Shadow Economy Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

This paper analyzes the extent to which the degree of international economic integration, both financial and trade, affects corporate tax rates. It explores this issue in the context of strategic behavior by countries, taking into account other global and domestic political economy factors. Tax rates are analyzed using a unique tax dataset for advanced and developing economies extending over five decades. We report a number of novel results: there is no general negative relationship between financial globalization and corporate tax rates and revenues-results vary according to country grouping with OECD countries showing a positive relationship; the United States exhibits a "Stackelberg" type of leadership on other countries; trade integration is inversely correlated with tax rates; and public sentiment and ideology affect tax rates. The policy implications of these findings, particularly given budgetary pressures in the aftermath of the global crisis, are noted.

2025, Policy Research Working Papers

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Although low tax morale hits developing countries hardest, little is known about its determinants in those countries. This paper examines the impact of trust in public institutions and the neighborhood on individual tax morale in four African countries: Algeria, Ghana, Morocco, and Nigeria. First, the paper provides theoretical foundations of such a relationship. Further, the paper uses the World Value Survey to estimate the effects of trust in public institutions and the neighborhood on individual tax morale. The identification strategy employs the instrumental variables method and relies on historical data on the slave trade and the literature on the cultural heritage of trust. The paper finds that trust in public institutions and the neighborhood are largely associated with tax morale in the African countries under consideration. The findings are robust to an alternative identification strategy, additional controls, and a falsification test.

2025, Approaches in Tourism Modelling

2025, South East European Journal of Economics and Business

Business Cycle Synchronization in CroatiaThe purpose of this paper is to analyze business cycle synchronization in the Croatian economy using various annualized growth rate variables over a period of eighteen years (1992-2010), de-trended by a Hodrick-Prescott filter, and following the Harding and Pagan methodological procedure in the determination of its turning points. Our conceptual analysis of synchronization is based on the technique of concordance indexes and correlation coefficients obtained by the HAC estimators. The main result of the research shows that there is a high degree of probability that dismissal of employees in the Croatian economy will coincide with the contraction phase in industry. The cyclic phase of growth in job creation in great measure coincides with the cyclic phase of growth in exports and the construction sector, as well as with tourist arrivals. There is an almost perfect synchronization between the cyclic phases of the construction sector and imports...

2025

The focus of this paper is to investigate whether carbon footprints are reduced due to renewable energy use in fuelling the business and commercial interests of the nation’s right from trade, production, consumption in the presence of foreign direct investment (FDI). The quantification of the relationship is carried out for three developed nations and five developing nations. Error Correction Model (ECM) using Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is used to assess short-term and long-term country-wise parameters for the chosen variables in sample countries from 1990 to 2017. The findings demonstrate the persuasive evidence that green energy use is the sustainable path of development. The cointegrated relationship amongst the variables for the long run is validated for all eight individual countries included in the study. High-economic growth and non-renewable energy use are recognized as the major sources of environmental degradation across the country analysis. However...

2025, Public Understanding of Science

Organ trafficking is an illegal means of meeting the shortage of transplants. The activity flourishes for several interacting reasons, such as medical needs, poverty and criminality. Other factors are fundamental conceptual structures such as the dream of the regenerative body as well as the view of the body as an object of utility and an object of value. The article aims to go behind the normative discussions that usually surround organ trafficking. Why this is happening, and what the societal consequences are, is examined through ethnographic fieldwork. The focus is on the shadow economies that govern existence and in which people, goods, weapons, money, bodies, etc. constitute components of the global market.

2025, The Shadow Knows: Kepler’s Pole, Wave-Particle Boundaries, and the Physics of Absence

What if the shadow isn’t absence—but memory? This paper redefines the shadow not as blocked light, but as a resonant field of unexpressed potential. Using Kepler’s elusive “fifth pole,” wave-particle duality, and the prism’s paradox of disappearing shadow, we trace how non-events encode hidden vectors of energy, time, and consciousness. Through quantum mechanics, symbolic geometry, and ancient cosmograms, we demonstrate that the shadow is not a void—it is a Folded Light Echo: a glyph cast by awareness across the curvature of possibility. This is not speculative metaphor, but a rigorous physics of absence. The shadow, we propose, is the first language of what almost became.

2025, Social Science Quarterly.

This study investigates the impact of remittances on the shadow economy and how domestic institutions, particularly property rights, moderate this relationship. Methods: We employed a quantitative research method using panel data from developing countries from 1990 to 2018. We adopted both fixed-effects and instrumental variable approaches to address possible endogeneity concerns between remittances and the shadow economy. Results: The results demonstrate that remittances are positively associated with the shadow economy's size. However, this positive effect is weaker in countries with strong property rights institutions. These findings remain robust across alternative measures of key variables and estimation techniques. Conclusion: The results suggest that foreign income in the form of remittances is an important determinant of the shadow economy in recipient countries. We believe that exploring the relationship between foreign sources of income and the decisions of economic actors to enter specific sectors warrants further investigation.

2025, International Studies Quarterly

While the shadow economy seems to have both positive and negative effects on a country's macroeconomy, almost all governments have attempted to control the shadow economy to prevent the loss of tax revenues and the attendant impact on the government budget. Even though official development assistance (ODA) has no formal link with the shadow economy, we often observe a relationship between the two in recipient countries. We argue that ODA can increase the size of the shadow economy in recipient countries through both government and individual-level flows of ODA to the shadow economy. We analyzed data on the shadow economies of 107 ODA recipients from 1990 to 2018 using both fixed effect and Driscoll-Kraay estimators. The results show that recipients receiving a higher volume of ODA are more likely to have a larger shadow economy. Moreover, the relationship between ODA and the shadow economy is stronger in more corrupt recipients. We dealt with endogeneity issues using the generalized method of moments, which supported our findings. Si bien la economía sumergida parece tener efectos tanto positivos como negativos en la macroeconomía de un país, casi todos los Gobiernos han intentado controlarla con el fin de evitar la pérdida de ingresos fiscales y su consiguiente impacto en los presupuestos públicos. A pesar de que la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD) no tiene un vínculo formal con la economía sumergida, a menudo observamos una relación entre ambas en los países receptores. Argumentamos que la AOD puede llegar a aumentar el tamaño de la economía sumergida en los países receptores a través de flujos de AOD, tanto a nivel gubernamental como a nivel individual, hacia la economía sumergida. Analizamos los datos obtenidos en referencia a las economías sumergidas de 107 receptores de AOD entre 1990 y 2018, utilizando estimadores de efecto fijo y de Driscoll-Kraay. Los resultados demuestran que los receptores que reciben un mayor volumen de AOD tienen más probabilidades de tener una economía sumergida más grande. Además, la relación entre la AOD y la economía sumergida es más fuerte en los receptores con mayor nivel de corrupción. Abordamos estos problemas de endogeneidad utilizando el método generalizado de momentos, que corrobora nuestras conclusiones. Tandis que l'économie parallèle semble avoir tant des effets positifs que négatifs sur la macroéconomie d'un pays, presque tous les gouvernements ont tenté de la contrôler pour éviter les pertes de recettes fiscales et les conséquences qui en résultent sur le budget du gouvernement. Même si l'aide publique au développement (APD) n'a pas de lien formel avec l'économie parallèle, nous observons souvent une relation entre les deux dans les pays bénéficiaires. Nous affirmons que l'APD peut faire grandir l'économie parallèle des pays bénéficiaires grâce aux flux d'APD reçus des individus et gouvernements. Nous avons analysé des données relatives à l'économie parallèle de 107 bénéficiaires de l'APD de 1990 à 2018 en utilisant des estimateurs d'effets fixes et Driscoll-Kraay. D'après les résultats, les bénéficiaires qui reçoivent des volumes importants d'APD ont souvent une économie parallèle plus développée. De plus, la relation entre APD et économie parallèle est d'autant plus forte que les bénéficiaires sont corrompus. Nous avons traité les problèmes d'endogénéité à l'aide de la méthode des moments généralisés, qui a confirmé nos conclusions.

2025, Journal of Social History

People's Control" was a centrally controlled institution of economic and social regulation widespread in state socialist countries and, particularly, in the Soviet Union between 1965 and 1991. The ideology underpinning the institution, however, insisted on its vernacular nature and framed its actions in terms of a democratic approach to economic problems. The offices of people's control proliferated as part of a system that covered the whole country, empowering controllers with an impressive array of rights codified in high-level legislation. Endorsed by the system as moral and honest citizens, controllers inspected factories, farms, grocery shops, and other production and management units to reveal acts of crime, fraud, and low-quality work. Controllers denoted these phenomena as deviations from "normal" economic behavior and explained them in terms of a purported lack of morality. This article examines the place of morality in the late Soviet Union through the lens of political regulation of socioeconomic relationships. People's control, it argues, exposed a particular notion of morality as a range of norms and obligations for revealing and struggling against what the state deemed improper individual economic behavior. It served as one political attempt to mobilize society and tackle growing problems of the planned economy, which came to be described in terms of deviation. In the end, however, the ambit of people's control remained largely limited to nominal public criticism.

2025

The study is dedicated to the scientific justification of the need to strengthen green taxation in the context of the Green Deal implementation and the greening of EU countries based on a comprehensive analysis of the effective functioning of the green taxation system, and presents the following vectors of its improvement. Scientific approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the economic value of green taxation, taking into account the systematicity of the economic, socio-political, innovative and infrastructural goals in the conditions of modern challenges, have been studied. Based on the international system of economic indicators, in particular the Environmental Policy Stringency Index, the actual state of green taxation in EU countries was assessed. By applying a methodological approach based on comparing the cost characteristics of regulation and stimulation of the ecologically oriented business activity of business entities with the cost characteristics of the tax burden and the regulatory nature of the impact due to the use of environmental taxation objects and damage to the environment, an assessment of the effectiveness of green taxation was carried out in 12 EU countries. The architecture of the environmental taxation environment of EU countries is presented, the interrelated elements of which are defined as the legal framework of green taxation, the toolkit for the Green Deal implementation with an emphasis on green taxation, as well as systemically important market transformations capable of influencing the economic and environmental behavior of business entities by using natural resources and pollution of the natural environment under the influence of time factors, globalization changes and subsequent future uncertainties. The author's approach to increasing the efficiency and improvement of green taxation, which is expedient to implement to achieve the Green Deal goals and the formation of the environmental security system of the European region, is substantiated.

2025, Governance and Development Journal

Objective: Despite the economic changes of countries over the past years, there is still an income gap between different social groups, and this has caused economists and policymakers to pay more attention to different dimensions of income distribution. This research aims to investigate the income inequality of Iran and selected business partners. Methods: The data collected between 2002-2021 were analyzed using Stata software. Variables affecting income inequality include globalization, entrepreneurship, global governance, GDP per capita and inflation rate. Results: After confirming the cross-sectional independence and checking the significance of the variables, the Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests were used and the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables of the model was confirmed. Then, two-way random effects were estimated with the Chow and Hausman tests of the panel data model. Conclusions: According to the results, the globalization index has a negative and significant effect on income inequality. Also, the coefficients of the entrepreneurship and global governance variables are positive and significant. Regarding the impact of the GDP per capita variable on income inequality, the coefficient has become positive and significant, and it shows that most of the investigated countries are in the upward part of Kuznets' inverted U hypothesis. The inflation rate variable also has a negative and significant sign, indicating that as the inflation rate level of these countries increasesm the amount of income inequality decreases. Although it has been emphasized in some studies that there are no clear results in this regard.

2025

The underground economy is a part of the economy of all countries, particularly developing countries and has serious repercussion on the economy performance and can cause deviations from correct detecting the state of economy and administrating wrong policies. So, detecting the size of this sector is a challenge for the policy-makers. Therefore, the present study was to estimate the size of the underground economy in the years 1973-2010. In order to estimate the size of the underground economy, the structural equation modeling and multiple causesmultiple effects method was applied using Amos Graphic software. Our results suggest that the average size ratio of underground economy to gross domestic product (GDP) during the period under study (1973-2010) was 16.16%.

2025, DergiPark (Istanbul University)

2025, International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management

Cybersecurity is not an exception of the various fields that have been influenced by the advancement of artificial intelligence hence its evolution. Nevertheless, AI is also used by hackers for the increasing number, scale, and efficacy of their attacks. This paper therefore defines AI Cybercrime as automated phishing, AI malware, social engineering and cyber espionage, which are new form of threats that affect persons, organizations, and governments. This paper focuses on investigating AI-assisted cyber threats, knowledge and tools of an attacker, as well as defenses against threats and attacks. Applying threat detection systems with the help of artificial intelligence, ways and means of machine learning-based anomaly detection, and interaction between a human and an AI are discussed as some possible countermeasures. These small examples of AI applications in phishing, ransomware, and espionage have raised a call for robust and evolving cybersecurity measures. The results also state the fact that AI acts as a potential threat as well as having the capability to deal with threats effectively, thus requiring constant R&D in AI security.

2025, Texto para Discussão 238

EESP/FGV

2025

"We must speak up and exchange ideas how to have a new Palermo Convention or to bring changes into the existing one, prescribing transnational criminal activities by organized crime as crimes against humanity and, as such, prosecutable by an international body and then adjudicated by an international court."
That was my main idea in this speech presented in World Jurists Congress 2025, in Santo Domingo (05.05.2025). This paper is my full speech of the 9-th Panel on the topic "Challenges of International Criminal Justice".

2025, Intellectual economics

The paper explores the influence of consumer social values on the grey economy in Latvia. Measuring the grey economy is a complex issue which has not received a required attention in academic research thus resulting in a lack of consistent assessment methodologies. This has might result in serious implications for national economies limiting the implementation of the effective mitigation measures in economic policies. The objective of this paper is to explore and analyse the nature of dominating social values in Latvia, the impact of the above on related consumer behaviour and influence of the grey economy. The study suggests higher support for tax evasion driven by self-centred values which might have stimulating impact on the grey economy. Traditionalist, domestic and peaceful values are associated with prevailing acceptance towards properly paying taxes which represents an opportunity to raise taxation income assuming right communication strategy developed. Domestic value domain ...

2025

Call for papers (deadline 15th May 2025)

Workshop: Individual vs state morality: what if they diverge? Informality as a framework to move beyond the legal-illegal binary

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 9-10 October 2025

2025, Nakhti University

In the digital age, the growing practice of shadow banning and opaque censorship has raised concerns about its impact on free speech, transparency, and democratic discourse. This paper examines the ethical and legal implications of these practices, using Goldman-Hasbun's (2023) ethnographic study of the r/FreeSpeech subreddit as a case study. The study reveals the ideological polarization and the absolutist stances on free speech that dominate digital spaces. The rise of digital platforms has

2025, Preliminary Estimate of Informal Workers of Calcutta

This paper tries to document the presence of unreported income among public sector employees in India. We investigate empirically the wage gap as well as consumption expenditure parity between public and private sector workers. It tests the hypothesis that despite a lower level of public sector income in some of the quantiles, if the level of durable goods consumption between the private and the public sector employees are similar, then it might be indicative of the presence of unreported income among the public sector workers. The 2004-05 survey of income and consumption by workers in both private and public sectors (NSSO) supports presence of unaccounted for income among public sector employees at the uppermost quantile. The empirical part is followed by a generalized theoretical formulation that comes up with a measure of the equilibrium level of the unreported income earned by the public sector employees.

2025

Croatia has reached demographic maturity, with ever lower cohorts of youngers (and younger labour force numbers), longer life expectations, and rapidly growing share of older population. In such situation, working population older than 50 becomes more and more significant, not only by number, but also as an important pool of knowledge and experiences. 28,36% of total employed in Croatia in 2014 were 50+ years old. That same year (2014) 27,7% of total unemployed in Croatia were 50+ years old. The share of persons 50+ in total number of unemployed grew to 29,6% in 2015, and 31,7% in 2016. Long duration of unemployment is especially accentuated among persons older than 50: in 2016 older persons made 41,91% among those with unemployment duration between 2 and 3 years, 44,00% among those with unemployment duration between 4 and 5 years, 53,23% among those with unemployment duration between 6 and 8 years, and even 70,04% among those with unemployment duration over 8 years. Although Croati...

2025, Journal of human resource management

Croatia has definitely reached demographic maturity, and as many European countries entered the phase of demographic decline and significant aging. As can be seen from Table , in the last 40 years, major changes have taken place in relation between young and old population cohorts. e share of the young population (below 15 years) has been steadily declining since 1981, and between 1981 and 2011 it dropped from 20.9% to just about 15.2%. On the other hand, in the same period, the number and proportion of the population aged 65 and over, increased steadily -from 9.6% in 1971 to 17.7% in 2011.

2025

To safeguard digital infrastructure in this day and age, where cyber threats are always changing, a proactive approach to cybersecurity is necessary. This research explores the implementation of proactive cybersecurity strategies that leverage artificial intelligence-driven threat detection with the aid of Fortinet's FortiAI. Because standard reactive security measures often fall short in countering evolving threats, predictive defense requires artificial intelligence-powered solutions. FortiAI uses deep learning to autonomously detect and eradicate malware, advanced persistent threats (APTs), and zero-day attacks before they can compromise information networks. The application of real-time analysis of massive datasets results in improved threat intelligence, faster response times, and automated threat mitigation. Continuous monitoring, anomaly detection, and the deployment of adaptive protection systems are guaranteed when proactive cybersecurity is combined with artificial intelligence solutions like FortiAI. The results of this research show that cybersecurity frameworks powered by artificial intelligence can improve enterprise security postures, reduce attack surfaces, and increase resilience to changing cyberthreats. The results suggest that a key element of future-proof cybersecurity strategies should include artificial intelligence-powered solutions.

2025, IJETRM JOURNAL

2025, Transylvanian review of administrative sciences

The paper analyses the effectiveness of law enforcement by regulatory agencies in Hungary. Empirical data were collected from such diverse fields as consumer rights protection, construction, road safety, labor regulation, etc. The data were analyzed using a simplified rational choice model, looking for evidence of whether administrative practices were effective in preventing rational actors from breaking the law. The analysis robustly proves the ineffectiveness of regulatory activity, as the breaking of laws may yield, in a conservative estimate, 10 to 100,000 times more income than the expected monetary value of the fine. In brief, the government of Hungary is generally unable to enforce its own laws. Though the paper makes use of data solely from Hungary, it aims to provide a methodology for measuring regulatory capacity more generally.

2025, Shadow Economy

в статье рассматриваются проблемы теневого рынка труда, которые играют немаловажную роль на национальном рынке труда. А так же требования при подборке кадров в России и Казахстане. И влияние миграционных процессов в Кыргызстане на... more

2025, Міжнародний науковий журнал Науковий огляд

УДК 330.4:336.71 ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ ЗНАЧУЩИХ РИЗИКІВ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ УСТАНОВИ доктор економічних наук, професор, директор, Швець Н.Р. Інститут банківських технологій та бізнесу ДВНЗ «Університет банківської справи», Україна, Київ Юшкалюк А.А. Чернівецький національний університет імені Юрія Федьковича, Україна, Чернівці У статті розглянуто основні методи ідентифікації банківських ризиків. Досліджено систему виявлення ризиків банківськими установами України. Запропонована класифікація банківських ризиків за ступенем агрегування. Особлива увага приділяється методам виявлення ризиків та кількісним і якісним методам оцінки значущості ризиків. В межах кількісного аналізу побудовано систему показників оцінки значущості різних категорій банківських ризиків. Ключові слова: ризик, ідентифікація банківських ризиків, методи ідентифікації, класифікація ризиків, показники значущості. доктор экономических наук, профессор, Швец Н.Р., Юшкалюк А.А. Идентификация значимых рисков банковского учреждения/Институт банковских технологий и бизнеса ГВУЗ «Университет банковского дела», Украина, Киев; Черновицкий национальный университет имени Юрия Федьковича, Украина, Черновцы В статье рассмотрены основные методы идентификации банковских рисков. Исследована система выявления рисков банковскими учреждениями Украины. Предложена классификация банковских рисков по степени агрегирования. Особое внимание уделяется методам выявления рисков и количественным и качественным методам оценки значимости рисков. В рамках количественного анализа построена система показателей оценки значимости различных категорий банковских рисков. Ключевые слова: риск, идентификация банковских рисков, методы идентификации, классификация рисков, показатели значимости. doctor of economics, professor, Shvez N.R., Yushkaliuk A.A. Identification of significant banking risks/ Institute of banking technologies and business of the Banking

2025, Теория «малых дел» как народническая практика среднего класса

Статья представляет собой рецензию на книгу В.В. Зверева «Очерки
идейного наследия Я.В. Абрамова» (М.: Изд-во РУДН, 2024. 157 с.). Хотя, как утвержда-
ет автор книги, еще не написана обширная и фундаментальная монография о жизни
и деятельности Якова Васильевича Абрамова (1858–1906), замечательного российского
публициста и идеолога умеренного народнического направления, рецензируемая моно-
графия представляет собой ценный в историко-социологическом отношении и основа-
тельный труд о творце так называемой «абрамовщины», или, в более традиционной для
научно-публицистического дискурса, «теории малых дел», из которых «слагается жизнь
миллионов»

2025, SSRN Electronic Journal

 It is not only declared enterprises and workers that ceased or severely reduced their operations during the confinement period and are witnessing commercial difficulties as economies gradually re-open. So did undeclared enterprises and workers, who are a relatively large proportion of all enterprises and workers in the Western Balkans, witness severe reductions in their revenues and are doubtless suffering similar difficulties at present.  Many of these undeclared workers and enterprises have been also unable to fully access the short-term financial support provided by governments to businesses and workers during the crisis period.  However, this varies according to the different types of enterprise and worker in the undeclared economy. There is a need to distinguish between registered enterprises that declare only a portion of their work and revenue to the state authorities, who will have received some support, and unregistered enterprises who have not. There is also a need to differentiate three types of undeclared worker, namely those in unregistered employment, who have been largely excluded from support, and those in under-declared employment and bogus self-employment who will have more often received at least some support.  State authorities, including enforcement authorities, have also had to change their working practices. Measures have had to be taken to protect enforcement authority staff. This has involved risk assessment for firstly inspectors and staff and secondly, the conduct of physical inspections. A range of approaches have been used for protecting staff during workplace inspections including masks, gloves, visors, social distancing, time spent at the inspection and hygiene issues related to transport used.  New working methods have included: changes in inspections; greater data mining and matching; home-based working; greater use of distance consultations; more virtual meetings, and the greater use of digital solutions and education and awareness raising..  The pandemic has also resulted in greater coordination with specialist units/teams being formed to deal with COVID-19 issues and greater cooperation with both other government agencies and social partners to create a more joined-up approach.  The main lessons learned from the pandemic crisis period are that in the future, there could be: (i) less dependence on physical workplace inspections and greater risk assessment of whether a physical inspection is required, or some other form of inspection can be conducted; (ii) continuing use in the future of the new hygiene standards implemented during the pandemic for inspectors and inspections; (iii) greater home-based working and use of virtual staff meetings, (iv) more emphasis on the use of data mining and matching to detect violations; (v) greater resource dedicated to digital solutions (e.g., use of social media and websites for information distribution and complaint reporting) and a consequent consideration of the new skills and competencies required by inspectorates and their staff, and (vi) greater use of joined-up action via task forces and cross-government coordination and cooperation on strategy, operations and data mining, sharing and analysis.

2025

The actual economic crisis has a major impact on the underground economy because of tax burden increase especially. This study realizes an analysis of the major implications of the economic crises on the size and the consequences of the underground activities. Also we try to reveal the correlatio n between the underground economy and the official one. The conclusion of this study is that the shadow activities have grown since the financial crisis began.

2025

In this endeavor an attempt has been made to investigate the major causes and factors of influence of the underground economy. Our analysis is based on the study of tax payer behavior and taxation system pattern. The paper examines how social institutions and government policies affect underground economy. All these factors have an important impact on the level and size of underground economy and determine the consequences of this phenomenon.

2025, Southeastern Europe

One of the persistent characteristics of transitional and post-conflict performance of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is the widespread use of undeclared work. Available estimates suggest that the extent of the undeclared economy could be as high as one third of total domestic production with a similar share of the labour force being undeclared. The aim of this review article is to provide an in-depth evaluation of the undeclared economy in BiH, including its extent, character, potential determinants and what is required to tackle this economic challenge. The argument, grounded in a variant of neo-institutional theory, will be that undeclared work in this transitional and post-conflict economy arises due to persistent asymmetry between the social norms, values and beliefs (informal institutions) and the laws and regulations (formal institutions). This incongruence has not been tackled efficiently in previous decades and how this can be achieved is discussed.

2025, DergiPark (Istanbul University)

Güven, internet ticaretinde oldukça önemli bir konudur ve özellikle önemli kararlar hakkındaki sosyal davranışın bir önkoşuludur. Genellikle internet ticaretinin tehlikeli olduğu ve müşterilerin kişisel bilgilerini, kredi kartlarının bilgilerini ve diğer varlıklarını tehlikeye attıkları sıklıkla ifade edilmektedir. Öte yandan, internet ticaretinin kullanımının arttırılması için çok sayıda proje ve uygulama vardır. İnternet kullanıcılarının sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır ancak çoğu, internet üzerinden ticarete güvenmediği için Web sitelerine kişisel bilgilerini paylaşmaya gönülsüz olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, ziyaretçilerin Web sitelerine olan güven duygusunun arttırılması için kullanılan anahtar elementlerin tartışılması yapılacaktır. Bunun için, ilk olarak literatürdeki güven kavramının çeşitli tanımlarının tahlili yapılacaktır. İkinci olarak, kriminal faaliyetler ve internetteki kriminal tehditlerin varlığı tanımlanmaya çalışılacaktır.

2025

In recent times, systemic reforms have been carried out in Uzbekistan. The country noticeably strengthened its international authority, attracted foreign investments, and fully integrated into the social life of the world economy. Since the end of 2016, steps have been taken to protect human rights, combat corruption, and bring legislation closer to the present day. All these are not just policy corrections, but most importantly, the revision of Uzbekistan's state policy subjected to a harmonisation process, according to which foreign policy is fashioned per the world standards and provides for readiness of the ground for the establishment of a stable and wealthy society. Human rights and governance development have been made in a conscious effort to improve its position and prestige in the world with its economic growth.

2025, Journal of Business Research and Insights

The concept of social enterprise is an imperative facet of modern entrepreneurship that emphasizes the potential for businesses to generate profits while promoting societal well-being. However, this dual objective presents a significant challenge for entrepreneurs as it demands a strong commitment to social responsibility. Our study aimed to investigate the emerging trend of anti-social decisions made by young people in response to complex socio-economic constraints. The inquiry involved a series of classroom experiment conducted on 240 undergraduates in a hypothetical environment. The experiments presented the participants with opportunities to make prosocial or anti-social decisions regarding their occupational choices under four different socio-economic conditions and also in a structured coordination game. The results suggest that prospective employees may be more likely to make choices that benefit themselves, rather than others, when faced with difficult social
and economic situations. However, those who opt to be self-employed expressed the highest prosocial motivation, indicating a strong desire to contribute to society. It is important to take these findings into account when creating educational policies and adjusting economic policies, such as tax policies. We need to encourage and educate young people in Sri Lanka to develop and express their desire to create positive social change, by promoting pro-social values and behaviors.

2025, Social Science Research Network

2025, Vergi Raporu

International trade is highly vulnerable to manipulation by money launderers and illicit financiers. The increase in measures to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing after the September 11 terrorist attacks led criminal organizations to use trade more in money laundering. The findings of the study, which aims to analyze the operation of the trade
diversion and U Boat shipping diversion scheme used by criminal organizations as a method of trade-based money laundering and to present the solution suggestions to be taken, are as follows: U Boat shipping, which is an illegal trade diversion method, violates intellectual property rights and leads to counterfeit and pirated product trade. Product counterfeiting and pirated product trade lead to an increase in the informal economy, decrease tax revenues, and threaten public health. In the fight against trade-based money laundering, suspicious transaction and activity reports and red flag applications should be applied to all parties in the international supply chain. A global mechanism should be established to ensure the sharing of international trade and customs information between customs, tax administrations, law enforcement, and financial intelligence units.

2025, İnflyasiya, onun mahiyyəti və səbəbləri. Sosial - iqtisadi nəticələri

Mövzu: İnflyasiya, onun mahiyyəti və səbəbləri. Sosial - iqtisadi nəticələri
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GİRİŞ:
İnflyasiya hər bir cəmiyyətin dövlətin qarşılaşdığı bir iqtisadi hadisədir. Dünyada elə dövlət yoxdur ki, onun büdcəsində kəsr olmasın və inflyasiya ilə qarşılaşmasın. İnflyasiya hər hansı bir ölkədə küllü miqdarda pulun artmasını və qiymətlərin qalxmasını ifadə edir.
İnflyasiyanın əsas baş vermə səbəbi pul kütləsinin artmasıdır. Lakin inflyasiya tək bununla məhdudlaşmır, onun növləri, yaranma səbəbləri və ona qarşı mübarizə tədbirləri mövcuddur.
Mövzu müxtəlif ədəbiyyat, dissertasiya və bəzi mühazirə materiallarından araşdırılıb yazılmışdır.

2025, Are fiscal rules efficient on public debt restraint in the presence of shadow economy?

This paper provides an analysis of the role played by fiscal rules and the shadow economy in the evolution of public debt. Thus, we investigate the effectiveness of fiscal rules in limiting the level of indebtedness in the presence of a shadow economy (SE) in 194 advanced, emerging, and developing countries over the period 1995-2021. The SE harms public revenue collection and leads to an increase in the budget deficit. Better management of public finances is difficult to achieve in the presence of a SE. We find that governments should try to limit the spread of SE to achieve sustainable public finance and maintain public indebtedness within reasonable limits. The results from the cointegration technique suggest that in the long run, the efficiency of fiscal rules is conditioned by the decrease of the SE, and only after this prerequisite is attained can a favorable evolution of public debt be expected. The empirical findings confirm the significant contribution of the SE to the public debt increase and the ineffectiveness of the fiscal rules applied. ☆ We thank Alexandru Minea and Codruta Mare for their valuable comments and suggestions. We want to thank the Editor-in-Chief, Samuel Vigne, and an anonymous referee for useful comments that helped improve the paper. We acknowledge financial support from the 2022 Development Fund of Babes-Bolyai University.

2025, Journal of Innovation Economics & Management

Digitalization is defining reality of our times, significantly affecting all aspects of our lives. Over recent decades, substantial progress has been made in the fields of digital finance and digital transformation. This study delves into the impact of digitalization on the shadow economy across the 27 European Union countries from 2008 to 2022. The main findings of the empirical analysis, which employs panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) demonstrate a significant contribution of e-government and internet banking in reducing the shadow economy. Additionally, a noteworthy result confirms the significant and positive impact of internet access by companies on the shadow economy flourishing within the New Member States (NMS 13). Political strategies targeting the reduction of the underground economy must take into account the future intensification of digitalization in the public sector, encompassing everything from communication with the citizens to the provision of public services.

2025

Financial development (FD) and institutional quality (IQ) shape the invisible informal economies. This study conducts an empirical analysis of how financial development (FD) and institutional quality (IQ) impact the hidden shadow economy, with a particular focus on the differences between developed and developing countries. Using the CS-ARDL estimation technique, the findings reveal that FD and improved IQ significantly reduce the shadow economy in developing countries while these factors fuel the growth of the underground economy in developed nations. The study also illustrates that in developing nations, a synergy between economic growth, enhanced IQ, and advanced FD effectively contributes to shrinking the shadow economy. These empirical insights offer valuable policy implications, suggesting that adaptive strategies considering the stage of financial development and institutional quality can effectively mitigate the impact of the shadow economy.

2025

The objective of this paper is to explore and identify inflation as it is embedded in a broad range of asset classes beyond simply TIPS, Oil, Gold and Real Estate. The analysis is conducted primarily from the perspective of a United States investor however the results are validated across a range of countries that span the developed and emerging world including resource intense economies and those that have previously experienced hyperinflation. We find that an investor who is looking for a positive real return while minimizing the downside with respect to inflation will have an allocation that consists primarily of short-term bonds, longer-term bonds, some gold, some oil, and some emerging market equities. The weight of gold and oil together is less than 10 % of the portfolio and is not always relevant for all countries. We also find that TIPS are only slightly effective for protecting against inflation conditional on an investor using a group of asset classes. Equities still provi...

2025, Caucasus survey

The Soviet Union set in motion peoples from all corners of the state and beyond (p. 11)' This sentence opens Jeff Sahadeo's fascinating account of Caucasian and Central Asian migration to Soviet Moscow and St Petersburg (Leningrad) between 1950s and 1990s. Based on seventy oral histories of students, traders, migrant workers, engineers, university professors, factory workers and homemakers from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan, both men and women, Sahadeo writes the much-needed history, the prequel to contemporary labour migration into Russia's European cities. The scholarship on migration to Russia -the third largest destination for migrants globally -has moved in recent years well beyond dry facts and figures. Human stories of Central Asian migrants in Russia have a great currency among researchers. These are special kind of stories -they give the greatest prominence to individual migrant experiences, both physically and emotionally. Yet in the majority of recent scholarly publicationslet me mention the works of Madeleine Reeves, Caress Schenk, Sergey Abashin, Sergey Riazantsev, Bhavna Dave, Anna-Liisa Heusalla and Kaarina Aitamurto, Rustamjon Urinboyev or even my ownthese stories all start, inconspicuously sometime around the early 2000s. The Soviet Union as 'a society on the move' (p. 198) receives a polite nod, a mention, but not an in-depth attention. The super-important and much needed monograph by Jeff Sahadeo fills in this void with meticulously gathered and reflexively analysed first-hand accounts of those migrants who ventured from the edges of the Soviet Union to its global cities (p. 12), supplemented by a careful research of Russian state archives and available statistical material.

2025

Esta revisión de la literatura, que analiza 52 referencias clasificadas entre artículos de revistas, capítulos de libros, informes, libros, páginas web y tesis, examina la informalidad laboral y la economía no observada en la República Dominicana. La informalidad laboral afecta a entre el 55.0% y el 58.0% de los trabajadores, influida por factores como la educación, el género y las barreras institucionales, con un impacto desproporcionado en las mujeres, quienes enfrentan mayores riesgos de pobreza. Los estudios revisados también destacan que la informalidad es procíclica, actuando como amortiguador económico en tiempos de crisis, como ocurrió durante la pandemia de COVID-19, que agravó su impacto negativo en la recaudación fiscal. Por otro lado, la economía no observada, estimada en un rango entre el 35.5% y el 38.0% del PIB, comparte varias causas con la informalidad, incluidas las barreras regulatorias, la evasión fiscal y la incapacidad del mercado formal para absorber toda la oferta laboral. Esta conexión entre ambos fenómenos refleja la interrelación entre el sector laboral informal y la economía subterránea, donde las deficiencias estructurales en el marco institucional fomentan ambos.

2025

As you can tell from the above title heading, i pose a pretty big question that sits mainly in the realm of religious philosophy , is it so far fetched to suggest that the Earth and Moons size are products of a geometric blueprint based... more