Sport Spectatorship Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

In recent years, sports organizations related to winter sports have increasingly focused on environmental sustainability. The top management of sports clubs aims to use only ice arenas that adhere to the principles of the green economy, considering the impact of global warming. Major sports federations and clubs also recognize the rapidly growing sector of environmental science in the sports industry, as sports facilities have a significant negative impact on the environment. In this context, the use of artificial ice is considered a new way of providing ice services for the sport population with minimal environmental impact and reduced costs. This research aims to study the potential of using new technologies, particularly artificial ice, in accordance with the principles of a green economy, and to develop recommendations for sports clubs for the development of winter games on ice arenas in the future. The authors employed empirical methods such as questionnaires and structured interviews during the study. A total of 3 surveys were conducted with potential service consumers and providers of natural and synthetic ice: 132 ice hockey players, 12 representatives of ice arena management from Latvia and France, and 5 experts promoting the use of synthetic ice. The authors hope that their conclusions and recommendations will be of practical importance to investors, coaches, and managers of ice arenas, as well as all interested parties associated with winter sports and ice arenas focused on the principles of a green economy.

2025, International journal of physical education, sports and health

This study aimed to reveal the sports consumption behavior intentions of the spectators of two football teams competing in Turkish Super League, in order to examine whether this behavior changes in cases of success and failure. Besides, the study also attempted to detect any difference between the consumption behaviors of the spectators of the two teams and to reveal the reasons of these differences. Spectators of two different teams competing in Turkish Super League participated in the study on voluntary basis. Totally 678 sports spectators attended the study: 54.30% (N=368) of these spectators supported Eskisehirspor while 45.70% (N=310) supported Bursaspor. To this end, the Sports Consumption Behavior Scale which was developed by Kim et al. (2011) and the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of which was tested by Kiremitci et al. (2014) was used in the scope of the study. In conclusion, this study examined the consumer behavior intentions of the spectators of two team...

2025, Parent-spectators' misbehaviour in grassroots football: an explorative qualitative study

The overall purpose of the present study was to explore the behaviour, comments and unsporting reactions of parent-spectators at football matches. For this, a non-participant naturalistic observation was carried out on 52 groups of parent-spectators of Spanish grassroots football. The observations were supplemented by informal interviews with three referees, a field delegate and three sports facility workers. The results of the study show, on one hand, how parent-spectators often make negative comments about referees, coaches and players. They ridicule and complain about referees' actions to pressure in favour of their team and may also make gratuitous remarks about their physical appearance. Parent-spectators criticise and occasionally even insult coaches, belittling some of their decisions and even supplanting them in their comments to the players in their team. Players of the opposing team receive negative comments for unsporting actions and those in their own team may receive negative comments on their play. Parent-spectators remain passive in the face of their own and other children's negative behaviour and may even unconsciously encourage unsporting behaviour in players and coaches. This study examines different implications for the improvement of the social-moral climate at grassroots football matches.

2024, Studia sportiva

The study examines the use of machine learning models to forecast attendance at sports stadiums, specifically analyzing National Football League (NFL) games from 2000 to 2019, with over 5,055 regular-season games. The models, including Linear Regression, Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Random Forest, CatBoost, and XGBoost, integrate a diverse set of variables such as team performance, economic indicators, stadium characteristics, and weather conditions. Each model's accuracy and effectiveness are assessed using five statistical metrics. With a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.02 and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.04, the models display high precision in predicting stadium attendance. The coefficient of determination (R²) reaches 77.27% after optimization. These figures suggest that the models, particularly Random Forest and CatBoost, are highly effective in forecasting attendance rates for NFL games. Key influences on game attendance include factors like 'stadium_name,' 'personal_income,' 'stadium_age,' and 'home_club_age', which emerge as significant predictors. This study fills a theoretical gap in the limited research on the NFL and provides valuable insights for strategic planning and decision-making in professional sports management.

2024, Journal of Services Marketing

Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to examine and compare the influence of the disposition to engage in engagement behaviors on physical and virtual
engagement platforms, as well as the influence of these engagement behaviors on brand loyalty, value-in-use and word-of-mouth.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a survey distributed to a random sample of 10,000 fans of five teams in the Swedish
top-division of elite football. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to derive a distinction between prevalent platforms, scales were
validated through a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used to test the research model.
Findings – Customer disposition to engage with the sports team had a significant influence on customer engagement behaviors on both physical
and virtual engagement platforms. However, engagement behaviors on virtual platforms were found to be more important than engagement
behaviors on physical platforms for fostering brand loyalty and value-in-use.
Practical implications – The results highlight the importance of engagement behaviors with a brand on virtual engagement platforms. Thus, brand
managers should prioritize their presence on social media to generate the positive outcomes of customer engagement behaviors.
Originality/value – By examining the effects of customer engagement behaviors on both physical and virtual engagement platforms, this study
provides new insights to the emerging customer engagement literature.
Keywords Customer engagement, Customer engagement behaviors, Engagement platforms, Elite football, Service ecosystems
Paper type Research paper

2024, Medaily Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave

Autori v predkladanom texte venujú pozornosť medailám vydávaným Univerzitou Komenského v Bratislave (ďalej UK v Bratislave) v širšom časovom zábere počínajúc prvou razbou z roku 1924 až po tie súčasné. Štruktúra práce je koncipovaná konzistentne. Sled jednotlivých kapitol je logický a primeraný stanovenej problematike. Po predslove nasledujú štyri úvodné kapitoly, ktoré sa venujú administrácii vydávania medailí, jej histórii, normám pri ich udeľovaní a tvorcom medailí. V tejto časti je cenným predovšetkým výklad o histórii

2024, SSRN Electronic Journal

The economics of sport and how sport provides insights into economics have experienced exogenous shocks from Covid-19, facilitating many natural experiments. These have provided partial answers to questions of: how airborne viruses may spread in crowds; how crowds respond to the risk and information about infection; how the absence of crowds may affect social pressure and arbitration decisions; and how quickly betting markets respond to new information. We review this evidence and advise how sports economics research could continue to be most valuable to policymakers.

2024, Dreaming of Pegasus: Equine Imaginings

The horse loving interaction researcher OR Interspecies multimodal interaction analysis. Charlotte Lundgren Chapter Seven: Cow paths and horse trails: through academia and across the world. Andrea Petitt Chapter Eight: Horses lost and... more

2024, Communication and sport

Recent research indicates that sports fanship decreases with age. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) posits that older adults, with time limited, shift their focus on positive experiences. Entertainment media choices reflect this proactive emotion regulation strategy. This study applied that perspective to mediated sports content, itself characterized by emotional intensity and unknown outcomes. Using an online survey containing an experimental condition (N ¼ 433), the current study investigated whether the unpredictability and emotional intensity of sports contribute to older people disengaging from viewing it. The results are mixed: Older adults consume less sports media than younger adults and value the outcome less but are equally likely to be sports fans or watch highly exciting sports contests. It seems that fanship may contribute to happiness for some and thus reflect an active choice. Future research should investigate individual differences among older sports fans and nonfans to expand knowledge on their (emotional) viewing experiences.

2024, Sport science

The current study was an attempt to scrutinize spectators' involvement level among the selected teams of the Football within the framework of the Psychological Continuum Model. Data submitted to confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the multidimensional model of involvement can be appropriately utilized to theoretically categorize spectators. The findings revealed that within the Psychological Continuum Model, most of the spectators were located in the attachment level.

2024, Sport science

The current study was an attempt to scrutinize spectators’ involvement level among the selected teams of the Football within the framework of the Psychological Continuum Model. Data submitted to confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the multidimensional model of involvement can be appropriately utilized to theoretically categorize spectators. The findings revealed that within the Psychological Continuum Model, most of the spectators were located in the attachment level.

2023

With the emergence of sports marketing as an important business discipline, a number of segmentation studies have focused on either the spectator sports market or the participation sports market. Regarding spectator sports, most of the previous studies have focused on individual sports entities such as a team, a league, a sport, or an event. The majority of the segmentation studies on participation sports have also assumed a narrow perspective by developing typologies for a specific activity such as golf. The current research assesses the efforts designed to segment the aggregate spectator sports market irrespective of the sport being watched and the aggregate participation market regardless of the participant's chosen activity. The results emanating from samples of over 500 spectators and participants documented the existence of many of those segments identified in previous research. It also identified voids. Consequently, a new typology for each of the aggregate markets has been proposed. Now the question becomes one of how well the market segmentation strategies articulated in the literature capture the essence of these two sizable-and heterogeneous-markets. But rather

2023, International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the role of fan involvement with volleyball in their behavior (as expressed by loyalty) towards their team in professional men's volleyball League in Greece. The sample that was used included 521 fans that watched volleyball games in five venues in Athens and completed questionnaires that were handed to them. The questionnaires items were the Leisure Involvement Scale (5 Likert scale) which was used by Nassis and Theodorakis (2008) and, for the evaluation of fan loyalty, the questionnaire (8 Likert scale) by Theodorakis and Wann, (2008) both were used in Greek population. Correlated regression analyses were used. Results showed that volleyball fans had a high level of involvement as expressed by three factors, namely Attraction, Centrality and Self-Expression and loyalty as expressed by behaviors such as frequency of watching games/TV/radio and participating in conversations with friends revolving around sports. The correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the involvement factors and the loyalty dimensions. Additionally, the linear regression analyses showed that the three factors of involvement predicted in different degrees a statistically significant percentage of specific indicators that express the loyalty of volleyball fans to their teams. The results can be utilized by professional teams' executives for the creation of the profile of fan involvement with volleyball, thus aiming at discovering more efficient forms of communication with them.

2023

This study examines potential determinants of American football game attendance for the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) Miners program. Time series data are utilized to analyze UTEP attendance from 1967 to 2014. Parameter estimation is carried out using two-staged least squares regression analysis. Among the more notable outcomes, ticket sales are not strongly affected by the local business cycle and are not inversely correlated with unemployment. Demand for tickets is also found to be upward sloping. Forecasts are generated for the 2015 season and several quantitative metrics indicate that good out-of-sample simulation performance is attained. Replication of this study for football teams in more traditional "college towns" provides an intriguing opportunity for further research.

2023, Journal of Communication

Increased television coverage of certain sports has led to a professionalization of amateur athletics and an emphasis on "playing to win.

2023, AGGRESSION IN SPORTS SPECTATORS

The main purpose of this study is to examine the differences in the levels of aggression in sports spectators according to gender, age, marital status, educational status, income status, with whom they prefer to watch the competition, sports playing status, weekly sports frequency, how many years they have been doing sports and sports type variables. The study was conducted using the general survey model from quantitative research methods. The population of the study consists of spectators residing in Mersin/Tarsus region in 2023, and the sample consists of 300 voluntary sports spectators selected from these spectators. As a data collection tool, a 10-question personal information form revealing personal information and the "Buss-Perry Aggression Scale" developed by Buss and Perry (1992) and adapted into Turkish by Demirtaş Madran (2013) and validity and reliability studies were used. The research is a descriptive research and while the survey results were evaluated in the SPSS package program, significance was sought at 95% confidence interval and p<0.05 level. Skewness-Kurtosis (Skewness and Kurtosis) values regarding the distribution of the data were analyzed. Independent Sample T-Test was used in the analysis of paired groups and One-Way Anova Test was used in the analysis of groups with more than two variables. LSD (Least Significant Difference), one of the Post Hoc tests, was used to determine which groups were statistically different. As a result of the research, significant differences were observed among the sports spectators in Tarsus district in the variables of gender, age, marital status, educational status, income level, with whom they watched the competition, and how many years they have been doing sports (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found according to the variables of sporting status and sporting frequency.

2023, Studia Kinanthropologica

Authors in their contribution deal with the issue of testing physical abilities of children at schools. The aim of the survey was to find out the level of general motor abilities of pupils of 1st grade of elementary schools in the region of Nitra. The sample of pupils consisted of 169 pupils (male = 96 and female = 73). The observed general motor performance was compared with the findings of other authors (Moravec, Zapletalová, Sedláček). Based on the comparison we came to the conclusion that the level of general motor performance of pupils of grade 1. of elementary school has decreased in both genders comparing with the previous decades. We expect that implementation of regular testing of elementary school pupils would contribute to the increase in the amount of physical activity of children and consecutively in the level of their motor abilities.

2023, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of soccer involvement and team identification on African Generation Y students' Premier Soccer League (PSL) team psychological commitment in the South African context. In the South African market, the African Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) represents a large yet under-researched segment that in 2013 made up 32 percent of the country's population. Understanding the influence of soccer involvement and PSL team identification on PSL team psychological commitment amongst African Generation Y members will help inform PSL team marketing efforts targeted at this significantly sized segment. Those pursuing tertiary qualifications are likely to be of particular interest to marketers, including sport marketers in that a tertiary qualification is generally associated with a higher future earning potential as well as a higher social standing in a community, making graduates likely current and future role models. A descriptive research design was followed whereby data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire from single cross-sectional convenience sample of students across three South African public higher education institutions' campuses situated in the Gauteng province. The data set was analysed using exploratory principle component analysis and structural equation modelling. The findings suggest that soccer involvement and PSL team identification have a direct significant positive effect on African Generation Y students' PSL team psychological commitment.

2023

2023, Sociální studia / Social Studies

2023, Annals of leisure research

The aim of the Leeds Beckett Repository is to provide open access to our research, as required by funder policies and permitted by publishers and copyright law. The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.

2023, European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science

The purpose of this study is to test multi-items sports league brand associations in the leagues that are structured as open competition format and to investigate the mediating role of league fan identification on the relationship between league brand associations and psychological commitment. Proposed relationships were measured by structural equation modelling. Six brand association dimensions were identified. It was also found that league fan identification is a critical psychological connection in the development of psychological commitment of league consumers to a sports league, and a mediator between the brand association of nostalgia, escape, and peer group acceptance and psychological commitment.

2023

The sports industry is one of the most popular fields between the nations that need to interact with several factors, from stadium security to marketing staff. Today, security and crowd management are more critical than ever. In many events, the lack of proper security management has caused to be a bitter event due to it. It has created serious risks for the investors that have participated in the game. Due to this, maintaining a long-term relationship with them is a severe challenge. Research has shown a positive correlation between security in sporting events and security in the business. However, few studies have examined how this is. This study utilized samples that included 300 sport management experts. The research tool included: "Marketing mix standard" and "researcher-made security" questionnaires, each with 45 items. Using exploratory factor analysis, security determinants related to the marketing mix of sports events, which were related to the marketing mix of the tournament, were identified. The results showed that 12 factors have contributed to security, and 11 elements were involved in the marketing mix. The results showed that security documentation and training should receive special attention along with hardware and software management of venues, management and planning, and physical protection, as well as security services and facilities, to improve the security conditions in soccer matches. Managers must have proper management, which leads to the satisfaction of spectators and prevention of crowded. The sense of security creates a suitable atmosphere for marketing activities in sports events.

2023

A Comparison of Sport Consumption Motives Between American Students and Asian International Students. (December 2009) Chanho Kang, B.E., Kyung Hee University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Paul J. Batista Co-Chair of Ad visory Committ ee: Dr. George B. Cunningham The purpose of this study was to explore the differences between American students and Asian international students' frequency of sport spectating, motivation, team identification, future behavior and perceived barriers to attending intercollegiate sporting events. This study designed to provide sport marketers and athletic directors within intercollegiate programs a more comprehensive understanding of Asian international students and American students' characteristics by comparing the differences of spectating behavior, team identification, motivation and potential barriers between the groups. The results of this study show that there were significant differences on the variables between groups. Two groups di...

2023

Events that bring people together to play video games as a social experience are growing in popularity across the western world. Amongst these events are ‘play parties,’ temporary social play environments which create unique shared play experiences for attendees unlike anything they could experience elsewhere. This paper explores co-located play experience design and proposes that social play games can lead to the formation of temporary play communities. These communities may last for a single gameplay session, for a whole event, or beyond the event. The paper analyses games designed or enhanced by social play contexts and evaluates a social play game, Ola de la Vida. The research findings suggest that social play games can foster community through the design of game play within the game itself, through curation which enhances their social potential, and through design for ‘semi-spectatorship’, which blurs the boundaries between player and spectator thus widening the game’s magic ci...

2023, Sports Business Journal

Purpose: Consumer attitude towards advertising is one of the effective indicators of advertising effectiveness; the consumer's cognitive ability towards advertising appears in their thoughts and feelings and consequently will affect their acceptance of advertising. The present study investigated the impact of Instagram advertising on the advertisement's acceptance in the Covid-19 pandemic course in sports clubs’ customers.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive correlation and survey in data collection. A total of 273 customers of sports clubs completed the following questionnaires: a combination of questionnaires for Instagram advertising, Taylor & Todd's Attitude to advertising questionnaire (2002), and the Merisavo advertisements acceptance questionnaire (2007). Structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares was used to analyze the data.
Findings: The results showed that the modified model had a good fit (GOF=0.717). We indicated that Instagram advertising and its components (Entertainment, Interaction, new and Up-to-date, and Usefulness) positively and significantly affect customers' attitudes and acceptance of advertisement. Also, the attitude towards advertising as a mediating variable significantly affects advertisement acceptance (P=0.001).
Originality: In this article, we examine the modeling of Instagram advertising in the sports industry using structural equation modeling (SEM).

2023, Sports Business Journal

Purpose: The present study aims to provide a model to explain the role of sport in Iran's sustainable development. The research method was grounded in pluralism theory in data.
Methodology: According to the research, initially using library studies, the elements of participation were identified. After in-depth interviews with 17 professionals and scientific experts, the theme analysis method was used to extra and group the elements. The output of this step was to identify 92 indicators in the form of 5 main dimensions and 12 sub-dimensions. Convergent and divergent validity was used to determine the validity (0.85), and all results were satisfactory.
Findings: The results showed that preparation and formulation of a strategic plan for public and championship sports, officials' attention to the capacity of the private sector in sports activities, expansion of sports venues in an urban and balanced distribution of facilities, and Recreational and sports equipment is essential for all citizens. But to solve the problems, pay attention to organizational strategies, including the development of a strategic plan for public participation in the sports organization and the use of control and evaluation tools to ensure the effectiveness of teamwork and involvement in sports along with creating a work environment with trust and honesty among participants. It can provide a platform for sustainability to improve personal and interpersonal communication among participants.
Originality: The implementation of research in the field of sports tourism with a sustainable development approach based on a hybrid model has not been done before, it is obvious that any research that is done for the first time helps to expand the boundaries of knowledge and can be the basis for future researches and for this reason It is considered authentic.

2023, International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing

This study aims to analyse whether the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis applies to the Korean Professional Baseball League (KPBL). Specifically, the purpose of this study is to examine the competitive balance of the KPBL and investigate socioeconomic factors that may influence attendance. A structural time-series model is estimated to investigate the relationship between competitive balance and average game attendance in the KPBL from 1982 to 2012. The results provide evidence that the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, as measured by competitive balance, does apply to the KPBL.

2023, Empirical Economics

In less than a decade, the Egyptian Premier League has experienced three distinct changes between periods of competition in either crowded or empty stadiums. We exploit this unique sequence of natural experiments, to answer two questions neglected by the still emerging literature on the effects of crowds on behaviour and decision making. First, does reinstating a supportive crowd after a long period of absence affect performances on the pitch? Second, is any reduced home advantage from competing in empty stadiums robust to repeating such an experiment? We find that eliminating crowds decreased or even reversed home advantage after an incident of extreme crowd violence in 2012, but there were no significant effects when crowds were reinstated in 2018 and once more excluded in 2020.

2023

Football is a sport phenomenon that moves thousands of people, as was the case in the League Cup Final 2009/2010, therefore it was proposed to assess what was the impact of the policing model implemented by GNR on the citizens in this football sport event. This investigation was integrated in a case study to know the applied means by GNR and all the procedures performed in policing and security in football sports events. Especially, take knowledge of what model was adopted, what was the model influence as a situational prevention measure to implement when the Organized Groups of Fans are moving, the same to teams, in circulation and access to stadium and the last objective was taking knowledge of model influence while Intelligence activity in collecting information's about Organized Groups of Fans. It was resorted to qualitative methodology of contents analysis due to the large number of news, videos, as well as documents and reports from several means that were there, and the analysis of interviews. It was verified that GNR has experience in organizing this type of high risk events. However, in the analysis of interviewees' answers it was found that there were situations that went less well, because there were several incidents and some people took slight injuries and it was necessary to restore public order. As conclusion, if it had been planned more deterrent means to escort the buses of Organized Groups of Fans from Football Club of Porto since the end of highway n.º 2 until the sports complex and if it had been provided them accompany until the place planned for parking, most of the incidents probably would have been mitigated. Not entirely solved because it is almost impossible to prevent conflicts when the motivation of large number of people are directed for violence.

2023, Advances in Animal Biosciences

In France, the horse population has been expanding since 1995 to reach 950 000 heads in 2010, representing about 15% of the total European horse population today. This growth is the result of the development of pony-riding for children and the increasing interest of French people in recreational riding and horse-betting. These changes offer major advantages to the different horse sectors, especially in the context of declining State support, increasing international competition on the horse market, societal changes regarding animal welfare, decreasing horse-meat consumption and harmonization of regulations at European level.

2023, Futbol y globalización: medios, mercados e inclusiones

Este trabajo se ocupa de pensar el fútbol desde su imagen en tanto productora de subjetividades.
Particularmente, problematiza la inserción de tecnología con el Video Assistant Referee (VAR, por sus siglas en inglés) como una forma de crear un régimen de realidad sobre lo que debe ser el juego y cuál debería ser su destino: cómo debe jugarse, cómo deben ser los cuerpos de quienes juegan y, finalmente, los usos políticos de esta imagen respecto a la producción de subjetividades.

2023, International Review for the Sociology of Sport

Unisex sportwhere males and females compete directly against each other with no form of differentiationoffers a radical challenge to the norms of sex segregation that contribute to ongoing gender inequality in sport. This article presents findings from an ethnographic study of horseracing events in rural Mexico as an example of the unisex model operating within a wider sociocultural context still characterised by machismo and traditional gender relations. Findings indicate that although horseracing remains a male-dominated sporting space, the presence of women as jockeys, spectators and veterinary professionals is beginning to challenge this. Women's acceptance is contingent on male support and authorisation, and women are often marginalised symbolically and physically, yet their presence illustrates that the unisex model may be an important way of beginning to challenge the masculinisation of horseracing. The study highlights the importance of considering how the wider sociocultural context influences acceptance and experience of the unisex model and steps towards greater gender equality in horseracing and other unisex sports.

2023, European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science

2023, Sport Management Review

Sport spectating provides numerous benefits for sport organisations and individuals. In this paper we use a positive psychology approach to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption in order to investigate the activation of five domains of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA). Using a two-study panel research design, we collected qualitative data from a sample of Australian Rules Football consumers. In the first study, we explored how the PERMA domains were activated during the season. Study two included a follow-up interview with eight initial respondents in the off-season. We found evidence of four PERMA domains that were activated in the sport spectator context by a variety of consumer experiences. The emergence of these domains in both studies suggests sport marketers would benefit from actions including: creating more social spaces within their stadiums, hosting regular offseason events, and creating social-media based competitions which promote fan engagement and interactions throughout the calendar year. EXPLORING PERMA IN SPECTATOR SPORT 3 Exploring PERMA in spectator sport: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption Sport management researchers have traditionally focused on how to leverage the relationship between individuals and sport organisations to benefit sport leagues and teams. Such research contributes to understanding how sport organisations might best connect with customers to reap organisational benefits (Lock, Funk, Doyle, & McDonald, 2014). Whilst valuable, this perspective focuses largely on the perspective of sport organisations, which detracts attention from the individual-level benefits of spectating. Inoue, Berg, and Chelladurai (2015) illustrate this oversight, outlining a paucity of research attention dedicated to the relationship between sport consumption, and health and well-being. Furthermore, Inoue et al. (2015) note that only 9% of studies exploring this relationship are located in sport management journals, prompting a call for more research in this emerging area. Thus, in this paper we investigate the wider impacts of sport consumption and how specific domains of well-being are activated through sport spectating (Wann, 2006c). Research concerning the health and well-being benefits associated with sport has focused mainly on participation; rather than spectatorship. Existing spectator research, however, focuses on health and physical domains of well-being, devoting less attention to psychological states. A review of 135 relevant spectator manuscripts published between 1990 and 2014 demonstrated that health (47%) and physical well-being (24%) are well researched; however, domains of mental (20%) and social well-being (15%) receive much less attention (Inoue et al., 2015). Despite this weakness, researchers have established that sport spectating and psychological health are conceptually (Wann, 2006c) and empirically related (e.g.,

2023, Frontiers in Sports and Active Living

Todays' online media landscape facilitates communication on how sports practitioners can develop in their sport. Hence, sports and educational institutions need to recognize the increased role of the individual as “a facilitator of knowledge” through information and communications technology (ICT). For sport organizations and educational institutions to effectively reach out with knowledge and research, they need to know how individuals assess, value, and trust information sources. This article aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of how the traditional culture in equestrianism meets the contemporary media user. It is based on a study that uses a mixed methods design, containing a questionnaire with 1,655 respondents and 28 focus group interviews with Swedish and Norwegian equestrians, to investigate how equestrians create their own repertoires of horse-knowledge online and what sources of knowledge they trust and prioritize. The results show that accessibility, agen...

2023

Having sense of security in urban public areas is a concept that is considered as one of the highest values in the value hierarchy by citizens. This issue would be more critical in the poor areas, and therefore the role of urban design and the application of urban smart solutions for reducing problems would be more important and necessary in the mentioned areas. District 16 of Tehran is one of these critical areas. In this research, the philosophical paradigm is interpretivism and therefore the research approach is qualitative. This study is based on the cross-sectional survey research method. Data collection was done through direct observation of researchers and interviews made posing open-ended questions. Based on the descriptive analysis method, to clarify the type of strategies, the collected data were scored according to the AHP method. According to the results, from among the environmental factors, pollution of sidewalks and pedestrians is the most important factor that effect...

2023, European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science

2023, The Journal of Applied Sciences Research

Sport participation, whether directly as an athlete or indirectly as a sport fan, is formed by social and psychological factors. Sociologically, the rate of athletic supports received from institutional factors such as family, school, peer group, and mass media, have important role in sport fan identification. The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of social institutions on sport socialization and its components such as sport identity, team identity, and sport behavior related to a sport fan. Theoretical framework of this article is based on Interaction theory. Questionnaire and in-depth interviews have been used for data collection. Relevant statistical tests, such as analysis of variance, regression, and Q-square test have been used for data analysis. The results of survey among 124 respondents in Guilan University demonstrate that peer group, mass media and siblings (sister/brother) respectively are the most important factors in the process of sport socialization betwe...

2023, International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship

PurposeThe concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework in explaining sport fan behavior. However, limited attention has been devoted to the consequences of distant (i.e., foreign) team identification. The purpose of the current research was to examine the way in which fans (local and distant) can increase their levels of collective and personal self-esteem due to their team identification.Design/methodology/approachData were accumulated from three Greek websites (N = 742). Among them, 623 subjects were grouped as local and 119 as distant football fans. A structural invariance analysis was followed.FindingsThe results revealed how team identification, enduring team-related social connections, and basking in reflected glory are interrelated to affect collective and finally personal self-esteem. Moreover, no differences were found between local and distant fans regarding the paths from eam identification to collective self-esteem and from collec...

2022

Triathlons and their events are in a new era in the consumption of sport. Because of this increased funding more professionals are needed to understand what attracts sports consumers to what is seen as a gruelling but enjoyable multi sports event. For affective marketing and event management, practioners need to understand more and more what decisions are made when the sports consumer makes a choice for a particular sports event. This study is focused at the National Governing Body for the sport of Triathlon in the United Kingdom and also the Regional / local event managers and marketers. Drawing upon marketing and consumer behaviour literature, the primary aim of this research was to investigate from the consumer perspective how their internal variables during the decision making process of consumer behaviour affects the selection of sports event, namely triathlon. To establish this information, data was drawn upon previous participants of a triathlon event, then a further investig...

2022

Although the most highly identified college students will become season ticket holders, donors, and consumers of merchandise, there is still a lack of researches in securitizing factors significantly associated with the development of students' identification with intercollegiate athletics. Therefore, this study was to examine whether a student's situational and enduring product involvement related to intercollegiate athletics has a significant impact on team identification. A total of 242 undergraduate students in a major public university in the southeastern region of the United State completed questionnaires for the study. The researchers tested the efficacy of the model by examining a test of the measurement model and a test of overall model predicting team identification. The results of a structural equation model and the chi-square difference revealed that the second-order correlated model was the parsimonious model for the data when compared to the first-order model. ...

2022, Sport, Ethics and Philosophy

This paper explores the view that, on Mumford's account of the purist, to the degree that the purist adopts an aesthetic perspective, he or she doesn't watch the sport in question, and to the degree that he or she does watch the sport, there is a loss of aesthetic appreciation. The idea that spectators oscillate between partisanship and purism means that the purist is unable to avoid either the Scylla of not actually watching the sport, or the Charybdis of loss of aesthetic appreciation at any given point. Ultimately there seems to be both a sport-shaped hole and an aestheticshaped hole in Mumford's account of the purist. It is argued that oscillation is incapable of dealing with the problem precisely because it is disjunctive in nature and entails the spectator either watching sport from an aesthetic perspective or from a partisan perspective at any given time. An alternative conception of the aesthetic is considered that offers one way of dissolving the purist's dilemma. KEYWORDS aesthetics; partisan and purist; sport spectatorship.

2022

Studies have shown it is essential for organizational successful to have leadership effectiveness. This is true to all organizations as sport organizations. Hence, it is important to identification of factors that can be related to leadership effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this research was designated of intelligence model needed for leadership effectiveness of sport managers. The Statistical popularly was all managers (N1=331) and staffs (N2=1621) of Sport and Young's Ministry, National Olympic committee, National Paralympics committee, National Olympic Academy, and Sport Federations. Based on Morgan table, 180 managers and 367 staffs were selected with stratified sampling and random sampling to this research. Shring (1998) emotional intelligence questionnaire, Van Dyne and Ang (2004) Four Factor cultural intelligence scale questionnaire, Albrecht (2002) organizational intelligence questionnaire and Leadership effectiveness questionnaire (1388) was used to collect dat...

2022

Studies have shown that it essential for resolving of challenges of organizations, to have efficacy and effectiveness leadership and management. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness of sport managers. The Statistical popularly of this research was all managers of Sport and Young's Ministry , National Olympic committee, National Paralympics committee, National Olympic Academy, and Sport Federations (N=331). Base on Morgan table, 180 people were selected to this research. Saberi (1388) Leadership effectiveness questionnaire and Van Dyne and Ang Four Factor cultural intelligence scale questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by the Bivariate and multivariate regression. The results of present study showed that there was significant relationship between cultural intelligence and leadership effectiveness (p<0/05). Also, there was significant relationship bet...

2022

Studies have shown that it is essential for organizational successful to have leadership effectiveness. This is applicable to all organizations as sport organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the leadership effectiveness of sport managers. The Statistical society was all managers of Sport and Young's Ministry, National Olympic committee, National Paralympics committee, National Olympic Academy, and Sport Federations (N=331). Base on Morgan table, 180 people were selected with stratified sampling method in this research. Researcher made Leadership effectiveness questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed by one way ANOVA test and continuative LSD. The results showed that there was significant difference between leadership effectiveness in sport organizations of Iran (p<0/05) and federations' managers had the most effectiveness. With respected to this results, it is necessary to execute programs to increase leadership e...

2022, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice

Previous work has consistently found positive relationships between levels of sport team identification and social psychological well-being. According to the Team Identification-Social Psychological Health Model, these effects result from the increased social connections fans generate through their interest in the team. The current pair of investigations was designed to test the hypotheses that (1) team identification is positively related to social well-being and (2) team identification is positively related to social connections. In addition, the interrelationships among the variables were investigated (i.e., tests for mediation and moderation). In Study 1, a sample of 161 college students completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, identification with a local team, connections gained by following the team, and social well-being. Results indicated that, as expected, team identification was positively related to both well-being and social connections. Subsequent analyses failed to find evidence that social connections mediated or moderated the relationship between team identification and social psychological health. Study 2 (N ϭ 199 students from the same university as Study 1) replicated the results of the initial study using a more general measure of social connections (i.e., the Campus Connectedness Scale). Discussion includes the implications for the Team Identification-Social Psychological Health Model and the directionality between identification and social connections.

2022

I wish to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to several people who played a major role in the completion of this thesis.  To my study promoter, Professor Ayesha Bevan-Dye, for her advice, expertise, and invaluable guidance. I have great appreciation for the way she guided me.  To my co-promoter, Professor Natasha de Klerk for her assistance.  To Ms Aldine Oosthuyzen of the NorthWest University (Vaal Triangle Campus) for her assistance with the statistical and technical aspects of this thesis.  To Ms Angeliki Albanis for language editing this thesis.  To the ProGenY research entity at the NorthWest University (Vaal Triangle Campus) for their support and ongoing commitment to profiling the consumer behaviour of the Generation Y cohort.  To my family and friends for their encouragement and support.  To my brother, Thapelo Prince Mofokeng-his career trip to Russia in 2014 was a great inspiration and motivation.  To the South African black Generation Y participants who took part in the pilot and final study.  To all the people who gave me motivation on a daily basis, including all the students whom I inspire both at the Vaal University of Technology (Vaal Triangle Campus) and the NorthWest University (Vaal Triangle Campus).