Second Law of Thermodynamics Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, International Journal of Plasticity

AbstractÐThis paper is concerned with crystals undergoing large plastic deformations. The free energy per unit volume of the reference crystal is supposed to depend on the elastic distortion as well as on constant tensors characterizing the crystal symmetry. The dissipative driving force is shown to be equal to the Eshelby stress tensor relative to the reference crystal. For single crystals obeying Taylor's equation the driving force reduces to the Eshelby resolved shear stress, which is power-conjungate to the slip rate. The Schmid law formulated with respect to the latter is used to determine the critical hardening rate at the onset of the shear band formation.

2025, Entropy

Quantum entanglement can cause the efficiency of a heat engine to be greater than the efficiency of the Carnot cycle. However, this does not mean a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, since there is no local equilibrium for pure quantum states, and, in the absence of local equilibrium, thermodynamics cannot be formulated correctly. Von Neumann entropy is not a thermodynamic quantity, although it can characterize the ordering of a system. In the case of the entanglement of the particles of the system with the environment, the concept of an isolated system should be refined. In any case, quantum correlations cannot lead to a violation of the second law of thermodynamics in any of its formulations. This article is devoted to a technical discussion of the expected results on the role of quantum entanglement in thermodynamics.

2025, Entropy

2025, Physical review. E

In this article, we present an approach for the thermodynamics of phase oscillators induced by an internal multiplicative noise. We analytically derive the free energy, entropy, internal energy, and specific heat. In this framework, the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics requires the definition of a synchronization field acting on the phase oscillators. By introducing the synchronization field, we have consistently obtained the susceptibility and analyzed its behavior. This allows us to characterize distinct phases in the system, which we have denoted as synchronized and parasynchronized phases, in analogy with magnetism. The system also shows a rich complex behavior, exhibiting ideal gas characteristics for low temperatures and susceptibility anomalies that are similar to those present in complex fluids such as water.

2025, Закон сохранения энергии в ТИП: от квантового до космического масштабатеория искривленного пространства как мост между MOND, тёмной энергией и композитным Higgs

Мы представляем развёрнутое действие, объединяющее Теорию искривлённого пространства (ТИП) и MOND–модификацию в одном геометрическом каркасе. В основе лежит диагональная матрица локальных деформаций \[... more

2025

This textbook offers a clear, progressive introduction to thermodynamics, tailored for university students and future engineers eager to understand the physical principles behind engines and refrigeration systems. It begins from the basics and progressively builds a solid conceptual foundation, empha- sizing real-world applications throughout.
With 59 fully-commented, step-by-step calculation examples and 96 problems with solutions, it equips readers to tackle engineering challenges with confidence. Alongside rigorous analysis, the book weaves in historical insights and scientific context — connecting core ideas to their origins and their technological impact.
An essential companion for those who want not only to solve problems, but also to understand why the world works the way it does.

2025, The Sacred Equation. Abstract only

This paper presents The Sacred Equation, a formal model for optimizing coherence, managing entropy, and enabling mind emergence in closed, competitive systems. Defined as a meta-function \Psi(\mu, t) , it integrates agent-level alignment, entropy contribution, recursive projection, and decision-gradient curvature (misalignment cost), providing a unified framework for biological, cognitive, artificial, and ideological systems. The equation is scaleinvariant and substrate-agnostic, with applications in AI alignment, sociotechnical network stability, and consciousness modeling. By demonstrating that long-term agent utility converges with systemic coherence, it offers a computational and thermodynamic logic for sustainable evolution in recursive, resource-constrained environments.

2025

What is time? This seemingly simple question has eluded a definitive answer for centuries. In physics, time appears as a variable – embedded in equations, symmetries, and transformations. In philosophy, it is often treated as a structure of consciousness, a mode of inner experience. But in everyday life, we feel time as a flow: unidirectional, irreversible, a perpetual “forward.” This chapter mounts a systemic challenge to that intuition. It argues that the so-called arrow of time – the notion that time has an inherent direction – is not a physical necessity, but rather an epistemic construction, a psychological compromise, and a cultural artifact. Our goal is to provide a robust reconstruction of time beyond linear narratives: interdisciplinary, equation-based, deliberately pluralistic. We frame the arrow of time as an emergent phenomenon – arising from entropy, observer perspective, and semantic modeling.

2025

The absence of a universal, physically grounded definition of life remains a critical shortcoming across biology, astrobiology, and artificial intelligence. While traditional definitions rely on biochemical functions or evolutionary... more

2025

We discuss the consequences of the new definition of the coulomb in SI units.

2025

Radiation has momentum and on reflection from confining surfaces exerts radiation pressure on the reflecting surface. Radiation is also a quanta of energy given by Plank formula. We show that it is possible use these to calculate a Carnot Efficiency for a process in which the hot and cold surfaces are both in the form of radiation. We then connect this with the general formula for entropy, then use the results to give a new definition of entropy as a measure of uniformity rather than chaos. This allows the statistical variance to be used as a measure for entropy. We show that this goes in line with the basic definition of thermodynamic entropy, which is found to be in essence a non-dimensional number describing the configuration state of the system. The dimensions normally given to entropy are not an essential part of the phenomenon. An abridged AI report about the contents of this article is given at the end.

2025, Preprint

2025

Natural sciences as taught by the Holy Quran and the Prophet (SAW)

2025, Physics Letters B

We consider a cosmological horizon, named thermo-horizon, to which are associated a temperature and an entropy of Bekenstein-Hawking and which obeys the first law for an energy flow calculated through the corresponding limit surface. We point out a contradiction between the first law and the definition of the total energy contained inside the horizon. This contradiction is removed when the first law is replaced by a Gibbs' equation for a vacuum-like component associated to the event horizon.

2025, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

We investigate the thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of the FRW universe in f (R, T ) theory under non-equilibrium description. The laws of thermodynamics have been discussed for two particular models of f (R, T ) theory. The first law of thermodynamics is expressed in the form of Clausius relation T h d Ŝh = δQ, where δQ = -d Ê + W dV + T h d  Ŝ is the energy flux across the horizon and d  Ŝ is the entropy production term. Furthermore, the conditions to preserve the generalized second law of thermodynamics are established with the constraints of positive temperature and attractive gravity. We have illustrated our results for some concrete models in this theory.

2025

A modern experimental setup with an educational purpose is proposed, recreating Marc-Auguste Pictet's classical experiment from the end of the XVIII century. Thermodynamic and geometrical optics phenomena are demonstrated via a system of spherical mirrors, a heat source and an infrared detector. The personal standpoints of certain esteemed scientists (members of the Geneva scientific community in the period 1770-1820) on the matter are examined. The experiment offers, not only the opportunity for a visual demonstration of physical phenomena, but also for a thorough discussion on contemporary views, in contrast with older and disproved ones, on fundamental issues in the field of physics. The article is of interest to people with affinity to history of physics.

2025, Biotechnology Progress

The intracellular concentrations of the valine and leucine pathway intermediates in a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain were measured during a transient state. The data were obtained by performing a glucose stimulus-response experiment with the use of a rapid sampling device and advanced mass spectrometry. The glucose stimulus resulted in a 3-fold increase in the intracellular pyruvate concentration within less than a second, demonstrating the very fast interactions in metabolic networks. The samples were taken at subsecond intervals for a time period of 25 s. The time courses of the metabolite concentrations formed the experimental basis of a mathematical model simulating the fluxes and concentrations in the valine/leucine pathway. The implementation of a model selection criterion based on the second law of thermodynamics is demonstrated to be essential for the identification of realistic and unique models. Large differences between the enzyme properties determined in vitro and those determined in vivo by the model were observed with the in vivo maximal rates being almost an order of magnitude larger than the in vitro maximal rates. The transamination of ketoisovalerate (KIV) to valine is carried out mainly by the transaminase B enzyme, with the transaminase C enzyme playing a minor role. The availability of the cofactors NADP and NADPH only has modest influence on the flux through the valine pathway, while the influence of NAD and NADH on the flux through the leucine pathway is negligible.

2025, International Journal of Thermodynamics

This paper presents the modeling of the irreversible thermodynamics of the Air Frame Subsystem as a component of integrated aircraft design/synthesis. Entropy calculation procedures for complicated geometries in curvilinear coordinates are described, including the effects of turbulence. Both inviscid and viscous calculations are reported and the contributions of the various terms in the entropy equation are investigated. The procedure is validated and then extended to the calculation of entropy generation associated with flow over the B747200 aircraft. Results show that most of the entropy generation is due to turbulence. The viscous dissipation term in the entropy equation dominates compared to the heat transfer term. The implications of the results for design improvement are briefly discussed.

2025, London Journal of Physics

Lost work by expanding systems remains a foundation of thermodynamics, which has been explained in terms of a system's entropy increase. Free expansion experiments actually prove that increasing entropy can't explain lost work. Such experimental results are expected, when one realizes that expanding system near Earth's surface must do work onto the surrounding atmosphere, i.e., sensible lost work. Rewriting thermodynamics with clarity, enables a new scientific understanding that is a superior fit to witnessed realities.

2025

Throughout Boltzmann's life-long atomistic study of irreversibility, he emphasized the one-body distribution function fl{q,p,t), an average over many particles, with the underlying many-body dynamics taken to be a series of two-body collisions. His derivation of the H Theorem, linking dynamics and thermodynamics, remains the major accomplishment in understanding the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Today Boltzmann's analytic one-body approach has largely been superceded by using fast computers to simulate . . many-body "Molecular Dynamics." Fermi originated Molecular Dynamics at Los Alamos in 1953. His few-body one dimensional chains launched a generation of numerical studies of Lyapunov-unstable ordinary differential equations. By 1972 computers could simulate 1000-body gases, liquids, or solids, and a new nonequilibrium mechaI.ics was developing to facilitate this work. In 1984, Nose made a major contribution. He showed how to introduce macroscopic variables, such as temperature, the pressure tensor, and the heat flux, directly into time-reversible microscopic equations of motion.

2025, Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

A non-equilibrium picture of thermodynamics is discussed at the apparent horizon of FRW universe in f (R, T ) gravity, where R is the Ricci scalar and T is the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. We take two forms of the energy-momentum tensor of dark components and demonstrate that equilibrium description of thermodynamics is not achievable in both cases. We check the validity of the first and second law of thermodynamics in this scenario. It is shown that the Friedmann equations can be expressed in the form of first law of thermodynamics , where d  S ′ is the entropy production term. Finally, we conclude that the second law of thermodynamics holds both in phantom and non-phantom phases.

2025, Modern Mechanical Engineering

This contribution presents an outline of a new mathematical formulation for Classical Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (CNET) based on a contact structure in differential geometry. First a non-equilibrium state space is introduced as the third key element besides the first and second law of thermodynamics. This state space provides the mathematical structure to generalize the Gibbs fundamental relation to non-equilibrium thermodynamics. A unique formulation for the second law of thermodynamics is postulated and it showed how the complying concept for non-equilibrium entropy is retrieved. The foundation of this formulation is a physical quantity, which is in nonequilibrium thermodynamics nowhere equal to zero. This is another perspective compared to the inequality, which is used in most other formulations in the literature. Based on this mathematical framework, it is proven that the thermodynamic potential is defined by the Gibbs free energy. The set of conjugated coordinates in the mathematical structure for the Gibbs fundamental relation will be identified for single component, closed systems. Only in the final section of this contribution will the equilibrium constraint be introduced and applied to obtain some familiar formulations for classical (equilibrium) thermodynamics.

2025, Physics of the Dark Universe

The cosmological parameters as well as generalized second law of thermodynamics are investigated in the framework of fractal universe taking flat FRW universe filled with scalar field dark energy possessing a non-canonical kinetic term. The non-canonical scalar field model is allowed to interact with dark matter by assuming a specified form of coupling term. With the assumption that the universe is enveloped by apparent horizon, we investigate the validity of generalized second law of thermodynamics by using first law of thermodynamics as well as Bekenstein, logarithmic and power-law horizon entropies. For the illustration of results in more clear way, we set the equation of state parameter as constant as well as variable (Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization). In the above mentioned scenario, the results of cosmological quantities such as squared speed of sound, weak energy condition and deceleration parameter are interpreted for both cases of equation of state parameter and found their compatibility with recent observations. It is also found that the generalized second law of thermodynamics holds for all cases of horizon entropies as well as

2025, Прикладная физика и математика.

В представленной статье предлагается решение сразу нескольких вопросов давно стоящих перед современной Наукой о Земле.
Рассматриваются вопросы физики магнитного поля Земли, горообразования, океанических течений, приливов, землетрясений, геотектоники и
других природных явлений вызванных влиянием внешних гравитационных сил.
Другой взгляд на происходящую физику позволяет просто и главное аргументировано, объяснить многие природные явления. Происходящее становится понятно даже неподготовленным читателям. Этот взгляд, распространяя на другие планеты, может помочь в объяснении и других явлений в Солнечной системе.
Хочется надеяться, что здравый смысл научных сотрудников примет новое объяснение как инструмент для дальнейшего исследования природы. Любая конструктивная, по теме, критика приветствуется.

2025

This paper develops an operational, thermodynamic interpretation of the quantum measurement process by deriving a quantitative entropy-coherence inequality that sets a physically motivated boundary for the emergence of classicality. Rather than postulating a fundamental wavefunction collapse, the work shows that when environmental entropy production surpasses a critical threshold (on the order of kB ln 2 per qubit), quantum superpositions become irretrievable for all practical purposes due to thermodynamic irreversibility. The approach integrates resource theory, Lindblad dynamics, and fluctuation theorems to provide testable predictions for the suppression of coherence, with implications for quantum computing and the quantum-classical transition. Experimental strategies involving optomechanical systems are discussed for validating the entropy-coherence criterion. This framework clarifies the measurement problem by connecting quantum outcomes to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, while maintaining the universality of the Schrödinger equation and observer-dependent emergence of collapse.

2025

Concise Academic Paper** **Title**: *"A Novel Ontological Framework: Strict Identity and the Elimination of Ontological Possibility"* **Author**: [Alaa Hamza] **Field**: Metaphysics -Ontology ---### **Abstract** This paper proposes a radical ontological system that: 1. Reduces existence categories to **necessary** (actualized entities) and **impossible** (absolute non-existence). 2. Eliminates "ontological possibility" in favor of *epistemic suspension of judgment*. 3. Grounds metaphysics in strict identity (A = A) without compromise. ---### **1. Core Principles** #### A. **Revised Ontological Taxonomy**: | **Term** | Definition | Example |

2025, arXiv (Cornell University)

Experimental and theoretical results about entropy limits for macroscopic and single-particle systems are reviewed. It is clarified when it is possible to speak about a quantum of entropy, given by the Boltzmann constant k, and about a lower entropy limit S k ln 2. Conceptual tensions with the third law of thermodynamics and the additivity of entropy are resolved. Black hole entropy is also surveyed. Further claims for vanishing entropy values are shown to contradict the requirement of observability, which, as possibly argued for the first time, also implies S k ln 2. The uncertainty relations involving the Boltzmann constant and the possibility of deriving thermodynamics from the existence of a quantum of entropy enable one to speak about a principle of the entropy limit that is valid across nature.

2025, London Journal of Engineering Research . 20(2)2020.36-45

Based on the law of conservation and transformation of energy in nonequilibrium multivariate systems, maxwell-like equations of the processes of mutual transformation of force fields are found that do not require any hypotheses and postulates and cover a wider range of phenomena. The equations do not contain field operators and are extremely simple. Their application allows us to overcome the limited nature of Maxwell's equations by closed currents and also fields of vector nature, and are free from a number of inherent contradictions. The tensor nature of magnetic fields and the ability of the moment of Lorentz forces to do work are proved. The meaning of the vector magnetic potential as a function of the speed of rotation of the charge is revealed and the presence of a divergent component of a scalar nature is revealed. The necessity of taking into account the convective components of the bias currents is shown, and the applicability of maxwell-like equations to gravitational fields is substantiated.

2025

We review the relative entropy method in the context of hyperbolic and diffusive relaxation limits of entropy solutions for various hyperbolic models. The main example consists of the convergence from multidimensional compressible Euler equations with friction to the porous medium equation . With small modifications, the arguments used in that case can be adapted to the study of the diffusive limit from the Euler-Poisson system with friction to the Keller-Segel system . In addition, the p-system with friction and the system of viscoelasticity with memory are then reviewed, again in the case of diffusive limits . Finally, the method of relative entropy is described for the multidimensional stress relaxation model converging to elastodynamics [6, Section 3.2], one of the first examples of application of the method to hyperbolic relaxation limits.

2025

The equations of polyconvex elastodynamics can be embedded to an augmented symmetric hyperbolic system. This property provides a stability framework between solutions of the viscosity approximation of polyconvex elastodynamics and smooth solutions of polyconvex elastodynamics. We devise here a model of stress relaxation motivated by the format of the enlargement process which formally approximates the equations of polyconvex elastodynamics. The model is endowed with an entropy function which is not convex but rather of polyconvex type. Using the relative entropy we prove a stability estimate and convergence of the stress relaxation model to polyconvex elastodynamics in the smooth regime.

2025

In this paper the second law analysis of thermodynamic irreversibilities in pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian nanofluids through a circular duct under uniform wall temperature thermal boundary have been carried out for laminar flow condition. This nanofluid consists of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-water and two different types of nanoparticles; namely, CuO and Al2O3. Entropy generation is obtained for various Power law number, various volume concentration of nanoparticles, various dimensionless temperature and various Reynolds number. It is found that with the decreasing Power law number and duct length values, total entropy generation at fixed Reynolds number decreases and with increasing wall temperature values, total entropy generation increases, also entropy generation decreases with increasing volume concentration of nanoparticles.

2025

In this paper the second law analysis of thermodynamic irreversibilities in pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian nanofluids through a circular duct under uniform wall temperature thermal boundary have been carried out for laminar flow condition. This nanofluid consists of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)–water and two different types of nanoparticles; namely, CuO and Al 2 O 3 . Entropy generation is obtained for various Power law number, various volume concentration of nanoparticles, various dimensionless temperature and various Reynolds number. It is found that with the decreasing Power law number and duct length values, total entropy generation at fixed Reynolds number decreases and with increasing wall temperature values, total entropy generation increases, also entropy generation decreases with increasing volume concentration of nanoparticles.

2025, Journal of Modern Optics

There are many ways to decompose the Hilbert space H of a composite quantum system into tensor product subspaces. Different subsystem decompositions generally imply different interaction Hamiltonians V , and therefore different expectation values for subsystem observables. This means that the uniqueness of physical predictions is not guaranteed, despite the uniqueness of the total Hamiltonian H and the total Hilbert space H. Here we use Clausius' version of the second law of thermodynamics (CSL) and standard identifications of thermodynamic quantities to identify possible subsystem decompositions. It is shown that agreement with the CSL is obtained, whenever the total Hamiltonian and the subsystem-dependent interaction Hamiltonian commute (i.e. [H, V ] = 0). Not imposing this constraint can result in the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter subsystem, in conflict with thermodynamics. We also investigate the status of the CSL with respect to non-standard definitions of thermodynamic quantities and quantum subsystems.

2025

The elementary identity ½ + ½ = 1 is exact within the axioms of the real-number field, yet any laboratory protocol that physically divides an object in half and recombines the pieces incurs irreducible energetic, informational, and quantum-mechanical costs. We quantify three wellestablished tolls-surface-creation work, Landauer heat, and the quantum nocloning constraint-showing that they render the ideal arithmetic equality only an approximation in practice. Resource-theory formalism then locates these costs on explicit ledgers, confirming that additive scalars alone are an incomplete model of physical reality. The analysis underlines a broader lesson: trusting mathematical equalities outside their domain of validity can seed misunderstandings from materials science to cosmology.

2025

Предложена модель коллапса волновой функции как непрерывного фазового перехода через переходную зону в параметрическом времени S. В отличие от стохастических моделей GRW и CSL, в данной схеме переход инициируется внутренней антисимметричной структурой времени (S-фрагментом Сфирали), без нарушения унитарности и без внешнего шума. Коллапс описывается модифицированным уравнением Шрёдингера с дополнительным фазозависимым оператором V ̂S(s), локализующим разрушение суперпозиции в области перехода. Выведены формы γ(s), моделирующие временную локализацию эффекта. Предложены экспериментальные сценарии проверки (слабые измерения, фазовое вмешательство), а также возможности применения в квантовой информации, космологии и когнитивных науках.

2025

Quantum theory lives in abstract, infinite-dimensional, complex, linear Hilbert space, is unitary and non-dissipative, and has been proven not to be embeddable in spacetime for N ≥ 2 quantum entities. It is per definition unobservable (in itself). Classical physics describes the causal, nonlinear dynamics of actual events, which lie in, and also define, fourdimensional spacetime. The "Born Rule" maps abstract quantum theory into events, i.e. real outcomes, in classical spacetime. It must be postulated separately and cannot be deduced from quantum theory, as it is both non-unitary and irreversible, i.e. dissipative. Hence, the "Born Rule" is ultimately and fundamentally responsible for dissipation, i.e. friction, and therefore all evolving complex systems, in the classical, observable world.

2025, Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics

The paper considers developments of constitutive theories in Eulerian description for compressible as well as incompressible ordered homogeneous and isotropic thermofluids in which the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and the heat vector are functions of density, temperature, temperature gradient, and the convected time derivatives of the strain tensors of up to a desired order. The fluids described by these constitutive theories are called ordered thermofluids due to the fact that the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and heat vector are dependent on the convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to a desired order, the highest order of the convected time derivative of the strain tensor in the argument tensors defines the 'order of the fluid'. The admissibility requirement necessitates that the constitutive theories for the stress tensor and heat vector satisfy conservation laws, hence, in addition to conservation of mass, balance of momenta, and conservation of energy, the second law of thermodynamics, that is, Clausius-Duhem inequality must also be satisfied by the constitutive theories or be used in their derivations. If we decompose the total Cauchy stress tensor into equilibrium and deviatoric components, then Clausius-Duhem inequality and Helmholtz free energy density can be used to determine the equilibrium stress in terms of thermodynamic pressure for compressible fluids and in terms of mechanical pressure for incompressible fluids, but the second law of thermodynamics provides no mechanism for deriving the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor. In the development of the constitutive theories in Eulerian description, the covariant and contravariant convected coordinate systems, and Jaumann measures are natural choices. Furthermore, the mathematical models for fluids require Eulerian description in which material point displacements are not measurable. This precludes the use of displacement gradients, that is, strain measures, in the development of the constitutive theories. It is shown that compatible conjugate pairs of convected time derivatives of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and strain measures in co-, contravariant, and Jaumann bases in conjunction with the theory of generators and invariants provide a general mathematical framework for the development of constitutive theories for ordered thermofluids in Eulerian description. This framework has a foundation based on the basic principles and axioms of continuum mechanics but the resulting constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor must satisfy the condition of positive work expanded, a requirement resulting from the entropy inequality. The paper presents a general theory of constitutive equations for ordered thermofluids which is then specialized, assuming first-order thermofluids, to obtain the commonly used constitutive theories for compressible and incompressible generalized Newtonian and Newtonian fluids. It is demonstrated that the constitutive theories for ordered thermofluids of all orders are indeed rate constitutive theories. We have intentionally used the term 'thermofluids' as opposed to 'thermoviscous fluids' due to the fact that the constitutive theories presented Communicated by Andreas Öchsner.

2025, Acta Mechanica

This paper presents ordered rate constitutive theories in Lagrangian description for compressible as well as incompressible homogeneous, isotropic thermoviscoelastic solids without memory in which the deviatoric stress tensor and heat vector as dependent variables in the constitutive theories are functions of temperature, temperature gradient, and the material derivatives of the conjugate strain tensor up to a desired order. The thermoelastic solids described by these theories are called ordered thermoelastic solids due to the fact that the deviatoric stress tensor and heat vector are dependent on the material derivative of the conjugate strain tensor up to a desired order. The highest order of the material derivative of the strain tensor defines the order of the thermoelastic solid or the order of the rate constitutive theory. For thermodynamic equilibrium during the evolution, the constitutive theories must be derived using (or must satisfy) the second law of thermodynamics as conservation of mass, balance of momenta, and energy balance are independent of the constitution of the matter. In this study, we consider the entropy inequality resulting from the second law of thermodynamics in Helmholtz free energy density and conjugate pairs: second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor σ σ σ [0] and Green's strain tensor ε ε ε. It is shown that when is a function of the material derivatives of ε ε ε, the entropy inequality necessitates decomposition of σ σ σ [0] into equilibrium and deviatoric parts: e σ σ σ [0] and d σ σ σ [0] . The equilibrium stress tensor is deterministic using the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality, but d σ σ σ [0] is not. The entropy inequality only requires that work expended due to d σ σ σ [0] be positive, but provides no mechanism for deriving a constitutive theory for it. In the present work, we use the theory of generators and invariants for deriving a constitutive theory for d σ σ σ [0] . The constitutive theories for the heat vector q q q are derived using (i) conditions resulting from the entropy inequality. In the simplest case, this yields Fourier heat conduction law, and (ii) the theory of generators and invariants with at least two alternate choices of the argument tensors for q q q. Merits and shortcomings of the resulting theories are discussed. It is shown that the rate theories presented here describe thermoviscoelastic solids without memory. Simplified cases of the general theory are considered to demonstrate that many of the currently used models for such solids (like Kelvin-Voigt model) resemble the theory presented here, but are quite different, and the theories provide a rationale for modeling the mechanism of dissipation in thermoelastic solids that is consistent with principles of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. One-dimensional numerical studies using the proposed rate theories and comparisons with current theories are also presented.

2025

The reasons that led to the loss of the original meaning of the quantitative measure of motion and the uncertainty of this concept are analyzed. It is shown that in inhomogeneous systems the internal energy includes a workable part equivalent to external energy. This cuts the possibility of dividing energy into external and internal and forces one to switch to a different classification of energy forms that distinguishes the non-equilibrium (convertible) and equilibrium (irreducible) parts of the energy-inergy and anergy. The necessity of returning the energy close to the original meaning of the most common state function of the system, characterizing its ability to perform any (orderly and disordered) work, cut its negative meanings that have no physical meaning and present each form of energy as a product of its intensive and extensive measure is substantiated Keywords: external and internal energy, free and bound, potential and kinetic, workable and inoperable, convertible and irreducible, complete and partial, ordered and unordered

2025

The standard derivation of Kirchhoff's voltage law is based on the assumption that the first law of thermodynamics (sum of products of applied EMF's and corresponding currents = heat dissipation) is satisfied within each loop. In contrast, we start from the fact that first law of thermodynamics applies globally to the electric circuit as a whole. It is then shown that Kirchhoff's voltage law may be derived as an extremum of the system entropy production constrained by the first law applied globally, and that the extremum is a maximum. Thus the stationary distribution of currents in a linear electric circuit is governed by the principle of maximum entropy production.

2025

Аннотация Вскрыта несостоятельность рассмотрения процесса излучения как теплообмена между излучателем и полостью абсолютно черного тела (АЧТ), а самого излучения-как субстанции, находящейся в этой полости в тепловом равновесии с излучателем. Исходя из представления об излучении как установившемся процессе волнового энергообмена излучателя с окружающей средой, показано, что истинным его квантом является солитон как одиночная волна светоносной среды, дискретная как во времени, так и в пространстве. На этой основе предложен вывод закона излучения Планка, не требующий привлечения постулатов квантово-механического характера. Развито новое представление о постоянной Планка как кванте действия солитона, излучаемого АЧТ, с энергией, уменьшающейся с частотой, что и предотвращает фиолетовую катастрофу. Ключевые слова: равновесная и неравновесная термодинамика; равновесие и энергообмен; излучение как процесс или субстанция; закон излучения Планка; солитон как квант

2025, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

The principle of maximum entropy production (MEP) seeks to better understand a large variety of the Earth's environmental and ecological systems by postulating that processes far from thermodynamic equilibrium will ‘adapt to steady states at which they dissipate energy and produce entropy at the maximum possible rate’. Our aim in this ‘outside view’, invited by Axel Kleidon, is to focus on what we think is an outstanding challenge for MEP and for irreversible thermodynamics in general: making specific predictions about the relative contribution of individual processes to entropy production. Using studies that compared entropy production in the atmosphere of a dry versus humid Earth, we show that two systems might have the same entropy production rate but very different internal dynamics of dissipation. Using the results of several of the papers in this special issue and a thought experiment, we show that components of life-containing systems can evolve to either lower or raise t...

2025, The Papers of independent Authors. 52(2021).94-101.

Annotation The fundamental role of the principle of distinguishability of processes in the construction of fundamental disciplines is revealed. It establishes the correspondence of the number of degrees of freedom of a system to the number of processes occurring in it and prevents methodological errors in the mathematical apparatus of the systems studied. According to him, the study of nonequilibrium systems requires the introduction of additional parameters of heterogeneity. This leads to a generalization of the law of conservation of energy and allows you to abandon the idealization of processes, to avoid the occurrence of thermodynamic inequalities in the study of irreversible processes and to carry out the synthesis of fundamental disciplines.

2025, IOSR-JAP), 13(5).2021.3-10.

On the basis of the axiom of distinguishability of real processes by their consequences, the principle of determinism of the state of nonequilibrium systems is proved, according to which the number of energy arguments as a function of the state is equal to the number of independent processes occurring in the system. This principle indicates the need to introduce, in contrast to the hypothesis of local equilibrium, additional parameters of nonequilibrium of heterogeneous systems. The introduction of such parameters prevents the occurrence of thermodynamic inequalities and excludes the "underdetermination" or "overdetermination" of systems, which is the reason for most of the methodological errors of modern theories. A general method for finding such parameters is proposed, which makes it possible to extend the deductive thermodynamic research method to heterogeneous and isolated systems without splitting them into conditionally equilibrium elements, which avoids the loss of their system-forming properties. Other advantages of the whole-to-part approach to the study of systems are discussed.

2025

All elements of the CC-Z framework are functionally and mathematically distinct. No redundancies, duplications, or circular dependencies were found.