Scale dependence Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

We will report on an ongoing effort towards calculating the N4LO perturbative QCD corrections to the DIS total inclusive cross-section. We are developing a method based on differential equations and series expansion in the inverse Bjorken parameter. As a byproduct our calculation should also deliver analytic or at least precise numerical approximations for the four-loop splitting functions.

2025, Optics Communications

For large Fresnel numbers N, unstable laser modes are highly irregular and resemble fractals. To explore this, we derive an explicit formula for the lowest-loss mode of a one-dimensional laser (i.e. where the cavity is two dimensional) in terms of edge-diracted waves, and demonstrate its accuracy for large N. Between the size a of the mirror (outer scale), and the inner scale a=N , there is no distinguished scale, and the graph of mode intensity has a fractal dimension close to 2. Near the inner scale, the scaling is scale dependent, and the crossover is described by an explicit formula for a `local fractal dimension' DK, describing the mode on scales near Dx a=2pNK. As K increases through the inner scale K 1, DK decreases from 2 when K ( 1 to 1 when K ) 1 (re¯ecting the smoothness of the mode on ®ne scales).

2025, Physical Review Letters

We consider the influence of thermal fluctuations on systems with negligible surface tension ("membranes"), whose behavior is determined by curvature effects. Fluctuations change the ef- fective rigidity and other relevant parameters. Two-dimensional membranes appear rigid at short distances and crumpled at long distances. For more than two-dimensional membranes (or in pres- ence of long-range forces) a crumpling transition separates a rigid low-temperature phase from a crumpled high-temperature one.

2025, Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering

Given that most mathematical models of schistosomiasis are based on ordinary differential equations (ODE) and therefore do not take into account the spatial dimension of the schistosomiasis spread, we use an agent-based modeling approach to assess environmental impact on the modeling of this phenomenon. We show that taking into account the environment in the modeling process somehow affects the control policies that must be established according to the environmental characteristics of each system that is meant to be studied.

2025

In this paper we analyze a nonlinear dynamical system that describes the kinetic mechanism between tectonic plates on the crust's earth undergoing stick slip movement. The analysis includes friction effects and an empirical friction law of granite rocks. The phenomena involved in the analyzed model are Stribeck's effect; Dieterich-Ruina's law; and properties of media as a presence of fluids and deformation. Outcomes arise from analysis of the system, which is conceived by a single slider block of one degree of freedom over a roughness and lubricated surface and formulated by space-state model through a differential equation system. We describe the oscillatory behavior for both continuous and switched conditions in terms of the mathematical solutions. Periodic and aperiodic orbits exist under a driven force and even more complex behavior. A relationship is given between the stability of the switched system and the parameter related with the oscillation frequency associated to characteristic longitude of displacement of slider. A necessary condition for stability in an unstable regime is deduced, under certain conditions in terms of frictional and seismic parameters of the analyzed model. Thus, we show the stationary and aperiodic solutions that describe the friction mechanism inducing earthquakes with a complex and nonlinear behavior.

2025, MULTIPLE AUTHORS (!); first author: Attila Bende; Dynamics of Sex and Age Correlation of Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola L.) During Spring Migration in Hungary

AUTHORS: Attila Bende, Sándor Faragó, Richárd László, Viktória Csanády, István Fekete, Tibor Pecsics and László Bozó Our research provides detailed insights into the migratory patterns of the Eurasian Woodcock. By focusing on the... more

2025, Cities and the Environment

Many North American landbirds undergo biannual migrations, which are energetically costly. Quality stopover sites are crucial to avian survival, as they provide opportunities to quickly replenish fat stores, rest, and avoid predation. One component of habitat quality that is often overlooked is the level of pedestrian activity, which birds may interpret as a predatory threat. If intrusion levels are high, birds will flush repeatedly and may not adequately restore energy reserves, which hinders successful migration. We compared body mass index between birds at different intrusion levels, testing the hypothesis that birds near continuous intrusion will be in poorer condition. Results between migratory guilds indicate longdistance migrants were in poorer condition in areas with high pedestrian activity. In contrast, resident species captured in high activity areas were in better condition than those captured in areas with lower activity. Since Neotropical migrants show increased sensitivity to human presence, conservation measures should focus on reducing pedestrian activity for quality stopover habitats.

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

We present a numerical study of the relation between the cosmic peculiar velocity field and the gravitational acceleration field. We show that on mildly non-linear scales (4-10 h -1 Mpc Gaussian smoothing), the distribution of the Cartesian coordinates of each of these fields is well approximated by a Gaussian. In particular, their kurtoses and negentropies are small compared to those of the velocity divergence and density fields. We find that at these scales the relation between the velocity and gravity field follows linear theory to good accuracy. Specifically, the systematic errors in velocity-velocity comparisons due to assuming the linear model do not exceed 6% in β. To correct for them, we test various nonlinear estimators of velocity from density. We show that a slight modification of the α-formula proposed by Kudlicki et al. yields an estimator which is essentially unbiased and has a small variance.

2025, Klein Field Theory: Observational Confirmation of a Universal Fifth Dimension

The existence of extra dimensions has been a central prediction of unified field theories for over a century, yet observational confirmation has remained elusive due to the assumption that such dimensions must be compactified at microscopic scales. We present Klein Field Theory (KFT), a fundamental theory describing a universal fifth dimension with non-orientable Klein bottle topology that manifests context-dependently based on local spacetime curvature, environmental conditions, and system mass. Our comprehensive analysis of 115 LIGO gravitational wave events demonstrates 100% confirmation across 8 critical tests, establishing universal Klein signatures that are impossible to produce through classical General Relativity: a universal breathing frequency f0 = 5.682(88) Hz appearing in all binary black hole mergers, a strict topological deformation limit εmax = 0.65 ± 0.007 never exceeded across any event, and a characteristic 40.6 ± 0.6 : 1 odd-to-even harmonic amplitude ratio demonstrating non-orientable Klein bottle geometry. The combined statistical significance reaches p ≈ 10-345 , representing astronomical confidence in Klein field detection. The evolved Klein Field Theory resolves previously observed discrepancies in Event Horizon Telescope observations by correctly predicting the +105% black hole shadow enhancement over General Relativity through saturated Klein field effects, compared to our initial geometric model prediction of +19.3%. Extended analysis of 255 galaxies reveals context-dependent Klein field activation with a critical mass threshold M critical ≈ 10 6 M⊙, environmental suppression in satellite systems (cores = 2.27(176) kpc), and enhancement in isolated environments (cores = 5.15(294) kpc), explaining the observed bimodality in galactic dark matter core distributions. Real LIGO data analysis using coherent stacking techniques demonstrates Klein field universality across all curvature regimes: weak field events (36 events, SNR < 15) show Klein signatures with signal-to-noise ratio of 2.1 × 10 5 when stacked coherently, intermediate field events (3 events) maintain identical Klein frequency signatures, and strong field events (1 event) exhibit individual Klein mode detection. The enhancement factors follow statistical expectations perfectly (6.0× for weak stack, 1.73× for intermediate, 1.0× for strong), confirming the universal nature of the Klein field with context-dependent amplitude. These results represent the first direct observational evidence of a macroscopic extra dimension and constitute a paradigm shift in fundamental physics comparable to the introduction of quantum mechanics or general relativity. Klein Field Theory provides a unified geometric framework explaining gravitational wave breathing modes, black hole information preservation, and dark sector phenomena through the single principle of universal Klein bottle topology with curvature-dependent manifestation.

2025, Geomorphology

Our understanding about the regional variation of Sediment Yield (SY) in Europe and its scale dependency currently relies on a limited number of data for mainly larger river systems. SY is the integrated result of all erosion and sediment transporting processes operating in a catchment and is therefore of high value for environmental studies and monitoring purposes. Most global assessments of SY consider catchment area (A), climate and topography as the main explanatory variables. However, it is still unclear if these factors also control regional variations of SY within Europe. This paper aims at bridging this gap. Therefore, we i) present a large database of SY-values which was constructed through an extensive literature review; ii) describe the spatial patterns of SY across Europe; and iii) expore its relation with A, climate, and topography. relatively flat regions, no significant or even positive trends were observed in mountain regions and Mediterranean Europe. When only larger river catchments (i.e. > 100 km² and especially > 10 000 km²) are considered, catchment area exerted a larger control on SY. These findings confirm previous studies and indicate that the relationship between SY, spatial scale and other controlling factors is often complex and non-linear.

2025, Microelectronic Engineering

Microorganisms live in environments that are geometrically, physically and chemically heterogeneous at the micro-scale. Consequently, they have to optimise their behaviour at the cellular level within limited time frames by responding to stimuli that are spatially distributed at the micro-scale. Microorganisms achieve this by using a range of different sensing mechanisms as a means to gain biologically-critical and dynamic information about their physical (e.g., available space) and chemical (e.g., distribution of nutrients) environment. Despite this micro-scale dependent behaviour, the response of microorganisms is usually studied in and on homogeneous media, which have little resemblance to their natural environment. Semiconductor fabrication offers large possibilities for the design and creation of physically-and chemically-microstructured environments, which either mimic the natural ones, or represent a multitude of possible environments to be used in combinatorial experiments. In order to test the dynamic behaviour of microorganisms we propose here the design and fabrication of test microstructured arrays and demonstrate their applications using representative fungal (Neurospora crassa) and bacterial (Escherichia coli) species.

2025, Journal of Vegetation Science

QuestionsWhich environmental factors influence fine‐grain beta diversity of vegetation and do they vary among taxonomic groups?LocationPalaearctic biogeographic realm.MethodsWe extracted 4,654 nested‐plot series with at least four different grain sizes between 0.0001 m² and 1,024 m² from the GrassPlot database, covering a wide range of different grassland and other open habitat types. We derived extensive environmental and structural information for these series. For each series and four taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens, all), we calculated the slope parameter (z‐value) of the power law species–area relationship (SAR), as a beta diversity measure. We tested whether z‐values differed among taxonomic groups and with respect to biogeographic gradients (latitude, elevation, macroclimate), ecological (site) characteristics (several stress–productivity, disturbance and heterogeneity measures, including land use) and alpha diversity (c‐value of the power law SAR).Resu...

2025, Dimovector 2

This white paper presents Dimovector Theory as a foundational model of reality that unifies physical emergence, causal symmetry, and consciousness-driven interaction. Beginning with a reinterpretation of supersolid light experiments, the theory builds through geometric, field-based, and emotional quantization layers, culminating in a framework capable of describing psychic phenomena such as telekinesis.

2025

In this paper we analyze the problem of a penny-shaped hydraulic fracture propagating parallel to the free-surface of an elastic half-space. The fracture is driven by an incompressible Newtonian fluid injected at a constant rate at the center of the fracture. The flow of viscous fluid in the fracture is governed by the lubrication equation, while the crack opening and the fluid pressure are related by singular integral equations. We construct two asymptotic solutions based on the assumption that either the solid has no toughness or that the fluid has no viscosity. These asymptotic solutions must be understood as corresponding to limiting cases when the energy expended in the creation of new fracture surfaces is either small or large compared to the energy dissipated in viscous flow. It is shown that the asymptotic solutions, when properly scaled, depend only on the dimensionless parameter R, the ratio of the fracture radius over the distance from the fracture to the free-surface. The scaled solutions can thus be tabulated once and for all and the dependence of the solution on time can be retrieved for specific parameters, through simple scaling and by solving an implicit equation.

2025, Aquatic Botany

In order to explain biological zonation, shore height above the ordnance level is frequently used as an indicator of the abiotic gradient in intertidal ecosystems. This is based on the implicit assumption that shore height is directly correlated with inundation frequency and/or duration. Despite the importance of inundation for tidal ecosystems, measurements have rarely been taken directly by measuring inundation at the site of investigation. We measured mean high tide (MHT) and flooding frequency at three sites on the Dutch Barrier Island of Schiermonnikoog. To assess the scale dependence, we compared local measurements with the estimated inundation frequencies based on the official tide gauge (OTG) farther away. Locally measured MHT water levels differed among sites and were consistently higher than estimated MHT water levels. With this data, we subsequently estimated the inundation frequency of vegetation plots from our measurements and correlated it with species distribution. In a logistic regression inundation frequency accounted for twice the variance in explaining the dominance of three salt marsh species than shore height. The discrepancy in annual inundation frequency of the vegetation between sites was 300% for a given shore height. Within each site replicated estimates of inundation frequency proved to be consistent (scale 10-50 m). Estimated and measured inundation frequencies thus reliably correlated at a small-scale (tens of metres), but not at a larger scale (hundreds of metres to kilometres). If inundation frequency is used as an explanatory variable, it will therefore be advisable to consider the spatial heterogeneity of the measurements, in particular if different sites are to be compared. We give mean inundation frequencies of three dominant salt marsh species (Elymus athericus,

2025, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Recruitment is often a major influence on the spatial distribution of populations of benthic marine invertebrates, but the contributions of different components of recruitment are not well known, with the added complication that the relative importance of various life-history processes may be scale-dependent. Previously, we have shown that over a large scale across a mangrove Ž . AÕicennia marina forest in southeastern Australia, settlement of the barnacle Elminius coÕertus explained its patterns of recruitment, which in turn explained the distribution of adults on mangrove pneumatophores. Post-settlement mortality had little influence on this pattern. In contrast, small-scale vertical distributions of adult barnacles along individual pneumatophores were determined by the pattern of recruitment, which differed from the pattern of settlement, so post-settlement mortality determined the vertical patterns of adults. In this study, we tested whether larval supply andror settlement behavior influence the Ž . observed settlement patterns of E. coÕertus across a forest from seaward to landward zones . We also tested whether larval supply could explain the vertical settlement patterns along the pneumatophores. A pumping system was used to collect cypris larvae from seaward, mid and landward zones of a mangrove forest and an adjacent, unvegetated shore and from three heights above the sediment surface. We also used transplantation of wooden stakes bearing microbial films and barnacle recruits between horizontal zones of the forest to determine whether settlement was influenced by these films or recruits. Both cyprid supply and cyprid behavior were important factors in determining the patterns of settlement of E. coÕertus across the forest. Cyprid supply was a result of three-fold differences in Ž . immersion times of different landward, mid and seaward zones across the forest and a decrease in density of cyprids in the water column from the seaward zone of the forest to the landward

2025, Bulletin of the American Physical Society

The American Physical Society Anisotropic shear dispersion parameterization for ocean eddy transport SCOTT RECKINGER, Montana State University, BAYLOR FOX-KEMPER, Brown University -The effects of mesoscale eddies are universally treated isotropically in global ocean general circulation models. However, observations and simulations demonstrate that the mesoscale processes that the parameterization is intended to represent, such as shear dispersion, are typified by strong anisotropy. We extend the Gent-McWilliams/Redi mesoscale eddy parameterization to include anisotropy and test the effects of varying levels of anisotropy in 1-degree Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations. Anisotropy has many effects on the simulated climate, including a reduction of temperature and salinity biases, a deepening of the southern ocean mixed-layer depth, impacts on the meridional overturning circulation and ocean energy and tracer uptake, and improved ventilation of biogeochemical tracers, particularly in oxygen minimum zones. A process-based parameterization to approximate the effects of unresolved shear dispersion is also used to set the strength and direction of anisotropy. The shear dispersion parameterization is similar to drifter observations in spatial distribution of diffusivity and high-resolution model diagnosis in the distribution of eddy flux orientation.

2025

2025, Science Bulletin

Direct shear test has been widely used to measure the shear strength of soils and other particulate materials in industry because of its simplicity. However, the results can be dependent on the specimen size. The ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) publications suggest that for testing soils the shear box should be at least ten times the diameter of the largest particle and the height of the box should be no more than half of its diameter. These guidelines are empirically based. A series of two-dimensional numerical direct shear tests are performed to investigate this scaling effect. By analyzing the bulk friction, particle translation and rotation, percentage of sliding, average volume (area) and shear strain and the evolution of the shear band, we find that the traditional guidelines for direct shear tests are questionable. Scaling dependency of bulk friction on the property of granular materials is clearly present. Our current analysis points out that the scaling effects can vary significantly depending on the particle properties other than their sizes. Of all the parameters we observed, particle rotation appears to have a decisive correlation with the bulk friction. Formation of a shear band is universal. As the shearing progresses, particle rotation begins to concentrate near the shear plane. By defining the width of a shear band as the standard deviation of the distribution of translational gradient or the standard deviation of the distribution of particle rotation, quantitative evolutions of shear band are presented. Both measures of the shear band width dropped rapidly during pre-failure stage. After peak stress both measures begin to approach steady state as the bulk friction stabilizes to the residual stage. These observations suggest that structure formation inside the shear band controls the scaling effect.

2025, Arxiv preprint gr-qc/ …

Abstract: We review our previous work on the the calculation of the stress-energy tensor for a scalar particle in the background metric of different types of spherical impulsive, spherical shock and plane impulsive gravitational waves.

2025, Zoological Studies

Information on mating is one of the primary requirements for successful population maintenance of copepods. Several studies on copepod mating were conducted, but none has ever investigated the effect of the sex ratio. Using optical systems, this study examined the plasticity of encounters, the rejection rate, and the mate guarding duration as a function of the sex ratio in the little known tropical species Pseudodiaptomus annandalei, that lives in aquaculture ponds in southern Taiwan. Our study results exhibited strong variability that may have obscured the effect of the sex ratio. Nevertheless some patterns did emerge. The number of encounters, very low with a highly male-biased sex ratio, increased as the sex ratio became more balanced. After reaching a maximum with an even sex ratio, it decreased again as the sex ratio became more female-biased. The male rejection rate exhibited a similar trend, higher for an even sex ratio and decreasing with a more-unbalanced sex ratio, except for a strongly female-biased sex ratio. The rejection rate was associated with the number of encounters in four of the 5 tested conditions. Females exhibited stronger choosiness when encounters were higher and relaxation when encounters were low. However, under female-biased sex ratio conditions, despite a lower encounter rate, females were very selective. This result is in agreement with theoretical models that predict a possible slackening of mate selection when encounters are mate limited. Although the sex ratio is supposed to induce a modification in mate guarding, no differences were found here. This pioneer study should lead to interesting debates and new insights on the effects of the sex ratio on copepod behavior.

2025

The geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) is a useful tool to describe basin response. In the present study, results of tracer experiments on a hillslope and the channel network were used to determine the GIUH. The area weighting function of the GIUH was determined using digital elevation data. The combination of hillslope pathway and channel length distributions were used as area weighting function. The resulting GIUH provides a reasonable production of an observed runoff event.

2025, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Background: Human movement is a key behavioral factor in many vector-borne disease systems because it influences exposure to vectors and thus the transmission of pathogens. Human movement transcends spatial and temporal scales with different influences on disease dynamics. Here we develop a conceptual model to evaluate the importance of variation in exposure due to individual human movements for pathogen transmission, focusing on mosquito-borne dengue virus. We develop a model showing that the relevance of human movement at a particular scale depends on vector behavior. Focusing on the day-biting Aedes aegypti, we illustrate how vector biting behavior combined with fine-scale movements of individual humans engaged in their regular daily routine can influence transmission. Using a simple example, we estimate a transmission rate (R 0 ) of 1.3 when exposure is assumed to occur only in the home versus 3.75 when exposure at multiple locations-e.g., market, friend's-due to movement is considered. Movement also influences for which sites and individuals risk is greatest. For the example considered, intriguingly, our model predicts little correspondence between vector abundance in a site and estimated R 0 for that site when movement is considered. This illustrates the importance of human movement for understanding and predicting the dynamics of a disease like dengue. To encourage investigation of human movement and disease, we review methods currently available to study human movement and, based on our experience studying dengue in Peru, discuss several important questions to address when designing a study. Conclusions/Significance: Human movement is a critical, understudied behavioral component underlying the transmission dynamics of many vector-borne pathogens. Understanding movement will facilitate identification of key individuals and sites in the transmission of pathogens such as dengue, which then may provide targets for surveillance, intervention, and improved disease prevention.

2025

Jyoti Prasad Banerjee, Rituparno Mandal, Deb Sankar Banerjee, Shashi Thutupalli, 4 and Madan Rao Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, India Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, India (Dated: October 14, 2021)

2025, Forest Ecology and Management

Canopy studies have been limited in ecological investigations due to problems of canopy accessibility, and the lack of efficient sampling and modeling methods. The primary objective of this study was to develop an efficient modeling approach to describe the 3-dimensional, hierarchical structure of individual crown shells within stands and corresponding canopy patches. Crown shells were modeled based on crown ratio, maximum cardinal radius, vertical position, and shape. Canopies were represented by adding unique crowns to simulated point patterns of trees of known aggregation as measured by Pielou's index of nonrandomness. Canopy patches were delineated at multiple horizontal and vertical scales using the ARC/INFO geographic information system (GIS). The patterns of canopy patches are clearly variable and scale dependent. Canopy patterns become more diverse at broader horizontal scales, and change greatly from the lower to the upper canopies. The modeling approach used in this study has general utility in characterizing 3-dimensional canopies of many types of forests. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

2025, Marine Bioinvasions: Patterns, Processes and Perspectives

The spatial patterns of nonindigenous species in seven subtidal soft-bottom communities in the San Francisco Estuary were quantified. Sixty nonindigenous species were found out of the 533 taxa enumerated (11%). Patterns of invasion across the communities were evaluated using a suite of invasion metrics based on the abundance or species richness of nonindigenous species. Patterns of invasion along the estuarine gradient varied with the invasion metric used, and the ecological interpretation of the metrics is discussed. Overall, the estuarine transition community located in the estuarine turbidity maximum zone (mean 5 practical salinity unit (psu)), main estuarine community (mean 16 psu), and marine muddy community (mean 28 psu) were more invaded than two fresh-brackish communities (mean <1 psu) and a marine sandy community (mean 27 psu). Nonindigenous species were numerically dominant over much of the Estuary, making up more than 90% of the individuals in two communities. The percentage of the total species composed of nonindigenous species increased at smaller spatial scales: 11% at the estuary (gamma) scale, 21% at the community (alpha) scale, and 42% at the grab (point) scale. Wider spatial distributions of nonindigenous species and a relatively greater percentage of rare native species may have resulted in this pattern. Because of this scale dependency, comparisons among sites need to be made at the same spatial scale. Native species were positively correlated with nonindigenous species in several of the communities, presumably due to similar responses to small-scale differences in habitat quality. The rate of invasion into the soft-bottom communities of the San Francisco Estuary appears to have increased over the last one to two decades and many of the new introductions have become numerically dominant.

2025, Icarus

Using a Curtis matrix model of 15 µm CO 2 radiative cooling rates for the Martian atmosphere, we have computed vertical scale-dependent IR radiative damping rates from 0-200 km altitude over a broad band of vertical wavenumbers m = 2π(1-500 km) -1 for representative meteorological conditions at 40 • N and average levels of solar activity and dust loading. In the middle atmosphere, infrared (IR) radiative damping rates increase with decreasing vertical scale and peak in excess of 30 days -1 at ∼50-80 km altitude, before gradually transitioning to scale-independent rates above ∼100 km due to breakdown of local thermodynamic equilibrium. We incorporate these computed IR radiative damping rates into a linear anelastic gravity-wave model to assess the impact of IR radiative damping, relative to wave breaking and molecular viscosity, in the dissipation of gravity-wave momentum flux. The model results indicate that IR radiative damping is the dominant process in dissipating gravity-wave momentum fluxes at ∼0-50 km altitude, and is the dominant process at all altitudes for gravity waves with vertical wavelengths 10-15 km. Wave breaking becomes dominant at higher altitudes only for "fast" waves of short horizontal and long vertical wavelengths. Molecular viscosity plays a negligible role in overall momentum-flux deposition. Our results provide compelling evidence that IR radiative damping is a major, and often dominant physical process controlling the dissipation of gravity wave momentum fluxes on Mars, and therefore should be incorporated into future parameterizations of gravity-wave drag within Mars GCMs. Lookup tables for doing so, based on the current computations, are provided.

2025

The differential geometry of a normal red blood cell is treated using the Cassinian oval for modelling its profile. In this connection an explicit parametrization via Jacobian elliptic functions of the usual polar coordinates is found. The first and the second fundamental forms, and correspondingly, the Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures, are derived. The integrals determining the volume, area, cross-section area, and circumference of a red blood cell are evaluated analytically and expressed in a form relevant to the sphere geometry via some correction factors. The free elastic energy U , associated with the outer bilayer membrane of the cell is integrated and its scale dependence is established. A relation between U and the surface area correction factor is determined. Approximate formulae, using elementary functions, that should be directly applicable to experimental data are developed. Plots of these dimensionless parts of volume, area, cross-section area, and circumference are obtained. The sphericity index, homogeneity index, and volume/area ratio associated with the red cell geometry are derived in approximate forms as well.

2025

I establish a quantitative relationship between the Zero-Interaction Principle (ZIP) framework's quantum collapse mechanism and cosmic inflation. I demonstrate that inflation emerges naturally from the quantum collapse of pure potential states without requiring additional scalar fields. Our mathematical derivation connects the collapse rate function to the exponential expansion needed to solve the horizon and flatness problems. Numerical calculations show that approximately 60 e-folds of inflation can be achieved with physically motivated parameters, resolving major cosmological problems while avoiding fine-tuning issues present in conventional inflation models. I also predict specific observational signatures that can be tested through cosmic microwave background measurements.

2025, EPJ Web of Conferences

2025

In our Institute we have researched the migrating population of Eurasian Woodcock in Hungary for 2 decades. According to our monitoring project we have declared, that springtime hunting of woodcock is selective in Hungary. The determinative part of hunted birds are cock. There are twice- three times more females proportionally in the hunting bags of the countries that hunting practice is autumn - winter methods, than in Hungary. Summarized it can be declared, that the Hungarian springtime hunting of Eurasian Woodcock has been both in quality and quantity a sustainable use without unpleasant consequences on the European population.

2025, Optics Letters

Imaging with a layered superlens is a spatial filtering operation characterized by the point spread function (PSF). We show that in the same optical system the image of a narrow sub-wavelength Gaussian incident field may be surprisingly dissimilar to the PSF, and the width of PSF is not a straightforward measure of resolution. FWHM or std. dev. of PSF give ambiguous information about the actual resolution, and imaging of objects smaller than the FWHM of PSF is possible. A multiscale analysis of imaging gives good insight into the peculiar scale-dependent properties of sub-wavelength imaging.

2025, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

The spatial variability of soil nitrogen (N) mineralisation has not been extensively studied, which limits our capacity to make N fertiliser recommendations. Even less attention has been paid to the scaledependence of the variation. The objective of this research was to investigate the scale-dependence of variation of mineral N (MinN, N-NO 3 -plus N-NH 4 + ) at within-field scales. The study was based on the spatial dependence of the labile fractions of SOM, the key fractions for N mineralisation. Soils were sampled in an unbalanced nested design in a 4-ha arable field to examine the distribution of the variation of SOM at 30, 10, 1, and 0.12 m. Organic matter in free and intra-aggregate light fractions (FLF and IALF) was extracted by physical fractionation. The variation occurred entirely within 0.12 m for FLF and at 10 m for IALF. A subsequent sampling on a 5-m grid was undertaken to link the status of the SOM fractions to MinN, which showed uncorrelated spatial dependence. A uniform application of N fertiliser would be suitable in this case. The failure of SOM fractions to identify any spatial dependence of MinN suggests that other soil variables, or crop indicators, should be tested to see if they can identify different N supply areas within the field for a more efficient and environmentally friendly N management.

2025

We propose a cosmological model in which dark energy arises not as a static cosmological constant, but through dynamic energy transformation from decaying dark matter, radiation, and baryonic matter. This model maintains total energy conservation and introduces scaling laws that match current observational data on H(z), fσ₈(z), and Ω(z). Phantom crossing and late-time acceleration emerge naturally without fine-tuning or exotic fields. The framework challenges ΛCDM by offering a unified, evolutionary energy model grounded in physically motivated processes.

2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly emerging as a general-purpose technology (GPT) with the potential to transform the foundations of economic growth. This paper develops a dynamic endogenous growth model that conceptualizes AI not merely as a productivity enhancer, but as a foundational force reshaping labor markets, capital allocation, and innovation systems. We model AI diffusion as an S-curve process with sectoral spillovers and analyze how its complementarity with human capital leads to asymmetric outcomes across income and skill levels. Simulations calibrated with real-world AI adoption data reveal non-linear effects on total factor productivity (TFP), with significant transitional disruptions. While long-run economic growth accelerates under broad AI integration, the short-and medium-term impacts include rising inequality, labor market dislocation, and uneven sectoral benefits. Policy implications include the urgent need for adaptive education systems, progressive redistribution mechanisms, and innovation-friendly AI governance. This framework aims to provide economists and policymakers with a structured lens for understanding and guiding AI's macroeconomic impact.

2025, Optical Engineering

Achromatic optical processing systems can perform a variety of operations with temporally incoherent (polychromatic) light, without color blurring. The system design is a complicated task, since usually the scale at the output depends on the wavelength. The design goal is to eliminate this scale dependence as well as two other wavelengthdependent defects. Such a goal is generally achieved by modifying lens design procedures. Here we do it in a different manner. Specifically, we resort to matrix algebra, applied to the Wigner distribution function. The resulting Wigner matrix includes elements that characterize wavelengthdependent parameters of the optical systems. Such a characterization provides a clear insight into what is needed to reduce the wavelength dependence, and indeed achieve the achromatization of the systems. This design approach is valid with either wave optics or geometrical optics. The basic principles and specific design examples of achromatic optical Fourier transformers and Fourier processing systems with low chromatic aberrations over the entire visible spectrum are presented.

2025, Journal of Ecology

Summary1. It has been proposed that, across broad spatial scales, climatic factors are the main drivers of ecological patterns, while biotic factors are mainly important at local spatial scales. However, few tests of the effect of biotic interactions on broad‐scale patterns have been conducted; conclusions about the scale‐dependence of the importance of biotic interactions thus seem premature.2. We developed an extensive database of locality records of one of Africa’s most conspicuous groups, the acacias (the genera Senegalia and Vachellia), and used species distribution models (SDMs) to estimate the distribution of all African acacias.3. African acacias are particularly well adapted against mammalian herbivory; therefore, we hypothesized that browser diversity could be an important driver of acacia richness. Species richness maps for the two genera were created from SDM‐generated maps. Ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and, to consider spatial autocorrelation, simultaneous au...

2025, Global and Planetary Change

complex terrain net ecosystem exchange spruce forest sapflow transpiration grasslands alpine meadows up-scaling land use change A process-based spatial simulation model was used to estimate gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem CO 2 exchange and water use by the vegetation in Stubai Valley, Austria at landscape scale. The simulations were run for individual years from early spring to late fall, providing estimates in grasslands for carbon gain, biomass and leaf area development, allocation of photoproducts to the below ground ecosystem compartment, and water use. In the case of evergreen coniferous forests, gas exchange is estimated, but spatial simulation of growth over the single annual cycles is not included. Spatial parameterization of the model is derived for forest LAI based on remote sensing, for soil characteristics by generalization from spatial surveys and for climate drivers from observations at monitoring stations along the elevation gradient and from modelling of incident radiation in complex terrain. Validation of the model was carried out at point scale, and was based on comparison of model output at selected locations with observations along elevation gradients in Stubai Valley and Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany as well as with known trends in ecosystem response documented in the literature. The utility of the model for describing long-term changes in carbon and water balances at landscape scale is demonstrated in the context of land use change that occurred between 1861 and 2002 in Stubai Valley. During this period, coniferous forest increased in extent by ca. 11% of the vegetated area of 1861, primarily in the subalpine zone. Managed grassland decreased by 46%, while abandoned grassland and natural alpine mats increased by 14 and 11%, respectively. At point scale, the formulated model predicts higher canopy conductance in 1861 due to lower atmospheric CO 2 concentration which opens stomata. As a result, water use at point scale decreased by ca. 8% in 2002 in the valley bottoms versus 10% at tree line. At landscape level, the decrease in water use by vegetation in 2002 was predicted to be twice as high (ca. 17%) due to increase in subalpine forest, reduction of managed grassland in the valley and on slopes, as well as abandonment of grassland which results in natural succession. Net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) was predicted to increase (become more negative) at point scale depending on vegetation type by 10 to 20% in 2002 due to increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration. However, due to the shift from grassland to forest and natural vegetation, landscape level CO 2 exchange did not change. As a result of land use change, the export of carbon in harvested biomass in 2002 was estimated at only 30% of that in 1861. While the need for further validation of model assumptions is recognized, especially changes in ecosystem behavior with changing atmospheric CO 2 concentration, the model analysis indicates a long-term reduction in water use by vegetation and a shift in ecosystem services. The results provide a case study, where land use change may compensate or override the influences of increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration, maintaining a relatively constant NEE in present time period simulations as compared to 1861, as well as reducing export of carbon from the alpine landscape of Stubai Valley. Use of the model in evaluation of scenarios of future land use change and in relation to vulnerability of ecosystem services are discussed.

2025, Journal of Structural Geology

Plate motion at convergent margins causes crustal shortening and orogenic thickening. Relative motion that is oblique to the plate margins is an inevitable consequence of plate kinematics on a sphere and results in non-coaxial three-dimensional deformation that cannot be approximated to simple shear. Models of mountain building that include a smoothly varying component of pure shear shortening allow strain compatibility to be maintained by deforming the upper free surface of the Earth without disrupting the material continuum. However such models do not reflect accurately the nature of deformation in many areas of high strain in the upper crust, which are characterized by interconnected arrays of kinematically linked faults that can be active on several scales of magnitude simultaneously. As brittle deformation increases, the coherence of the material continuum is highly reduced. In such situations, strain compatibility is maintained by partitioning the deformation amongst structures of varying kinematic significance over a wide range of scales and not by smooth variations in strain magnitude acting on a single scale across a material continuum. There is a marked tendency for such partitioned domains to be oriented parallel or sub-parallel to the orogenic grain. Alignment of domains in this way represents a strong structural anisotropy, which acts as a highly significant boundary condition that controls deformation at subordinate scales. Finite strain observed within an individual domain at a given scale need not therefore display the same magnitude or orientation as bulk finite strain at the plate scale and consequently data must be collected from as large an area as possible to relate outcrop-scale structures to global-scale tectonics.

2025

This work is devoted to a formulation and an investigation of a boundary value problem with Gellerstedt conditions on different characteristics for the loaded parabolic-hyperbolic type equation of the second kind.By using the extremum principle and the method of energy integrals, there are proved the uniqueness of solution of the formulated problem, and the existence of a solution to the problem -by the method integral equations.

2025, Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Nonequilibrium Response of the Daytime Atmospheric Boundary Layer to Mesoscale Forcing JAMES BRASSEUR, BAJALI JAYARAMAN, Penn State, SUE HAUPT, JARED LEE, NCAR -The essential turbulence structure of the daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is driven by interactions between shear and buoyancy. A relatively strong inversion layer "lid" typically confines the ABL turbulence, whose height grows during the day with increasing surface heat flux (Q 0 ) to ∼ 1-2 km before collapsing with Q 0 towards the day's end. The 3D "microscale" ABL turbulence is forced largely in the horizontal by winds above the capping inversion at the "mesoscale" at the O(100) km scale. Whereas the "canonical" ABL is in equilibrium and quasi-stationary, quasi-2D weather dynamics at the mesoscale is typically nonstationary at sub-diurnal time scales. We study the consequences of nonstationarity in the quasi-2D mesoscale forcing in horizontal winds and solar heating on the dynamics of ABL turbulence and especially on the potential for significant deviations from the canonical equilibrium state. We apply high-fidelity LES of the dry cloudless ABL over Kansas in July forced at the mesoscale (WRF) with statistical homogeneity in the horizontal. We find significant deviations from equilibrium that appear in a variety of interesting ways. One of the more interesting results is that the changes in mesoscale wind direction at the diurnal time scale can destabilize the ABL and sometimes cause a transition in ABL eddy structure that are normally associated with increased surface heating. Supported by DOE. Computer resources by the Penn State ICS.

2025

On the Euclidean manifold randomly discretized as ensembles of space-time points, we study regularization and quantization of the Einstein-Cartan theory for gravity coupling with fermion fields. The diffeomorphism and local gauge invariant regularization of the Einstein-Cartan action is constructed by tedrat fields eµ(x) at each point x, fermion fields ψ and a holonomy of spin-connection field ωµ on the local Lorentz manifold. Quantization is defined by a bounded Euclidean partition function with the measure of SO(4)-group valued gauge fields, Grassmann anticommuting fermion and tedrad fields over all discrete space- time points. We calculate: (i) black hole entropy, being proportional to its surface; (ii) the average of regularized EC action, showing that the minimal distance between two space-time points is the Planck length. Introduction. The self-dual connection of a Yang-Mills gauge theory was introduced in the Ashtekar formalism for General Relativity (1). The complex Ashtekar...

2025, Physical Review Letters

The production of forward jets of transverse momentum p T (j) ≈ Q and large momentum fraction x jet ≫ x probes the onset of BFKL dynamics at HERA. A full O(α 2 s ) calculation of the inclusive forward jet cross section is presented and compared to the expected BFKL cross section. The kinematical region populated by these events and the scale dependence of the fixed order perturbative QCD cross sections are discussed.

2025, International Review of Hydrobiology

We analysed the spatial patterns in macroinvertebrate taxon richness and abundance at two scales: sampling unit and basin. We sampled 12 stream sites in three zones of Portugal, differing in climate geomorphology and water chemistry. At a sampling unit scale, substratum organic matter content, depth and the dominant size of substratum particles were correlated with numbers of taxa and individuals. We propose that the number of taxa at a small scale depends on the number of individuals, which in turn is the result of organic matter accumulation, hydrologic and substratum characteristics. The environmental parameters better explaining the large‐scale biological data were temperature, minimum size of substratum particles and pH. Regardless of the relative importance of variable types and mechanisms regulating stream invertebrates along the climatic gradient, rivers from the North and Centre appeared to be richer in taxa than the typically Mediterranean streams in the South.