollution. Most of the waste material is plastic based, because the nature of difficult of plastic degradable by itself. In order to overcome the problem, many study has been conducted on the reuse of plastic material into various field such as civil engineering and construction. In this study, municipal solid waste (MSW) in the form of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic was used to replace sand in cement sand brick production. The HDPE used in this study was obtained from a recycle factory at Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. 3% of HDPE replacement was applied in this study, with the cement-sand mix design of 1:6 and water-cement ratio 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50 respectively. All specimens were tested for compressive strength and water absorption at 7 and 28 days. The density of the bricks was also recorded. The finding show that brick with 3% HDPE content and 0.45 of water-cement ratio at 28 days of age curing show the highe...

2023, E3S Web of Conferences

This research focuses on the performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. The bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of compressive strength, only RCA 25% with 0.5% PET achieve lower strength than normal bricks while others showed a high strength. However, all design mix reaches strength more than 7N/mm2 as expected. Besides that, the most favorable mix design that achieves high compressive strength is 75% of RCA with 0.5% PET.

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

Nowadays, the usage amount of the concrete is increasing drastically. The construction industry is a huge consumer of natural consumer. It is also producing the huge wastage products. The usage of concrete has been charged to be not environmentally friendly due to depletion of reserve natural resources, high energy consumption and disposal issues. The conservation of natural resources and reduction of disposal site by reuse and recycling waste material was interest possibilites. The aim of this study is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of sand cement brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and to determine the optimum mix ratio containing recycled concrete aggregate. An experiment done by comparing the result of control specimen using 100% natural sand with recycled concrete aggregate replacement specimen by weight for 55%, 65%, and 75%. The sample was tested under density, compressive strength, flexural strength and water absorption to study the effect of using recycled concrete aggregate on the physical and mechanical properties of bricks. The result shows that the replacement of natural sand by recycled concrete aggregate at the level of 55% provide the highest compressive and flexural strength compared to other percentage and control specimen. However, if the replacement higher than 55%, the strength of brick was decreased for compressive and flexural strength, respectively. The relationship of compressive-flexural strength is determined from statistical analysis and the predicted result can be obtained by using equation f f,RCA = 0.5375 (f c) 0.3272 .

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

2023, E3S Web of Conferences

Increasing depletion of material resources and concern for the environment has led to the great quest for degradable and environmentally sustainable material in various industries in recent years. Application of Waste Vegetable oils as a renewable and biodegradable binder material was explored in this work. Block samples were prepared with 10% liquid binder of vegetable oil, compacted with 75 impact blows and thermally cured in a conventional oven at temperature ranges of 160-200°C. This study explores the effectiveness of waste cooking oil as a novel binder in the production of building block, called WasteVege block. Important parameters such as optimum binder content, optimum curing temperature, and optimum curing age were established. The mechanical and physical properties of the product were examined, the result shows that compressive strength in ranges of 5 - 34 MPa was achieved, initial rate of absorption (IRA), water absorption, efflorescence, and wet/dry durability of the pr...

2023

Construction industry is gradually increasing through the whole of the world and it is consuming natural resource raw materials for construction materials. Traditional way of producing clay brick without giving care for natural resource brought deficiency of natural resource. Now the days, plastics waste is the big challenge of the world on Environmental impacts and Alternative using High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste Brick for construction material is preventing environmental impact of plastic and in other hand saving natural resources clay soil. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste was collected from different sites it was thrown and before producing waste plastic Brick High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is cleaned, and the size is minimized as it was suitable for plastic waste Brick. After that Plastic waste Bricks were produced for different Tests. five sample of plastic waste Bricks were produced for compressive strength test. Mean Compressive strength of Pl...

2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

In this study, modelling and optimization of materials polyethylene, polypropylene and nanosilica for nanocomposite modified asphalt mixtures has been examined to obtain optimum quantities for higher fatique life. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied for the optimization based on Box Behnken design (BBD). Interaction effects of independent variables polymers and nanosilica on fatique life were evaluated. The result indicates that the individual effects of polymers and nanosilica content are both important. However, the content of nanosilica used has more significant effect on fatique life resistance. Also, the mean error obtained from optimization results is less than 5% for all the responses, this indicates that predicted values are in agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, it was concluded that asphalt mixture design with high performance properties, optimization using RSM is a very effective approach.

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of concrete using sawdust to partially replace the river sand which could reduce both environmental problems and construction cost. In this study, sawdust concrete has been produced where the river sand is replaced with sawdust by 5%, 10% and 15% of the total sand volume. Both wet concrete and hardened concrete (cubes specimens) were tested through material testing and cube testing to obtain the most optimum sawdust concrete design. In addition, specimens have also been tested in environmental laboratory to identify the extent of hazardous use of sawdust to consumer health. This is because the dust used is the waste taken from the unknown root of the level of cleanliness. The result shows that the most optimum design for producing sawdust concrete is that with 10% replacement of river sand. The result is based on the compressive strength obtained. The results of environmental study also show that this sawdust concrete is free...

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

The use of plastic waste as coarse aggregates in concrete is part of efforts to reduce environmental pollution. In one hand the use of plastic as aggregates can provide lighter weight of the concrete than concrete using natural aggregates, but on the other hand bond between plastic coarse aggregates and hard matrix give low concrete compressive strength. Improvement of the bond between plastic coarse aggregate and hard matrix through a sand coating to plastic coarse aggregate whole surface is studied. Sand used to coat the plastic aggregates are Merapi volcanic sand which are taken in Magelang. Three mixtures of polypropylene (PP) coarse plastic aggregates, Cimangkok river sand as fine aggregates, water and Portland Cement Composite with a water-cement ratio of 0.28, 0.3 and 0.35 are conducted. Compression test are performed on concrete cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 20 cm. The results in general show that concrete specimens using plastic aggregates coated with sand have higher compressive strength compared to those of concrete specimens using plastic aggregates without sand coating. The bond improvement is indirectly indicated by the betterment of concrete compressive strength.

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

Pervious concrete is an eco-friendly alternative and is beneficial to providing good rainwater drainage in order to prevent flooding. But the application is limited to lower trafficked roadways and often times disregarded due to its low strength capabilities. This study investigates on the effect of High-denstiy Polyethylene as partial replacement of coarse aggregates on the physical and mechanical properties of Acrylic Polymer Pervious Concrete (AcPPC). Two different coarse aggregate sizes were evaluated which are ½” and ¾” with varying ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. It was determined that the partial replacement of recycled HDPE caused an increase in the porosity and permeability of the AcPPC. However, it decreased the AcPPC’s compressive and flexural strength. Only the ½” 10% HDPE modified Pervious Concrete with 15% Acrylic Additive (PCHA) achieved a compressive strength that is within the range of the acceptable compressive strength for pervious concrete. While for the flexural st...

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

In recent decades, engineers have sought a more sustainable method to dispose of concrete construction and demolition waste. One solution is to crush this waste concrete into a usable gradation for new concrete mixes. This not only reduces the amount of waste entering landfills but also alleviates the burden on existing sources of quality natural concrete aggregates. There are too many kinds of waste but here constructions waste will be the priority target that should be solved .It could be managed by several ways such as recycling and reusing the concrete components, and the best choice of these components is the aggregate, because of the ease process of recycle it. In addition, recycled aggregates and normal aggregates were immersed in epoxy resin and put in concrete mixtures with 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% which affected the concrete mixtures properties. The strength of the concrete for both normal and recycled aggregates has increased after immersed the aggregates in epoxy resin. The percentage of water absorption and the coefficient of water permeability decreased with the increasing of the normal and the recycled aggregates immersed in epoxy resin. Generally the tests which have been conducted to the concrete mixtures have a significant results after using the epoxy resin with both normal and recycled aggregates.

2023

2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

In construction sector TQM can be termed as a philosophy which guides construction professionals on the proper execution of construction projects in terms of quality. The aim of this paper is to discuss on quality management practice in construction sector. This paper evaluated five previous researches and the findings were discussed to find a conclusion of TQM practise in construction sector. The study found that TQM had been successfully practice in construction sector at Saudi Arabia, India, US and South Africa. Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) help to improve the implementation of TQM in construction sector. In conclusion, quality management practices will give better control of processes in construction sector.

2023

One of the most important environmental problems in recent times is dumping of the waste plastics. Recycling holds an assurance for returning of the waste material into service and supports the usage of such materials in construction. To keep away from the pollution crisis, a lot of products are being created from waste plastics that are reusable. The practice of plastic are in a variety of fields but after that waste that it makes contain adverse effect in nature and it’s not likely to control its uses. Polyethylene Terephthalate is typically employed for carbonated beverage as well as water bottles and it is an ecological trouble while waste plastic bottles are complicated to biodegrade and generally involve processes to recycle. Hence progress of pioneering construction materials by means of recycled plastic is significant to construction as well as plastic industries. This has made a way to an enhanced attention in usage of recycled plastic fibres as a secondary strengthening in...

2023, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology

Sand cement brick among favorable building material for low cost house construction due to its low price. Technology development in building material already explored varies waste to be added in improving properties of building materials. Beside that addition of bacteria in building material also proven in literature to improve its properties. In this research addition of bacteria in the cement sand block containing quarry dust (SCBQD) was studied. Several properties namely, compressive strength, depth of carbonation, initial rate of suction (IRS) and water absorption were studied. SCBQD is made from sand, cement, quarry dust and chipping using industrial mix design. In this study, 3% of Enterococcus faecalis (EF) and 5% of Bacillus sp (BSP) bacteria was added in the SCBQD mixes. Three SCBQD mixes were prepared including the control mix without bacteria, SCBQD with 3% EF and SCBQD with 5% BSP. Natural fine aggregate was replaced partially with the quarry dust. 100 mm SCBQD cubes wer...

2023, MATEC Web of Conferences

Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns nowadays. The present study covers the use of rubber and recycled plastics as replacement aggregates in concrete. Replacing the sand with plastics or rubber the compressive and tensile strength of the concrete decreases.. It was found that the concrete obtained by replacing a proportion not exceeding 9% of aggregates in the concrete recipe by rubber, can be used as a substitute for normal concrete, for instance in the building industry. The use of these materials in concrete comes from the environmental constraints in the safe disposal of the products. Big attention is being focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of wastes materials.

2023, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Experimental study of luggage-laden pedestrian flow in walking and running conditions Zhigang Shi, Jun Zhang, Weiguo Song et al.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

The main goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) of an average quality as a 50% replacement for natural coarse aggregate. A total of 26 concrete mixtures were prepared, 13 containing RCA as a 50% of coarse aggregate and the same number of mixes only with natural aggregate (NA). The results show the influence of the RCA incorporation on concretes for the same w/c ratio. Both mechanical and durability parameters of the concretes made with recycled aggregate are worse, and the differences increase for low w/c ratio. Despite the reduction of these parameters in relation to concretes with only NA, both mechanical and durability test results obtained for concrete series with RCA can be described as good.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

The paper presents the results of predicting the strength of 61 concretes made with the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Five models in the form of first-order polynomials containing two to six variables characterizing the composition of the mixture were formulated for this purpose. Factors for unknowns were selected using linear regression in two variants: with and without additional coefficient. For each model, the average absolute error of the concrete strength estimation was determined. Because of the various consequences of underestimation and overestimation of the results, the analysis of models quality was carried out with the distinction of the two cases. The results indicate that the key to improving the quality of models is to take into account the quality of the aggregate expressed by the ACV parameter. Better match results were also obtained for models with more variables and the additional coefficient.

2022, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

The composite action of concrete and steel in a reinforced concrete structure depends upon the bond between them. Bond behaviour is studied in terms of bond-slip relationship. The bond between them depends upon mechanical properties of concrete and steel. In an event of fire these mechanical properties degrades and hence the bond behaviour changes. Some researches were performed to study the effect of temperature on the bond-slip relationship which are based on pull out specimens. Generally these relationships are obtained using pull out specimen which over estimates the bond properties. In this study beam specimens were used which is recommended by Rilem. These specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures up to 650 °C and there bond-slip behaviour were studied. The study shows that bond strength decreases while peak slip increases with increases in temperature. Also an equation proposed was proposed which can predict the bond strength between concrete and steel exposed up to the temperature of 650 °C.

2022, Journal of Water Process Engineering

Multi-stage biological treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using different biological conditions (anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic) has many advantages over other biological methods. It can result in maximum treatment for type of complex wastewater. In this study, raw data obtained from two multi-stage biological reactors (MSBR) used for treatment of different loads of petroleum refinery wastewater was used for developing mathematical model that could predict the process trend. The data consists of 160 entries and were gathered over approximately 180 days from two MSBR reactors that were continuously operated in parallel. A Matlab code was written with two configurations of artificial neural network. The configurations were compared and different number of neurons at the hidden layer were tested for optimum model that represent the process behavior under different loads. The tangent sigmoid transfer function (Tansig) at hidden layer and a linear transfer function (Purelin) at output layer with 6 neurons were selected as the optimum best model. The model was then used for prediction; highest removal efficiency observed was 98% which was repeatedly recorded for various loads. Effluent concentration below 100 mg/L as chemical oxygen demand (COD) was recorded for influent concentration ranged between 900 and 3600 mg COD/L.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

Assessment of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) properties by laboratory tests is still required due to lack of precise guidelines and with taking into account slightly different behaviour of such concretes in comparison with natural aggregate concretes (NAC). It is especially important when recycled concrete aggregates are used for the structural elements. In this paper, the following rules for the whole concrete recycling cycle were defined: (1) rules for examination of original concretes selected for recycling and (2) rules for aggregate preparation and their fractionize as well as design rules for recycled aggregate concrete mixtures (including required tests of recycled aggregates and concrete properties). Requirements towards recycled aggregate concrete formulated in this paper are based on the long term experience and research works on the RAC which were held by A. Ajdukiewicz and A. Kliszczewicz in the Department of Structural Engineering of the Silesian University of Techno...

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

2022

The industrial waste could be generated from the manufacturing or industrial processes that use chemicals or manufactured chemicals, in consequence, produce a serious hazard to the environment. In this research, gypsum is an industrial waste generated from the wastewater treatment process in the chemical industry. More than 50,000 tons of gypsum waste has been produced in Johor per months. The average concentration of heavy metals in gypsum waste was relatively low but since the production of gypsum waste is large, the total amount of heavy metals in gypsum waste could be large too. Due to that, it could become a potential threat to the environment when it was disposed of randomly in landfills. Thus, an alternative to recycle and dispose of the gypsum waste should be investigated. Therefore, this research was conducted by incorporating a different percentage of gypsum waste (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) into fired clay brick (FCB). The performance of gypsum brick (GB) was determi...

2022, … Conference on the Built Environment and …

The principal aim of this project is to reduce the demand for the extraction and use of primary aggregates and the associated environmental impacts. This will be achieved by technical development of alternative aggregates mainly limestone waste dusts to replace some of the coarse and fine aggregate fractions in unbound base materials used beneath the road, highway and airfield blacktop or concrete wearing and base courses. The construction industry is the major consumer of primary aggregates and unbound base materials is one large source of consumption. Currently, the UK aggregate market is estimated at 270 million tonnes, recycled and secondary aggregate 65 million tonnes and demolished and crushed waste at 40 million tonnes. Unbound base materials for pavement absorb more than 135 million tonnes of aggregates. It is clear that even small replacement rates will have a significant impact on primary aggregate demand. To monitor the effect of adding limestone dust on resilient modulus of the potential mixes studied in this project, which is a very important parameter in pavement design, samples containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% limestone dust added to Stancombe Type 1 road base materials and tested using LJMU Triaxial Machine. The results show that control samples, which contain no limestone dust, were the strongest and samples containing 20% dust were the weakest, both presented an unbound material behaviour. However, it was decided to reclaim the reduction in the strength of the samples containing 20% limestone dust by adding 4 and 9% pulverized fuel ash (PFA) activated with 1 and 2% hydrated lime respectively as the aim of the project is to use high amount of limestone dust. Interestingly, the results show an increase in new materials resilient moduli of approximately 420%. This means that the new materials can be considered as hydraulically bound materials, i.e. 'concrete-like' materials. The paper will present an interesting comparison of material mechanical properties for all the samples tested in the laboratory and on the road trial sections.

2022, Journal of Water Process Engineering

2022, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) are one of the construction waste can be recycled. Both of them can be the aggregate to replace the natural aggregate in concrete since we know the physical properties of both materials are hard and strong. Demand for sand in the concrete production has increased which led to become problems in the industry. As a result, the price of the sand increased, which in turn affected the pricing of the cement and sand bricks. One of the ways to reduce this problem is to utilize the RCA and PET waste bottle in the production of construction materials such as brick. Replacing both wastes as sand aggregate in bricks is one of practices and imaginative solutions in order to minimize environmental impacts. In short, using 50% replacement of RCA as replacement of fine aggregate show the acceptable in strength of brick. Furthermore, the decision of using PET will make it worthwhile in increasing the workability of economical brick.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

2022, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

2022, E3S Web of Conferences

2022, Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PET (polyethylene terephthalate) waste is a plastic bottle waste that difficult to recycle in large scale, so it was causing environmental pollution. In this research, PET waste used as a main material of bricks by using the mix design method. The mix design method used includes cutting of PET waste, melting of PET waste, mixing with other materials, and molding the materials. This research used four variations of PET waste added by cement and sand to find the ideal composition that mentioned by SNI (Indonesia National Standard). The ideal composition of brick is solid plastic: cement: sand volume ratio is 66:22:12. The result of this research showed that brick quality is ideal, which was characterized by FT-IR and SEM. This composition has 0% of water absorbency, the compressive strength is 75 Kg/cm2, water absorbency of SNI brick is under 20%, and the compressive strength is between 60-100 Kg/cm2.

2022, International journal of child health and human development

Building materials having low thermal load and low thermal conductivity will provide thermal comforts to the occupants in building. In an effort to reduce the use of high energy and waste products from the agricultural industry, sugarcane bagasse and banana bagasse has been utilize as an additive in the manufacture of cement brick. The aim of this study is to investigate the insulation and mechanical properties of brick that has been mixed with bagasse and its effectiveness as thermal insulation using heat flow meter. Waste bagasse is being treated using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and is characterized using SEM and XRF. The samples produced with two different dimensions of 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm and 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm for thermal conductivity test. Next, the sample varies from 0% (control sample), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% in order to determine the best mix proportion. The compressive strength is being tested for 7, 14 and 28 days of water curing. Results showed that banana bagasse has lower thermal conductivity compared to sugarcane bagasse used, with compressive strength of 15.6MPa with thermal conductivity 0.6W/m.K.

2022, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Nowadays, concrete is popularly used in many areas and applications in construction industry. If designed and manufactured properly it can be one of the most durable construction materials. However, during the life span of the structure the surrounding environment where the structure is built may pose long-term durability problem to concrete such as cracks and corrosion of steel reinforcement. Thus, researchers around the world continue searching for any possible means to improve concrete qualities. This paper presents study on the effects of Effective Microorganism on fresh and hardened properties of concrete. The percentage of Effective Microorganisms (EM) used in this study was 10% and incorporated in the concrete mix by replacing the water content. In this research work, a number of control and EM concrete cube samples were cast, cured in water and tested at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. The workability of fresh concrete was measured through the slump test. The effect of EM on hardened concrete was assessed through compression test and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test. The experimental result shows that the workability of concrete with EM was 67% higher than the control concrete. This may indicate that the EM has the potential to be used as workability enhancer. In terms of compressive strength, the EM concrete recorded 8% higher strength at 28 days compared to concrete without EM. In addition, the early strength of EM concrete was found to be higher by 41% and 27% at 3 and 7 days compared to control, respectively. The UPV result for EM concrete also shows higher value than control concrete indicating denser concrete. All experimental results indicated that the use of EM has positive effects on concrete properties.

2022, Nigerian Journal of Technology

In this study, municipal plastic waste is used in producing paving blocks. Binders in the form of melted waste plastic bottles (Polyethelene Terephthalate (PET)) and water sachets (High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with river sand, were used in making the blocks. Mix ratios; 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 of sand-plastic waste were considered. Sand-cement mixes were adopted as the controls. 230mm x 140mm x 55mm blocks were cast, cured in water at ambient temperature and tested for 72-hours for water absorption and 21 days compressive strength. 3 specimen were prepared for each mixture. Sand-HDPE mix produced stronger blocks than sand-PET and sand-cement mixes. Topmost compressive strength of 17N/mm2 was generated from sand-HDPE mix of 1:2. Sand-PET blocks should be avoided since they generate very low strengths. Sand-plastic waste blocks melt faster at higher temperatures. Therefore, plastic paving blocks can only be used for light load pavements not subjected to high temperature.

2022, Turkish Journal of Engineering

Compressive strength Recycled aggregate Concrete block Interlocking Interlocking concrete blocks (ICBs) have been recently used worldwide to be alternative conventional blocks. ICBs are more sustainable, low involve low production cost, and environment-friendly as they emit less carbon dioxide than normal ones. ICBs have been used particularly in war zones and places affected by natural disasters where the need for quick, sustainable, low-cost buildings and earthquake-resistant buildings is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review about different types of ICBs. It aims to demonstrate different configurations of ICBs incorporated with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and other additive materials used for construction. To achieve this, the compares different related studies which analyse the compressive strength results of RCA mixtures with different RCA replacements, w/c ratio, and mix proportions. Additionally, the paper discusses several techniques and methods to improve the behaviour of ICBs.

2022, Journal of Water Process Engineering

2022, E3S Web of Conferences

Use of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. are important solutions in the trend for sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to build tunnels using solar energy to cure concrete bricks at saturated steam condition. Heat supply system and temperature monitoring of the tunnels consists of three main parts: solar thermal collector to heat water, heat trapping structure, and temperature measurement system with internet connection. The test operation of tunnels in industrial scale was conducted at a factory in Ho Chi Minh City. The results show that it can achieve temperatures above 50°C met curing requirements of concrete bricks. This can confirm the feasibility to use solar energy curing concrete bricks in plants with areas corresponding climatic conditions.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

Malaysia is a country that has abundant rainfall that depends on the seasonal such as monsoon, where,certain areas in peninsular area are expected to receive heavy rain during this monsoon season. This abundant of rain could lead to massive flood if no mitigation actions were taken. One of the factor that contribute to the flood occurrences is type of soils. Type of soils play an important role in determining the rate of infiltration. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the infiltration rate that effecting the ponding time at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). This area is located at flat topography with thick layer of clay soil beneath the ground surface that indicated low infiltration capacity rate. This condition could causeponding of water that could lead to high surface runoff that could cause flood.This paper was aimed at understanding the effect of soil clay layer on infiltration rate and ponding time. Infiltration test was conducted at four (4) points to make a spatial analysis around the study area. The soil was classified based on soil classification system (USCS), while, ponding time was calculated based on Horton model. Based on the results, the average infiltration rate is ranging from 0.004 mm/s to 0.076 mm/s among the selected locations.Soil samples were sieve and thedominant soil comprises of minimal well graded silty clay and clayey sand which is more than 50% content sand and more than 12% content fines. Lastly, time of ponding was calculated by using Horton model and it shows that the ponding time started between 0.51h to 1.0h. This information could serve a vital information on determining the mitigation measures to tackle a flood problem in this area.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB) is a sustainable material utilizing locally available soils mixed with stabilizers to increase its strength. Two main factors affecting the strength of prototype are its compressive strength and water absorption rate. In this study, the mix proportion ratio for producing CSEB prototypes from laterite soil and clay types was 1:10 (cement:soil). Three different compactions (i.e. 2000, 3000, and 4000 Psi) were applied to produce prototypes with dimension of 100×50×40 mm. The samples were tested at the ages of 7 and 28 days. For laterite soil CSEB, the optimum strength was achieved by the sample subjected to 2000 Psi compaction,withits compressive strength of 9.0 N/mm 2 and water absorption rate of 14.9%. For clay CSEBthe optimum strength observed was the sample subjected to 4000 Psicompaction, with the compressive strength of 5.8 N/mm 2 and water absorption rate of 17%. However, the compressive strength of clay CSEB is still below the level specified in the MS 76:1972, which is over 7 N/mm 2 for the load-bearing fired brick Class (1). This study also revealed that the increased in compression pressure would result in different strength performances for both CSEBs made from laterite soil and clay.

2022, MATEC Web of Conferences

Pervious concrete is an eco-friendly alternative and is beneficial to providing good rainwater drainage in order to prevent flooding. But the application is limited to lower trafficked roadways and often times disregarded due to its low strength capabilities. This study investigates on the effect of High-denstiy Polyethylene as partial replacement of coarse aggregates on the physical and mechanical properties of Acrylic Polymer Pervious Concrete (AcPPC). Two different coarse aggregate sizes were evaluated which are ½" and ¾" with varying ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. It was determined that the partial replacement of recycled HDPE caused an increase in the porosity and permeability of the AcPPC. However, it decreased the AcPPC's compressive and flexural strength. Only the ½" 10% HDPE modified Pervious Concrete with 15% Acrylic Additive (PCHA) achieved a compressive strength that is within the range of the acceptable compressive strength for pervious concrete. While for the flexural strength, both the ½" 10% PCHA and ¾" 10% PCHA was within the standard values for flexural strength of pervious concrete. Thus, making the ½" 10% PCHA as the optimum mix in this study. The application of PCHA is limited to typical application of a pervious concrete.