Second Law of Thermodynamics Research Papers (original) (raw)

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- Marketing, Genetics, Psychology, Cognitive Science

`Zero-spin-photon hypothesis' as proposed in an earlier paper [1] states that: `due to inevitable consequence of the second-law of thermodynamics and spin-conservation, the `zero-spin-photon' is generated in pair-production process (of elementary particles), which decays into neutrino and antineutrino'. The zero-spin photon hypothesis explains [1] several riddles of physics and universe. In the present paper, it is shown that `the zero-spin photon hypothesis' when incorporated into the higer-order Feynman diagram (with a closed-loop) could possibly solve the half-a-century-old and famous `infinity-problem' of QED, and thus could avoid the need of the so called `re-normalization' procedure.

Pure thermodynamical considerations to describe the entropic evolution of the universe seem to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This suggests that the gravitational field itself has entropy. In this paper we expand recent work done by Rudjord, GrØn and SigbjØrn where they suggested a method to calculate the gravitational entropy in black holes based on the so-called `Weyl curvature conjecture'. We study the formulation of an estimator for the gravitational entropy of Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, Kerr-Newman black holes, and a simple case of wormhole. We calculate in each case the entropy for both horizons and the interior entropy density. Then, we analyse whether the functions obtained have the expected behaviour for an appropriate description of the gravitational entropy density.

- by Gustavo E Romero
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- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Thermodynamics, Gravitation

A planetary trains for multi-speed is mainly used for automation in industries of automobile. A planetary
gear train is represented by a graph. It is identified by (i) number of vertices and their connectivity (ii) number of edges and their types and values (iii) fundamental circuits, their size and adjancy. Connectivity of individual link is a property characteristic of kinematic chain. It is possible to identify a planetary gear,therefore of using sets of labele (decimal numbers representing connectivity ) of individual link. The
connectivity of vertices , edges values and circuit values, related to design invariants which in turn indicates the possible behavior of the gear train ( for example capacity of power transmission, speed ratio and power carculation). For a specified degree – of – freedom a number of planetary gear kinematic chain (PGKCs) are selected and hence planetary gear trains (PGTs) can be formed with a given number of links
and joints so that designer must be able to select to select the best train from the view point of say velocity ratio and capacity of power transmission, space requirements etc. Synthesis of planetary gear kinematic chain and planetary gear trains has been studied(1-9). Almost all reported work deals with only
identification of distinct chains. Besides providing an atlus of chains, this in itself does not provide any help to designer in the selection of best possible gear train. In the present paper a simple method based of circuit property ( based on link-link shortest path distance and degree of links) is presented to determine the topology values of power transmission efficiency and topology power transmission capacity of five-links PGKCs and their distinct inversions

Essentially a collection of arguments with some extra materials as bookends.

- by Nathan Coppedge
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- Engineering, Physics, Theoretical Physics, Mechanics
- by Afshin Shafiee
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- Thermodynamics, Second Law, Second Law of Thermodynamics

The purpose of the work was to critically re-examine and investigate the evaluation of refrigerant compressors and to determine and discriminate between the factors which influence their characteristics. The objectives also included the investigation of techniques by which the characteristics can be established and the suggestion of ways in which compressor performance can be described and quantified. The particular compressor

- by Jim A McGovern
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- Mechanical Engineering, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Compressor

The main purpose of this chapter is to briefly recapitulate what is learned in a first course in classical thermodynamics (Only those portions of a typical undergraduate curriculum that are relevant to combustion calculations are given emphasis). As defined in Chap. 1, thermodynamics is the science of relationships among heat, work, and the properties of the system. Our first task, therefore, will be to define the keywords in this definition: system, heat, work, and properties. The relationships among these quantities are embodied in the First and the Second laws of thermodynamics. The laws enable one to evaluate the change in the states of the system, as identified by the changes in its properties. In thermodynamics, this change is called a process, although, in common everyday language, the processes maybe identified with terms such as cooling, heating, expansion, compression, phase change (melting, solidification, evaporation, condensation), or chemical reaction (such as combustion, catalysis, etc.). As such, it is important to define two additional terms: state and process.

- by anil date
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- Aerospace Engineering, Law, Universe, Ideal Gas

In this paper, using the combination of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the work bounds in thermodynamic cycles are investigated generally and, to show the application, the results are extracted for some physical systems. Also, a new concept on the available work limits is extracted. To provide information on the maximum or minimum amount of work to be done during a thermodynamic cycle, energy balance, as well as irreversibility, should be considered. Entropy production during a thermodynamic cycle as a limiting criterion for work to be done is expressed as Clausius inequality. Therefore an inequality extracted from the first and second laws of thermodynamic to obtain lower and upper bounds of available work. The obtained upper bound of the work to be done is in agreement with Carnot's rule. The lower bound is obtained at the maximum possible irreversibility during the respective cycle.

- by morteza esmaeilpour
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- Thermodynamics, Classical Thermodynamics, Energy, Heat Transfer
- by Roy Frieden
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- Mathematical Physics, Quantum Physics, Fisher information, Space Time

Conservation principles are used to represent all physical transformations occurring in the universe, accordingly are also adopted to design runner conduit for thermoplastic melt injection. Conservation principles for thermoplastic melt injection through runner conduit are implemented by considering cylindrical co-ordinates system relevant to its geometrical configuration for deriving governing equations. While the continuity equation ensures volumetric conservation of thermoplastic melt, the momentum equation represents equilibrium of forces on thermoplastic melt injection through runner conduit. During an injection moulding cycle heat and work done energy transformations are balanced by implementing first and second law of thermodynamics. Thermoplastic melt state change through the runner conduit for a particular cycle is appreciated by heat conduction equation. Traditionally inertia and entropy contribution is neglected to skip rigorousness, nevertheless they continue to prevail....

Talk given at AAAS San Diego 2016.

- by Remi Cornwall
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- Theoretical Physics, Thermodynamics, Information Theory, Power System
- by Mehmet YILMAZ
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- Performance Analysis, Second Law, Heat pump, CoP

Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy towards complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course towards an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e. species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms, which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation ...

- by Arto Annila
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- Geology, Physics, Thermodynamics, Origins of Life

Possibility of Perpetual Source of Energy

- by Ramkrishna Das
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- Evolutionary Biology, Cognitive Science, Mathematics, Number Theory

We study self-organization of collective motion as a thermodynamic phenomenon in the context of the first law of thermodynamics. It is expected that the coherent ordered motion typically self-organises in the presence of changes in the (generalized) internal energy and of (generalized) work done on, or extracted from, the system. We aim to explicitly quantify changes in these two quantities in a system of simulated self-propelled particles and contrast them with changes in the system's configuration entropy. In doing so, we adapt a thermodynamic formulation of the curvatures of the internal energy and the work, with respect to two parameters that control the particles' alignment. This allows us to systematically investigate the behavior of the system by varying the two control parameters to drive the system across a kinetic phase transition. Our results identify critical regimes and show that during the phase transition, where the configuration entropy of the system decreases, the rates of change of the work and of the internal energy also decrease, while their curvatures diverge. Importantly, the reduction of entropy achieved through expenditure of work is shown to peak at criticality. We relate this both to a thermodynamic efficiency and the significance of the increased order with respect to a computational path. Additionally, this study provides an information-geometric interpretation of the curvature of the internal energy as the difference between two curvatures: the curvature of the free entropy, captured by the Fisher information, and the curvature of the configuration entropy.

- by Mikhail Prokopenko
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- Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Information Theory, Self-Organization

The second law of thermodynamics has played an important role in ecological economics as providing a justification for the view that economies have limits to growth. Yet beyond basic textbooks statements of this law, we seldom find informed philosophical examinations of the meaning and metaphysical justification for the second law. In this paper we shall examine some challenges which have

- by Claire Smith
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- Economics, Ecological Economics, Environmental Sciences, Population environment
- by Adrian Bejan
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- Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Thermodynamics
- by Martin Ostoja-Starzewski and +1
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- Fluctuation Theorem, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Homogenous Random Field

An exergy modeling and optimization of an industrial ammonia unit based on steam methane reforming (SMR) process is presented. The base-case unit produces about 1000 t NH3/day [1], as well as power and steam, with no auxiliary exergy use. Some critical operation parameters are analyzed and the base-case and optimal operating conditions of the major components are compared. Since the ammonia synthesis process is highly exothermic, higher per-pass conversions in industrial adiabatic reactors are often achieved by using various sequential catalyst beds, where a near-optimum profile of reaction rate vs temperature can be attained by regulating the inlet temperature of each bed. This is performed via internal heat recovery, either by preheating reactor feed gas or by using waste heat boilers, which results in an increase of the steam production and a smaller fuel consumption. But, although such near-optimum operation conditions may lead to higher reaction rates and, thus, lower catalyst volumes could be required, it is found that the optimal design of the ammonia loop is rather determined by the performance of each component and their interdependencies. Moreover, since the proposed objective function (exergy destruction minimization) is very sensitive to specific process variables, the convergence of the solution algorithm is sometimes hindered. The exergy destruction breakdown shows that the ammonia converter and the refrigeration system are together responsible for more than 71e82% of the total exergy destruction in the ammonia loop, which in turn varies between 25.6 and 38.8 MW for optimal and base-case operation conditions, respectively.

The constructal law states that every flow system evolves in time so that it develops the flow architecture that maximizes flow access under the constraints posed to the flow. Earlier applications of the constructal law recommended it as a self-standing law that is distinct from the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we develop a model of heat transport on the earth surface that accounts for the solar and terrestrial radiation as the heat source and heat sink and with natural convection loops as the transport mechanism. In the first part of the paper, the constructal law is invoked to optimize the latitude of the boundary between the Hadley and the Ferrel cells, and the boundary between the Ferrel and the Polar cells. The average temperature of the earth surface, the convective conductance in the horizontal direction as well as other parameters defining the latitudinal circulation also match the observed values. In the second part of the paper, the constructal law is invoked in the analysis of atmospheric circulation at the diurnal scale. Here the heat transport is optimized against the Ekman number. Even though this second optimization is based on very different variables than in the first part of the paper, it produces practically the same results for the earth surface temperature and the other variables. The earth averaged temperature difference between day and night was found to be approximately 7 K, which matches the observed value. The accumulation of coincidences between theoretical predictions and natural flow configuration adds weight to the claim that the constructal law is a law of nature.

- by Adrian Bejan and +1
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- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Geophysics, Physics

This paper investigates a source of energy generation which has not been well harnessed in Nigeria: trash (Municipal Solid Waste) to energy. Wastes from nine major cities in Nigeria were considered. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics were used to determine the power developed from the combustion of the municipal solid wastes. The analysis and evaluation from the work has shown that about 2.26MW of electrical energy could be generated daily from wastes per city. This is quite significant in the quest for alternative/complimentary energy source in Nigeria.
Keywords: Energy generation, solid wastes, combustion.

the complete asignment for relations of the thermodynamics with their application

- by Diego Casadei
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- Thermodynamics, Information Theory, Water, Probability

The Second Law of Thermodynamics talks about the entropy and exergy of a thermodynamic system in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium. It is an empirical finding that has been accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory. This law is explained through Statistical thermodynamics either classically or through quantum formulation. Although the firstlaw aspects of thermodynamics readily understood & accepted, people fail to comply with the secondlaw aspects. It is viewed as a topic more of theoretical interest rather than being an important engineering tool well applicable to our life aspects. In view of human efficiency, the second law discussion disregards the availability of time to a person being a problem and rather focuses upon its effective utilization. The irreversiblity of a process cast the difference between the actual work delivered and the maximum work (reversible work) that could have been derived from the system. Here we try to identify the major sources of irreversibilities and the way to minimize them in order to maximize performance.

- by Chandan Sinha
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- Thermodynamics, Exergy, Second Law of Thermodynamics

The study On the Thermodynamics of War and Social Evolution, shows that patterns can be identified in the war dynamics of the System, and that a relationship exists between these war dynamics and social evolution. The research suggests that Prigogine’s idea about non-equilibrium systems being able to attain highly ordered states in response to an increase of energy flux, can also be successfully applied to the social sciences. These new insights could have profound implications for our understanding of war (dynamics), and for our ability to better control and prevent war, in the future.I argue that the System can be considered a non-equilibrium system, and that the (relationship between) war dynamics - and the patterns they produce - and social evolution, can be explained from a (non-equilibrium) thermodynamic perspective: Interactions between components of the System (individual humans, communities, societies, states, etc.) are irreversible, and result in the production of entropy - tensions - in the System.
These tensions (entropy) serve as a source of order and are regulated by means of a dissipative structure that also puts kinetic activity (war) to use, to ensure the most efficient path to thermodynamic equilibrium of the System.

- by Ingo Piepers
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- Thermodynamics, International Relations, Social Networks, Climate Change

The received view of Bergson’s philosophy of life is that it advances some form of vitalism under the heading of an “élan vital.” This paper argues against the vitalistic interpretation of Bergson’s élan vital as it appears in Creative Evolution in favor of an interpretation based on his overlooked ideas on entropy and energetics. Within the interpretation developed here, the élan vital is characterized not as a spiritualistic “vital force” but as a tendency of organization opposed to the tendency of entropic degradation. It is then shown how Bergson’s view of evolution and living organization resonates with more contemporary scientific approaches belonging to a “thermodynamic paradigm” in theoretical biology in different respects, including the critique of neo-Darwinism and the positing of a driving force behind evolution. Finally, the special interest that Bergson’s philosophical biology bears today is considered in terms of the connection between the concepts of élan vital and duration.

- by James DiFrisco
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- Henri Bergson, Evolutionary theory, Second Law of Thermodynamics

... Ahmet Koca a , Hakan F. Oztop b , Tansel Koyun c and Yasin Varol a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author. ... from 1.22 to 2.63 kW, whereas the rate of heat stored in the LHS unit were 111.2 and... more

- by Yasin Varol
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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Renewable Energy, Heat Transfer

This book was conceived as a challenge to the crestfallen conformism in science. And any such challenge is addressed first of all to the youth cognizant of the laws of nature for the first time, and therefore potentially more inclined to perceive non-standard ideas.
My words are to you, student and postgraduate. Your life will not be devoted to specification of the hundredth digit of a well-known constant. The very foundation of modern physics has collapsed, and its edifice is tumbling down. You will have space to develop, and subject to think over. To realize and formulate ideas... What can be more worthy? And what can give greater joy of life? I have lived my life, and I can say: neither money, nor power, nor even love (I do not even speak about wine and drugs) can give you the wonderful, keen feeling that embrace a person when the heap of discrepant and seemingly unrelated facts suddenly find just proportion, simplicity, and you begin feeling harmony of the universe. I believe that something like this is felt by a woman who keeps healthy and crying baby against her breast after a long and difficult pregnancy and childbirth. Creative work is the only way for a person to experience this feeling.
But my words are also for venerable scientists of my own generation. You are knowledge curators. It is impossible without you to create hierarchy, canon so important for the science of the coming millennium, so necessary to construct “Beads game” on the place where today we observe a mixture of strange fantasies called physical concepts. So let us not become like politicians who put their personal ambitions higher than the interests of our common pursuit. In the great evolution movement the Lord prescribed to us the role of the humanity brain. So let us be worthy of our destination.
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to everybody who directly or indirectly helped in my difficult journey to modern physics. And first of my thanks are addressed to I.V. Prohorzev. This book could not have appeared at all without his attention and support. I am very grateful to all my colleagues in the St. Petersburg Physical Society seminar, and first of all to the seminar curator A.P. Smirnov, and to the ‘first between equals’, V.A. Fogel, who attracted my attention to electrodynamics and persistently revived that interest, sometimes even despite my resistance.
As always professional was Svetlana Begacheva who typeset the earlier Russian edition of this book. As always forbearing and benevolent was my wife, Alena, about my love to whom I would like to speak here because I seldom pronounce this in everyday life. My thanks to my teachers – professors of Leningrad State University who has given the habit for quantitative investigations and perhaps naive believe in the final victory of truth to me, also to all my friends, and first of all to A.N. Proszenko who always found strength to support me in my foolhardy initiatives.

- by Yaroslav Klyushin
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- Physics, Thermodynamics, Gravitation, Quantum Electrodynamics

A new exergy-based formulation is derived for the assessment of the aerothermopropulsive performance of civil aircraft. The choice of exergy is motivated by its ability to provide a well-established and consistent framework for the design of aerospace vehicles. The output of the derivation process is an exergy balance between the exergy supplied by a propulsion system or by heat transfer, the mechanical equilibrium of the aircraft, and the exergy outflow and destruction within the control volume. The theoretical formulation is subsequently numerically implemented in a Fortran code named ffx for the post-processing of CFD-RANS flow solutions.
Unpowered airframe configurations are examined with grid refinement studies and a turbulence model sensitivity analysis is performed. A numerical correction is introduced and calibrated to obtain an accuracy similar to the near-field drag method. The code is thereby validated against well-tried methods of drag prediction and wind-tunnel tests, when available.
The investigation of powered configurations demonstrates the ability of the approach for assessing the performance of configurations with aerothermopropulsive interactions. First, the formulation is validated for the simple case of a turbojet engine for which consistent figures of merit are exhibited. The method is also proved robust for assessing the overall performance of a boundary layer ingesting propulsion system placed on the upper surface of a simplified blended wing-body architecture. Moreover, this configuration enables the investigation of thermopropulsive interactions by the transfer of heat upstream of the propulsion system.
Subsequently, the integration of a heat exchanger on a commercial aircraft is examined for which the exergy point of view provides guidelines for an efficient design. The ability of the formulation to consistently assess all these types of subsystems is a clear benefit of this method.

- by Aurélien ARNTZ
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- Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerodynamics

This paper surveys the publications available in the literature concerning the application of the second-law of thermodynamics to internal combustion engines. The availability (exergy) balance equations of the engine cylinder and subsystems are reviewed in detail providing also relations concerning the definition of state properties, chemical availability, flow and fuel availability, and dead state. Special attention is given to identification

More than 25 years ago Swenson (1988) proposed and elaborated the Law of Maximum Entropy Production (LMEP) as the missing piece of physical or universal law that would account for the ubiquitous and opportunistic transformation from disordered, or less ordered, to more highly ordered states. In Swenson (1989d) LMEP was given expression as a precise law that could be demonstrated in falsifiable, experimental, physical terms. In Swenson and Turvey (1991), LMEP was tied explicitly to the progressive emergence of living things with their cognitive, or perception-action, capabilities.

- by Mayo Martinez-Kahn and +1
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- Evolutionary Biology, Philosophy of Mind, Cultural Sociology, Cognition
- by Robert U. Ayres
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- Thermodynamics, Ecological Economics, Economic Growth, Energy
- by Fernando Brandao
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- Engineering, Physical sciences, Second Law of Thermodynamics

This paper focuses on the principal causal factor of collapse: population expansion and resultant resource depletion. Multiple disciplines have drilled research wells for sixty years; now is the time for synthesis and Archaeology is the single best field for knowledge consolidation. Humans are not special and complex human systems manifest characteristic elements. The function of telomeres demystifies mortality (A. Olovnikov 1973). The geometric principle of linear straightness explains human temporal myopia. Self-organizing criticality, pioneered by physicist Per Bak (1987), illustrates why civilizations emerge as managerial responses to population pressure. The work of chemist Ilya Prigogine (1957) suggests that individuality precedes collapse. The laws of thermodynamics make comprehensible Joseph Tainter’s use of the economic term “decreased marginal returns”. Research in trans-genetic memory by Brian Dias and Kerry Ressler may indicate we can never learn from history and that free will is an illusion. Correlating these with other allied factors results in a collapse model which appears elastic, scalable and predictive, and which coincidentally revitalizes Mommsen’s “cycle of historical evolution".

- by Shelley Hartman
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- Human Evolution, Complexity, Societal Collapse, Collapse of Complex Societies

Книга посвящена ревизии основных взглядов современной физики. Она стала результатом 25 лет размышлений автора над этой проблемой. Автор дерзнул усомниться не только в СТО и ОТО, но и в основах квантовой механики.
Первая глава посвящена формулировке нового подхода к электродинамике. Предложены формулы для взаимодействия электрических зарядов, к которым пришли еще основоположники теории электричества, но которые, почему-то, не вошли в рассуждения современных теоретиков. Найдены так же соотношения, которые не рассматривались никогда ранее и требуют экспериментальной проверки. В главе, посвященной гравитации, сделана попытка реализовать давнюю мечту ученых – объединить электричество и гравитацию. О ее успешности судить читателю. Для нового понимания термодинамики существенной оказалась необходимость пересмотреть траекторное представление о движении и ввести понятие поверхностной скорости, избежав стохастических манипуляций. Подобный подход позволяет детерминистски описать квантово-механические эффекты, ввести четкое понятие энтропии, которое оказалось краеугольным камнем для формулы Планка.
Книга рассчитана как на внимание людей, просто интересующихся наукой, так и профессиональных инженеров и физиков. Для понимания материала требуется подготовка на уровне курса высшей математики.

- by Yaroslav Klyushin
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- Physics, Thermodynamics, Gravitation, Quantum Electrodynamics

The performance of a gas turbine is significantly affected by the environmental conditions. Net power output of a gas turbine can be increased by reducing the compressor inlet air temperature. There are different techniques used for inlet air cooling of the gas turbines. These techniques are evaporative coolers, spray inlet coolers or fogging systems, and mechanical refrigeration or chillers where a heat exchanger cools the inlet air. To improve the efficiency of gas turbine power plants, Ice Thermal Energy Storage (ITES) systems can be used as inlet cooling system.
The aim of this study is to determine the use of an ITES system for a 239 MW powered gas turbine cycle, which is located in Bursa / Turkey. The performance of the system was investigated for full load conditions. Energy and exergy analysis were done by using last decade’s meteorological weather data. The results showed that utilizing the ITES system boosted the net power up to 12.60 %.

- by Muhsin Kiliç and +1
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- Thermal Engineering, Thermodynamics, Pressure gain combustion for gas turbines, GAS TURBINE

The climate condition affects the performance of the combined-cycle power plants. The efficiency of the combined
cycle is significantly influenced by the temperature, pressure and humidity of the air. When the ambient air
temperature increases, the density of the air decreases, and it leads to a reduction of power generated by the gas
turbine. In this work, the energy and exergy analysis of a commercial gas turbine, with inlet air cooling, was
performed. The effects of fogging system on gas-turbine performance studied. For this aim, the energy and exergy
balances were obtained for each piece of equipment. Calculations have been made for four different cases for the
regarded gas turbine system. Furthermore, exergetic efficiency, exergy destruction rates and improvement
potentials were obtained, and the results of the study demonstrated graphically. It is concluded that the net power
output of the gas turbine system increased at lower inlet temperatures and exergy destruction rates occurred from
highest to lowest as combustion chamber (CC), gas turbine (GT) and air compressor (AC), respectively.

- by Umit Unver and +1
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- Thermal Engineering, Thermodynamics, Pressure gain combustion for gas turbines, GAS TURBINE