Star formation (Physics) Research Papers (original) (raw)

The problems with the notion of black holes are numerous, but I'll go through a few of the main ones. Black Holes as the core of spiral galaxies: When we look at pictures of spiral galaxies, intuitively we're reminded of whirlpools or the gaseous equivalents, such as tornadoes or dust devils. That intuition leads us to see the 'arms' of the spiral as 'trailing', which implies that the galaxy, in the same sense as a whirlpool, is 'pulling' matter in to it. The solar system is posited as being, currently, towards the end of one such 'trailing' arm. The problem with this intuition is that whirlpools and equivalents can only form where the 'forces' of things surrounding them are greater than the forces generated by the whirlpool itself. In the case of a galaxy, where there is very little between it and the next galaxy, that's problematic. Granted there is such a thing as 'dark matter' and 'dark energy', it would have to be fairly evenly distributed both within and without the galaxy, otherwise it would be detectable and not 'dark', that distribution means that it can't change the overall sense that there's very little between galaxies, it just adds the qualifier 'very little that has any effective capacity " between galaxies. Observationally, this difference and therefore the intuition that ignores it, are incorrect. The spin of spiral galaxies, insofar as it can be determined (spiral galaxies spin at very different rates, which makes the direction of the spin difficult to determine in cases where the rate is relatively slow) is inverse to the intuitive spin, meaning the 'arms' of the spiral are actually leading arms, not trailing arms. Simultaneously this implies that the galaxy is not 'pulling' anything from its surrounding region, but pushing into its surrounding region. For a galaxy to endure for any length of time, therefore, the galaxy must be producing, rather than consuming, matter and energy in some way. This also fits with the observation that spiral galaxies, unlike other types which appear to be older, tend to be more isolated, further from the dense clusters of other types of galaxies. Were they to exist fundamentally by pulling things in from the surrounding area, one would expect them to be more prevalent where there was more in the surrounding area to draw in. Leaving aside the unanswered question of what the 'arms' actually consist of (the intuition that they consist of denser areas of stars is also incorrect – the orbits of stars around the galactic core are extremely eccentric in general, and don't correspond to the 'arms' in any way, thus in a few hundred thousand years, the sun is predicted to be much closer to the galactic core, but outside any of the arms –