Semitic languages Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

Outline for a summer course in Biblical Hebrew, 1989

2025, al-Mağallaẗ al-duwaliyyaẗ li-l-dirāsāt al-luġawiyyaẗ wa-al-adabiyyaẗ al-ʿarabiyyaẗ

Objectives: The present study proceeds from the idea that many of the contemporary Arabic phenomena that modern linguists experience are linguistic phenomena that existed in classical Arabic or ancient Semitic languages. This study, therefore, has argued that the hypothesis stating Arabic is different from Indo-European languages in not considering the auxiliary verb in its structure is inaccurate. Furthermore, the idea that syntactic structure contains auxiliary verbs as a native construction transmitted to Arabic through translation is hasty. Methods: The study set itself an approach to prove this theory by describing the auxiliary verb in contemporary Arabic, focused on the Jordanian dialect and more specifically on the two auxiliary verbs ‫ﻛاﻥ‬ 'was' and ‫قعد‬ 'sit.' It also provided evidence from classical Arabic as Quran, poetry, and Semitic languages. The study concluded that the two auxiliary verbs ‫ﻛاﻥ‬ 'was' and ‫قعد‬ 'sit' have their roots in classical Arabic and Semitic languages.

2025

Presented here is a highly detailed Topographical map oif circa 1921, better showing, for me, the land form that is Karka (Joshua 15:3). Joshua 15:3 (RSV) "...goes up south of Kadesh-barnea, along by Hezron, up to Addar, turns about to Karka, passes along to Azmon, goes out by the Brook of Egypt, and comes to its end at the Sea. This shall be your south boundary."

2025, Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

This study deals with a new group of Ancient North Arabian (Ḥarrat Belād Ash Shām zone) inscriptions that collected during a recent survey in the North Eastern Bādiya of Jordan known by (Ḥarrat Belād Ash Shām). This concerns three Pre-Islamic Safaitic inscriptions, and two early Islamic texts. The purpose of this article is to publish images of the newly-found inscriptions, give a translation, and provide some commentary. This work was achieved through 4 main points; field survey, lab works, documenting and tracing the collected inscriptions, and, theoretical works including translating and analyzing. Our results proved that Islamic inscriptions show the extent of development in writing the simple Kufic script and the ability of the people of the desert to learn.

2025

s Thursday 10 December What's /nu/?: Relative prolixity in Zenzontepec Chatino (Otomanguean) Eric Campbell The Zenzontepec Chatino language of Oaxaca, Mexico, is typical of Otomanguean languages in exhibiting great formal complexity in the encoding of morphological categories, but formal simplicity for expressing a wide range of syntactic and discourse functions. The language has several particles that serve as nominalizers, complementizers and relativizers, the most frequent and flexible of which is the particle /nu/. It is a head initial language, and relative clauses follow their heads. Nouns of any grammatical function (subject, object, indirect object, instrument, locative, adverbial, and alienable or inalienable possessor) can be relativized. A common discourse strategy is to avoid lexically dense expression by spreading information across multiple relative clauses, which may be iteratively embedded or placed in apposition, leading to prolix sentences. The profusion of rel...

2025, Analele Universităţii de Vest din Timişoara

2025

Writing the history of ancient religion has always started from individual gods and the concept of pantheon, seen as a fixed aggregate. Divine figures are described as persons or personifications linked by kinship or affinity, such as Aphrodite or Astarte, "goddesses of love or/and war", etc. Such static definitions have oversimplified, even distorted, our understanding of religions in Antiquity. Gods are actually multifaceted powers, not individuals. The spectrum of each god's powers is expressed through a set of epithets linked to their names. The large range of epithets shows that pantheons functioned as complex, fluid and relational networks of divine powers. These networks thus reveal the cartography of the divine worlds as well as human strategies for communicating effectively with the gods. The MAP project (ERC Advanced Grant 741182) rethinks the process of defining, naming, and organising the divine world in the Greek and Semitic areas, by adopting a radically new focus: divine epithets.

2025

Writing the history of ancient religion has always started from individual gods and the concept of pantheon, seen as a fixed aggregate. Divine figures are described as persons or personifications linked by kinship or affinity, such as Aphrodite or Astarte, “goddesses of love or/and war”, etc. Such static definitions have oversimplified, even distorted, our understanding of religions in Antiquity. Gods are actually multifaceted powers, not individuals. The spectrum of each god’s powers is expressed through a set of epithets linked to their names. The large range of epithets shows that pantheons functioned as complex, fluid and relational networks of divine powers. These networks thus reveal the cartography of the divine worlds as well as human strategies for communicating effectively with the gods. The MAP project (ERC Advanced Grant 741182) rethinks the process of defining, naming, and organising the divine world in the Greek and Semitic areas, by adopting a radically new focus: div...

2025, Ghazni University Journal

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة الألفاظ الفارسية في أشعار كبار الشعراء العرب. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، قمنا بمراجعة قوامیس اللغة العربیة التي تحتوي علی الألفاظ الفارسیة من معجم العين لخليل بن أحمد في القرن الثامن للمیلاد، و العصر الإسلامي الأول إلى و الأوراق البحثیة علی الموضوع لحسيني (2010) و العباس (2019). يتضمن هذا البحث عوامل ورود الکلمات الفارسیة في العربیة، و بجانبها القواعد الصوتية و الصرفیة لتعريب الکلمات المعربة. قد تمَّت کتابة هذا البحث بالطريقة الوصفية باستخدام الكتب المنشورة في المكتبة. و تظهر نتيجة الدراسة أن الكلمات الفارسية دخلت اللغة العربية، في کلا شکلين، المحادثات اليومية و الشعر. و يبين كذلك أن الكلمات الفارسية قد استُخدِمَت في اللغة العربية و آدابها منذ العصور المبكرة، و خاصة في أشعار الشعراء ماقبل الإسلام، الأدب الجاهلي، أمثال امرئ القيس، و علقمة الفحل، و الأعشى، و أبونواس، و أمثالهم. هکذا تشیر هذه الدراسة إلی أن أدباء العرب لا یزالون یهتمون بدراسة الأدب الفارسي. فقد ترجمت أشعار شعراء الفارسیین القدامی أمثال الخیام، و الحافظ، و السعدي، و مولوي، حتی بروین اعتصامي و إقبال لاهوري من شعراء العصر الحدیث. علی سبیل المثال، ترجمت رباعیات خیام أکثر من خمسین مرة إلی العربیة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: تعريب الكلمات الفارسية، قواعد التعریب، الشعر العربي، كبار الشعراء العرب

2025, ZDPV

This is a complete German translation of the ancient collection of Samaritan hymns called the Durrân. Kippenberg corrects Ben-H.ayyim's confusion between this collection and another. He does not give the Aramaic text, but gives references to Cowley's edition of the Samaritan liturgy. For some important information, see the book "A Samaritan Plan of Religious History" by Ruairidh MacMhanainn Bóid, p. 14 with note 16. Ben-H.ayyim published a big part of this collection with a Hebrew translation, but not the whole of it. I have attached a note by Ben-H.ayyim at the end.

2025

This master's thesis investigates the unique cognitive-linguistic characteristics and subtypes of Chinese developmental dyslexia (CD) in young bilingual learners in Singapore. While prior research has often focused on alphabetic languages, this study addresses the need for a comprehensive, culturally contextualized approach to understanding dyslexia in the context of Chinese, a morphosyllabic and logographic language. A new assessment battery tailored to Singapore's bilingual educational setting was developed to evaluate key cognitive-linguistic skills and Chinese literacy outcomes. The study explores how specific cognitive skills, such as orthographic awareness, morphological awareness, and working memory, relate to literacy performance, and employs statistical analyses to identify distinct subtypes of dyslexia among participants. This research contributes to the growing body of work supporting a multiple deficit model of dyslexia and underscores the importance of language-specific tools for accurate diagnosis and intervention in bilingual populations. Findings from this study aim to inform both educational practice and future research on Chinese literacy development.

2025

The search for the origin of the Sea People has traditionally focused the eastern basin of the Mediterranean. But Ugas (2016) has collected a wealth of indications for Sardinia as the homeland of the Shardana, and Ferretti (2022 c) has recently presented linguistic and other indications that the Iberian Peninsula has been probably the homeland of the Peleset. The etymological analysis presented here shows that at least 40 % of the Phoenician-Punic vocabulary is formed with Ibero-Vasconic-Sardinian word roots. This makes Phoenician-Punic the most "Iberianized" Semitic language, more than the Biblical Hebrew (with more than 10 % content), the Aramaic (with a share to be evaluated yet, but probably below Hebr) and probably also more than the Philistine langauge (which has been scarsely traded to us). The degree of hybridization of Phoenician-Punic roughly corresponds to that of the English language, which is, as well known, a highly "Frenchisized and Latinized" Germanic language. This result confirms the West-Mediterranean origin of those Sea Peoples who settled in the Levant in the decades before and after the year 1200 BCE, during the epoch of the Trojan War and during the transition from Bronce Age to Iron Age. The fact that the loanwords are not restricted to cultural innovations but pervade also the basic vocabulary or everyday domestic life is a strong indication of a complete merging of the autochthonous Semitic pre-settlers in the central coast segment of the Levant with a massive Sea Peoples immigration. The linguistic and cultural affinity resuting from that merging explains the focus of the Phoenician-Punic colonization on the western coasts of the Mediterranean and its relatively easy implementation.

2025

Modern linguistics asserts that Sumerian is an "isolated language"-a dead tongue with no known relatives, no traceable descendants, and no bridge to the modern world. It is treated as an anomaly, a bizarre spark that fizzled out. This assertion, however, collapses under one simple reality: Some of its words are still here. And one of them never even changed its name. II. The Survivor: Ziggurat Ziggurat-the towering step-temples of Mesopotamia-is a word that still exists in English, French, Arabic, and other languages.

2025, METAPHOR AS A SUPERIOR TROP AT THE JUNCTION OF THE RHETORIC AND THE COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

Sentyabr-Dekabr/2021 № 2 NƏZƏRİ DİLÇİLİK UOT: 811. 11-112 İDRİS ABBASOV * METAFORA DAHA ÜSTÜN TROP KİMİ RİTORİKA VƏ KOQNİTİV LİNQVİSTİKANIN QOVŞAĞINDA XÜLASƏ Metafora insan fikrini ən gözəl, ən effektli şəkildə çatdırmaq üçün təfəkkürün imkanlarını işə salır. Həmin vaxt trop qismində çıxış edən bu təfəkkür fiquru nəinki normanı pozmur, əksinə, ideal norma yaradır. Bəşər ünsiyyətinin ən mükəmməl modelini təqdim edən metafora idrakın təkamülünün nəticəsidir. Metafora öz ifadə xüsusiyyətlərinə, gözəlliyinə, cazibədarlığına, yüksək fəsahətliliyinə görə nə qədər ritorikdirsə, dərin elmi-fəlsəfi və idraki fikirlərin dəqiq ifadəsinə görə bir o qədər də koqnitivdir. Ritorika və koqnitiv linqvistikanın qovşağında yerləşən metafora antroposentrik mahiyyətə malik tropdur. Bu gün fundamenatal linqvistik paradiqmanın həqiqi və məcazi dil arasındakı klassik diferensiasiyanı qəbul etməməsi bir çox mətləblərə aydınlıq gətirir. Fikrimizcə, ənənəvi olaraq məcaz sayılan metaforik dil, əslində, həqiqi dilin qaynağıdır. Həqiqətə söykənən insan idrakını metafora qədər ikinci bir dil dəqiq ifadə edə bilməz. Hətta riyaziyyat, kibernetika kimi dəqiq elmlər yüksək metaforik koqnisiyanın hökmranlığı altındadır. C.Lakof və M.Consonun Yaşadığımız metaforalar adlı əsəri ilə əsasının qoyulduğu iddia edilən koqnitiv linqvistika vakuumdan yaranmamışdır. Əslində, bəşər idrakının ayrılmaz hissəsi olan koqnisiya ritorikanın varlığı ilə daim mövcud olmuş və bəşər varlığının təkamülünə xidmət etmişdir. Metaforanın ritorika və koqnitiv linqvistikanın qovşağında tədqiq olunması dilçilikdə ənənələrə qayıdışı və yeni-yeni perspektivlərin müəyyənləşdirilməsini şərtləndirir. Açar sözlər: üstün trop, metaforik dil, həqiqi dil, koqnisiya, alterasiya * * AMEA Nəsimi adina Dilçilik İnstitutu, "Nəzəri dilçilik" şöbəsinin müdiri, fil.e.d., professor,

2025, West meets East

Geoffrey Williams (ed.), Mathilde Le Meur (ed.), Andrés Echavarría Peláez (ed.), West meets East: Papers in historical lexicography and lexicology from across the globe, (World Histories of Lexicography and Lexicology 1). Berlin: Language... more

2025, WIENER ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR DIE KUNDE DES MORGENLANDES

The traditional dichotomy of Arabic dialects into ‘Bedouin’ and ‘Sedentary’
varieties has recently been contested due to its oversimplifications and the lack of solid linguistic evidence. This study proposes a paradigm shift from the ‘Bedouin-Sedentary’ linguistic dichotomy to an ecolinguistically grounded ‘Nomadic-Sedentarised-Sedentary’ (NSS) trichotomy. The NSS framework does not use the labels ‘Nomadic’, ‘Sedentarised’, and ‘Sedentary’ to define fixed dialect prototypes. Instead, it employs these concepts as comparative tools to explore synchronic variation on an areal level while allowing the analysis of its diachronic causes. The NSS trichotomy is founded on a two-step comparative methodology that focuses on the distribution of exclusive ecolinguistic features and the reconstruction of both internal and external mechanisms of language change. The NSS framework is applied to three Arabic-speaking regions: Western Sudanic Arabic (WSA), Southwestern Maghrebi Arabic (SwMA), and the Arabic of the Syrian Steppe and Adjacent Regions (SyStAR). In WSA, clear distinctions emerge between the three types: ‘Nomadic’ dialects, such as the Baggāra varieties, retain original phonological features, ‘Sedentary’ dialects exhibit significant SLA-driven shifts, whereas ‘Sedentarised’ dialects represent an intermediate stage. SwMA displays diverse ecolinguistic patterns, with ‘Nomadic’ features largely confined to areas with ongoing nomadic practices. The distribution of the other features highlights the influence of migration, geographical isolation, and contact with Amazigh-speaking communities. In SyStAR Arabic, the ‘Nomadic’ traits persist in communities which, at least until recently led a pastoralist way of life, while ‘Sedentarised’ and ‘Sedentary’ dialects reflect varying degrees of convergence due to contact, particularly with prestige varieties. The study ultimately demonstrates that the NSS trichotomy has the potential not only to redefine traditional approaches to comparing and classifying Arabic dialects but also to serve as a valuable framework for modelling other dialect continua beyond Arabic.

2025, Poster presented at PaPE 2025, 6th Phonetics and Phonology in Europe (PaPE 2025). Palma from 25 to 27 June. https://agenda.uib.es/120122/section/52276/6th-phonetics-and-phonology-in-europe-pape-2025.html

2025, ФЕНОМЕН ВЕРХОВНОЙ ВЛАСТИ И ПРОЦЕСС ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИМПЕРСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА НЕИСЧЕРПАЕМЫ ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

В XVI-XVIII вв. в Зауралье существовала группа, называвшаяся «уиратами» или «урятцами». Потомки представителей этой группы в 1740-х гг. жили в Тюменском уезде и входили в сословные группы ясачных и служилых татар. В зауральской части Уфимского уезда (позже в Исетской провинции), очевидно, до 1740-х гг. сохранялась территория Уиратской волости ясачных татар. Название «уират» мы можем соотнести только со словом «ойрат». Собственно, именно так и объяснял это слово Г.Ф. Миллер. По информации, полученной у представителей этой группы в 1747 г., такое обозначение их предкам было дано ханом Кучумом и сохранялось их потомками до указанного времени. Можно предположить, что это могло быть неким аналогом понятия «татары» и обозначало служилую прослойку Тюменского ханства. Но при отсутствии упоминаний подобного обозначения служилой части населения Сибирского ханства в других известных документах, оставим это в качестве предварительной гипотезы.

2025, Attempt to Deciphering the Dhofarites Inscriptions, p.101-120

2025, Leipziger Altorientalistische Studien

The Akkadian (Babylonian-Assyrian) lexicon is currently accessible via two reference dictionaries, Wofram von Soden's Akkadisches Handwörterbuch (1958–1981) and The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago (1956–2010). However, due to a large number of new cuneiform texts published during the last decades, both dictionaries are outdated in part, especially in their earlier volumes.
The Supplement to the Akkadian Dictionaries (SAD), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, is meant to update both dictionaries. Without any claim to be comprehensive, SAD evaluates a strictly defined text corpus and a limited amount of secondary literature. SAD pays particular attention to new words, new verbal stems, and references which expand the distribution of a word or help to define its meaning, form or etymology. SAD volume L, M, N, R contains 1354 lemmata, among them 301 new words.

2025

Voice onset time in the Emirati Arabic dialect mutasim al-Deaibes a , rami alsharefeen b , ghaleb rabab'ah c,e , Bassil mashaqba d and sharif alghazo c,e a Yarmouk university, irbid, Jordan; b rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, united Arab... more

2025, Africa

The Italo-Ottoman war of 1911-1912 sparked bitter reactions in the contemporary press across the Ottoman Empire, as well as indignation and mobilisation against Italy. Amongst the Ottoman press, the Hebrew language newspapers of Jerusalem... more

2025, Literature, Geography and The Poetics of Space

This chapter explores the interplay between memory, recall, and identity perception through spatial depiction in Chaim Potok’s novel My Name is Asher Lev, contextualizing the semantic codification of memory as seen in the comparison of Indo-European derivations with Proto-Semitic roots. The primary objective of this chapter is to demonstrate how the underlying values within the verbal class related to memory semantics influence spatial perception, representation, and the dynamics of the novel’s creative ecology.
To fulfill and validate this research hypothesis, a strictly linguistic-typological
method was employed, analyzing key idiomatic branches from Indo-European to Romance languages in relation to core Semitic languages, alongside a narratological and geocritical analysis of Potok’s work.
This study reveals that the verbal semantic values associated with memory
in Indo-European languages maintain a strictly teleological aspect in their
verbal classes, with Romance branches preserving a directional prepositional
system. In contrast, Semitic languages assign a strongly deontic charge to the verbal classes related to memory. In relation to Potok’s novel, understanding the construction of space and spatial perception within the Hasidic Jewish community directly stems from an understanding of the semantic value shaping mnemonic discourse.
Following this, an examination will address how the deontic values of
memory interact with narrative loci as vehicles for geographic recollection in
identity formation.

2025, International journal of research and innovation in social science (IJRISS)

The critics on its literary authenticity would reveal whether it was real or just a fabrication. The Epic Gilgamesh was ascertained by Said Ghanimi to be unauthentic. The contentions by S. N. Kramer and Taha Baqir were with regard to the differences of language usage in the Epic Gilgamesh either Sumerian or Akkadian as well. The acknowledgment of the West on Iliad and Odyssey by Homer as the first document written in world history was unfounded although this was highlighted by B. Lansberger in 7 th conference in Paris on 1958. The Code Hamurabbi is a well-preserved Babylonian Code of laws, unfortunately, it was considered as a fabrication of Old Testament which came 800 years later, especially on the narration of Big Flood Story as mentioned in the Book of Genesis. It is regrettable that the paucity of materials on the ancient history of the ancient people available from the Muslim sources poses as constrain on this study. The research is compelled to refer almost entirely to Western and Jews sources. Thus, the approach used in this study is based primarily on historical and linguistic analysis of ancient literary works.

2025, International jurnal of research and innovation in social science (IJRISS)

2025

For an upcoming paper, here is the list of phonetic and lexical features pointing to significant North-Eastern linguistic interference in the text of Parma Biblioteca Palatina MS 3068. Notable are the Venetan features, but there also appears an adstratus of features from the Emilia-Romagna and Gallo-Piceno areas. One possibility may be the copresence of speakers in Rovigo during the Campaigns of the League of Cambrai, when the Duchy of Ferrara occupied Rovigo and the Polesine, contributing to the displacement of Jewish populations.

2025

The nature oif Hebrew poetry is very differebt from tranditional English poetry. This creates special problems for translators

2025, International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature

Iraq as a multicultural and multilingual country has different languages as Arabic, which is the dominant language, and it also has some other minority languages, such as Kurdish, Turkish, Syriac....etc. Over the last 80 years, Iraq which was involved in some political struggles, had faced many internal problems regarding the Arabic domination that occurred, and this was owing to the absence of clear language policy used. Children learning in the Iraqi system, for instance, speak and study all courses in Arabic, while speaking and using their own culture at home tend to be done in their first language. The minorities' language usage in Iraq was ignored both inside the schools as well as in the curriculum construction. So this study focuses on the following issues: the first issue is, What is the strategy of language planning policy in Iraq? the study discusses the strategy and the planning educational system that Iraq applies now, the second issue is, What is the status of minority languages in Iraq? Iraq is a multicultural county and has many minorities communities with different languages, the third issue is, What are the challenges of language in Iraq? as long as there is different languages within one country the study also focuses on the challenges that been faced in the planning policy system, and the last issue is, Is there a homogenous relationship during the current policy? How? the study shows the homogenous relationship inside the current policy and the researches give many suggestions and recommendations regarding to the current policy and what is needed for improving the educational planning policy system.

2025, Journal of the American Oriental Society

In many languages, third person forms in a verbal paradigm are unmarked, and scholars have suggested that such cases are either a result of loss or nondevelopment. In this paper I will argue that in the perfect/stative paradigm in Semitic, the third person morphology is a result of nondevelopment. I suggest that these forms are constructed as predicative adjectives, without person markers, because Semitic never developed third person nominative pronouns. I further discuss other innovative verbal formations in Semitic and show that when subject clitics are noncanonical, for example in Neo-Aramaic, third person forms are clearly marked.

2025, Zenodo

This contribution presents the decipherment of Dhofari Script 1a based on the interpretation of three hitherto unrecognized abecedaries. The article is followed by a short edition of texts.

2025, Estudios Filosóficos

La Epopeya de Gilgamesh, ciclo de poemas en lengua sumeria escrito alrededor del siglo XXI a. C, es uno de los primeros testimonios de la psique humana. En el presente trabajo, recuperaremos la leyenda del héroe Gilgamesh a la luz del análisis del mito realizo por Joseph Campbell en El héroe de las mil caras. Así, buscaremos explorar en qué medida las fases del viaje del héroe no son únicamente un patrón narrativo, sino que presentan una dimensión arquetípica, ontológica y antropológica. En este sentido, la aventura del héroe, en correspondencia con la estructura de los ritos iniciáticos o el proceso de individuación propuesto por Jung, se presenta como una suerte de espejo y reflejo de nosotros mismos. Por tanto, la recuperación de la figura de Gilgamesh implicará, a su vez, la apertura de un camino hacia otra forma de conocimiento, la imaginación simbólica.
Palabras clave: Gilgamesh, monomito, héroe, arquetipos, símbolos.

2025

Background. Local ambiguities as in (1) have received much attention in sentence processing research. Many studies have found that the ambiguous phrase (underlined) is initially attached as the object of the first verb, and reanalysis is required upon encountering the second verb [1][2][3]. One prominent explanation for the initial attachment preference was offered by , who proposed that at points of structural ambiguity, the parser attempts to build a minimal structure (Minimal Attachment, MA), and to incorporate the input into the phrase currently being built (Late Closure, LC) . (1) After the guests drank the wine spilled on the carpet. Evidence for the operation of MA and LC has come from experiments measuring reading time [1][2][3] or targeting (mis)interpretation [5][6]. Here, we present evidence that these principles were operative during the copying of ancient Hebrew texts, almost 2000 years ago. Method. Our corpus is the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa a ) found in Qumran, dated to the 2 nd century BCE. The scroll is a version of the Masoretic Text (MT), i.e. the canonical, biblical version of Isaiah we know today. Presumably, an early, unpunctuated version of the MT was the source text for the scroll [8]. According to a recent view, the scroll was copied by two different scribes [9]. Interestingly, the scroll exhibits over 2,000 variants from the MT version, including omissions, additions and substitutions of letters and words, and word order variants. Here we focus on one type of variant, namely additions of the conjunctive waw ('and'). 242 additions of this type are found in the scroll. For each of them, we coded three variables: (i) Whether the addition of 'and' appears in the context of a (locally or globally) ambiguous verse, namely a verse where a phrase has two attachment options. Such ambiguous verses are prevalent in the source text, for two main reasons: (a) the source text lacked punctuation; (b) Biblical Hebrew presented a very flexible word order, where, among other variations, subjects could either precede or follow their verb phrase, and adverbials could appear clause initially or clause finally. For example, (2) below is globally ambiguous, since the adverb 'together' can either modify the verb in the first clause ('feed') or in the second clause ('lie down'). Verse (3) below is locally ambiguous, since the phrase 'wine' can be attached either as the object of 'will drink', or as the subject of 'will be bitter'. In the final analysis of the verse, 'wine' is the object of 'will drink'; the subject of 'will be bitter' appears post-verbally. In the context of an ambiguous verse, the added waw disambiguates the verse towards one reading. (ii) Whether the addition of 'and' complies with the Masoretic reading tradition, evident from the system of cantillation marks in the MT. The cantillation system was superimposed upon the biblical text around the 8 th century CE, but was arguably consolidated before 70 CE [10]. The accents have a musical function, but also syntactic significance, similarly to punctuation marks . In (2) below, the accents in the MT indicate that 'together' is part of the second clause. In (3), they indicate that 'wine' is part of the first clause. (iii) Whether the addition of 'and' complies with known sentence processing strategies, specifically MA and LC. For example, in both ( ) and (3) below, the addition of the waw disambiguates the verse in line with MA and LC: the ambiguous element is attached to the phrase currently built, with no additional structure assumed. Results (see Table ). Out of the 242 additions of the conjunctive, 89 were in ambiguous verses. Out of these, 76 additions complied with MA and LC (as in 2,3 below). In 29 of these, the addition was in line with the Masoretic tradition (as in 3). Most importantly, in the other 47 examples, MA and LC overrode the Masoretic reading tradition (as in 2). Interestingly, in some cases, the compliance with MA and LC even led to anomaly or unintended meaning, which was not corrected (4). 13 additions did not comply with MA and LC. Importantly, in only 4 of those cases, the addition was also not consistent with the Masoretic reading tradition (other constraintssemantic or pragmaticmay be at work here). Discussion. The results show that MA and LC are powerful factors in the copying of an unpunctuated text, able to override an oral tradition associated with the text. The data provide the earliest evidence, as far as we know, of the operation of these processing strategies.

2025

This paper investigates the etymological development, phonological transformations, and semantic shifts of the Semitic triliteral root *n-j-w*, traditionally associated with notions of "escape," "rescue," or "deliverance." Drawing on comparative evidence from twelve Semitic languages-Classical Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Akkadian, Ge'ez, Tigrinya, Amharic, Old South Arabian, Safaitic, Phoenician, and Ugaritic-the study maps lexical continuities and deviations of this root, revealing both shared cultural semantics and language-specific morphophonological innovations. The paper emphasizes how divine salvation, physical escape, and social deliverance are lexically encoded and reconstructed across the Semitic continuum.

2025, Zenodo Repository

This paper identifies three abecedaries in the undeciphered Dhofari alphabet, which provide the key to unlocking the script itself and the corpus.

2025, JGUAA

This study examines the 'Ayn 'Avdat inscription as one of the significant Nabataean inscriptions that reflect the dynamic linguistic interaction between Nabataean and Arabic. The research focused on the Arabic phrase embedded within the inscription and its alignment with the characteristics of traditional Arabic poetry. The study highlighted the debate surrounding the classification of the text as either poetic or prose, using prosodic analysis to emphasize its weak consistency with conventional poetic meters, while suggesting its potential as a prototype of early Arabic poetry. The research explored the semantic functions of the text, emphasizing the role of the self, "Jurm Allah," in reinforcing the ideological context of the inscription through textual paradoxes that challenge traditional frameworks. Additionally, it examined linguistic intertextuality between Nabataean and Arabic texts, showcasing how it was employed to enrich meaning and enhance the functional value of the inscription. The study concludes by stressing the importance of re-evaluating historical texts with methodological flexibility that transcends traditional frameworks. It calls for employing multiple analytical tools to study the interaction between texts written in different languages within diverse temporal and cultural contexts. The study recommends further comparative analysis of similar inscriptions and expanding research to explore new dimensions of intertextuality and textual systems.

2025

The Arabic verb ‫ع‬ toor ",evil ot mih sesuac eh" ,/ooh-ahs-ya'-ooy/ ,uhahsya'uy) ‫-ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻪ‬ ּ ‫ָהו‬ ‫ְי‬ ‫ַﬠ‬ ׁ ‫ְש‬ ‫י‬ eman werbeH dna ‫ي-ش(‬ (Yesha'yahu, /sha'-ya-hoo/, traditionally ‫י-ש-ع‬ but argued as ‫)ع-ي-ش‬ share a Proto-Semitic root '-y-sh, meaning "to live." Their phonetic similarity, like "potato/potaato," and divine life-preservation (salvation) implication were obscured by 'ayn ‫)ע(‬ loss in translations. A cross-Semitic morphosyntactic analysis, debunking Yah as a divine name, reveals embedded theology in grammar, unifying linguistic and theological scholarship.

2025, Ayene-ye Pajuhesh

This paper provides a very brief discussion on the etymology of the word musalmān ‘Muslim, Musulman’ in Persian (for a more detailed discussion see Arya Tabibzadeh forthcoming). It is argued that mosalmān < musalmān in Persian, is a... more

2025, Chemin vers la traduction corrigé des exercices

Exercices De Chemin vers la Traduction
Corrigé des exercices Et Exercices complémentaires

2025

This paper proposes a compositional-formulaic approach to understanding Ancient North Arabian (ANA) writing traditions, arguing that the relationship between these scripts can be informed by analyzing their shared and distinct... more

2025, العتبة العباسية المقدسة - المركز الاسلامي للدراسات الاستراتيجية

العدد 42 العدد 42 محتويات العدد ■ الاستشراق الجديد بثوبه القديم حسن أحمد الهادي ■ بشريّة النصّ القرآني في دراسات المستشرقين هبة محمد جابر حلواص ■ ترجمة القرآن الكريم إلى اللغة الألمانيّة د. الشيخ محمد علي الرضائي ، الشيخ فريدريش... more

2025

The purpose of the present thesis is to perform a research on the textual tradition and the critical edition of Aelius Aristides\u2019 speech \u395\u1f30\u3c2 \u1fec\u3ce\u3bc\u3b7\u3bd (To Rome) (2nd century CE). Delivered in Rome in 144 CE, this speech is a praise of the Roman Empire. The first critical edition of the speech was published by B. Keil in 1898; in the 20th century, two philologists prepared editions with critical text, based on the apparatus of Keil. The thesis consists of a general introduction and two parts, followed by the bibliography, and four appendices. The first part explains the research on the textual tradition of the speech, and is structured in six chapters. The second part consists of the critical edition of the speech To Rome, with critical apparatus and the testimonies of the indirect tradition. The Greek text is followed by a complementary apparatus offering the variant readings of the minor manuscripts and some critical notes

2025, El, Ar-Rahman, and Allah: Tracing the Evolution of the Divine Name in Semitic Texts from Ebla to Islam

This paper explores the ancient origins and linguistic evolution of the divine names El, Ar-Rahman, and Allah in Semitic religious traditions. Drawing from archaeological and textual evidence from Ebla and Ugarit, through South Arabian inscriptions, to Islamic theology, the study highlights the continuity and transformation of these sacred names. It also discusses the presence of "El" in angelic and prophetic names across Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, revealing a shared heritage that challenges simplistic views of religious development.

2025, Annual of Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Classical and Modern Philology, Vol. 116, 2023, ISSN 0204-9600

The paper focuses on Hebrew and Greek Basic Color Terms (BCT) for the color white in the Bible. They are part of the Verbal color language that includes Prototype Terms (PT-light, milk, and snow), Rival Terms of prototypes (RT- linen), and Terms for Basic Features of the Prototypes (TBFP-pure, clean). The aggregation of all words is called mega-white, me ga-black, etc. The verbal and the visual colors differ. Verbal and visual Colors are treated as the Cultural Unit Color, e.g. Cultural unit White. The words' inner form and word derivation are essential methodological tools. The method includes translation as a criterion and semiotic value, cultural and linguistic context, and the Norm of Free Word-Associations as sources of non-color (secondary) meanings of verbal colors. Secondary cultural meanings of BCTs are specified.

2025, Corpus Christianorum, Lingua Patrum (CCLP) 16

The present paper is part of a larger project promoted by the University RomaTre on translations of Greek Patristic Texts (2nd-6th century CE) in the Latin and Syriac sources, between the 3rd and the 8th century CE. In this paper I give priority to the analysis of the cultural context of the Syriac monasticism without neglecting the more important aspect of evaluation. This phenomenon is clarified, not only from the reconstruction of the manuscript tradition, but also from the opportunity to capture certain problems present in the preparatory phase of the heterogeneous Lausiac material. Therefore, their manuscript tradition must be analysed foreach individual case. After a brief presentation of the status quaestionis of the studies conducted on Palladius’ text, the paper focuses on some aspects of this tradition that help us better understand the historical and cultural environment. The first aspect regards the original choices of Syriac translators. the second aspect concerns the problem of the transmission of texts in monastic circles.

2025

دراسة فى تاريخ الاقباط الحديث, مقالة جريدة تايم الامريكية عن احداث سبتمبر 1981