Statistical Design of Experiment (DoE) Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

Tazarotene (TZR) is the first topical receptor-selective retinoid prodrug derived from vitamin A used for management of plaque psoriasis and efficacious in dealing of acne vulgaris, and photo aging. As per US food and drug administration (FDA), 0.1% strength of TZR is permitted for the treatment of acne. This article draws attention to various advanced and conventional analytical methods. The hyphenated and conventional chromatographic techniques such as LC-MS/MS and HPTLC, HPLC respectively. Moreover, spectrophotometric methods like UV/visible spectroscopy also used to quantify TZR as active pharmaceutical ingredient and its formulations, especially in topical preparations. Moreover, the TZR is required alternative methods for routine quality control and to estimate TZR in pharmaceutical dosage form especially in pharmacokinetic studies of topical preparation. This write up focus on critical review of characteristics, uses and the information about the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties, mechanisms of action and more emphasis on different analytical methods for estimation of TZR in pharmaceutical formulations.

2025, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

2025, IMPROVING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING TAGUCHI METHOD

The construction demolition is non-degradable. Recycled aggregates were utilized to create sustainable products in pervious concrete manufacture. Adding fibers enhances pervious concrete mechanical properties. High absorption of Recycled aggregate (RA) and polyethylene-glycol are used to ensure internal curing. The purpose of this study was to statistically improve the mechanical properties of pervious concrete based on an experimental investigation. Taguchi method was employed to present DOE (Design of Experiment). Five factors in four levels designed by Taguchi provide sixteen mixes (L16 array). The factors were the replacement of coarse aggregates by recycled aggregates, W/C ratio, synthetic macro-fiber, steel fiber and polyethylene-glycol. Designed mixes were prepared. Taguchi’s analysis concluded; that macro-fiber addition has no impact on mechanical properties. Using a ratio of 10% recycled aggregates replacement was the optimum ratio. Taguchi prediction of optimum mixes was experimented with using mixes. Confirmation test results agree with the predicted values within ±10%.

2025, Kajjoba et al., (2025)

Buildings contribute approximately 40% of global energy consumption and 15% of direct CO 2 emissions from enduse sectors, primarily due to heating and cooling needs, typically met by grid electricity. This study assessed the thermal comfort and its role in enhancing energy efficiency in tropical buildings. This review examines thermal comfort parameters, building materials, and design strategies suited for tropical environments, focusing on factors like air circulation, thermal mass, and sustainable materials. It identifies critical gaps in current building codes and emphasizes the need for integrated approaches that align energy efficiency with occupant comfort. Passive design strategies and renewable energy technologies are explored as innovative solutions to achieve substantial energy savings and improved indoor environments, particularly in low-income housing. The study also addresses socioeconomic barriers to energy-efficient solutions in low-income settings and proposes stakeholder engagement strategies involving government bodies, NGOs, and local communities. This research highlights the critical role of optimizing thermal comfort in achieving energy efficiency in low-income tropical buildings. By focusing on occupant well-being and energy performance, the study provides a pathway for policymakers, architects, and urban planners to advance sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally friendly built environments in tropical regions. The study aligns with SDGs 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 17, contributing to environmental sustainability and climate resilience. It promotes health, well-being, and economic benefits for vulnerable populations by integrating technological innovations, sustainable design practices, and effective policy measures, fostering a comprehensive approach to energy efficiency and thermal comfort in low-income tropical buildings. Highlights 1. Tropical buildings lack thermal comfort considerations leading to energy poverty. 2. Passive cooling strategies enhance comfort and reduce building energy demand. 3. The absence of energy codes limits energy efficiency in tropical buildings. 4. Policy should enforce energy codes and promote climate-resilient low-cost homes.

2025

In this paper, the thermal properties including molar heat capacity, C P , thermal conductivity, λ, and thermal diffusivity, α D , of the pure physical solvents sulfolane (SFL), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (ETG), choloroform (CCL 3 H), acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), and pure chemical solvents monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) which all are extensively used in natural gas refinery processes were measured at temperatures ranging from (303.15 to 353.15) K and atmospheric pressure. All experimental measurements were carried out by using a PSL Systemtechnik instrument in which transient hot-wire method was employed to measure transport properties, λ and α D . All obtained data were correlated by using empirical linear temperature function with a very good correlation coefficient, better than R 2 = 0.99. Among the solvents tested in this paper, except for T...

2025, Civil Engineering and Architecture

This study explores integrating machine learning models, specifically LightGBM and the Energy Valley Optimizer (EVO), in optimizing building faç ade designs for enhanced energy efficiency and thermal performance. LightGBM, a gradient boosting model, is utilized to predict thermal behavior and energy consumption by analyzing key architectural parameters such as faç ade type, orientation, and window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Meanwhile, the Energy Valley Optimizer (EVO), a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm, optimizes these parameters to balance energy efficiency with aesthetic and functional design requirements. The study demonstrates significant reductions in energy consumption across various building types, with composite faç ades achieving up to a 40% decrease in energy use compared to glass and metal alternatives. Optimized WWRs further reduced energy demand by 35 kWh/m² in high-rise offices and 25 kWh/m² in mid-rise residential complexes. Cross-climate analysis highlights the importance of adaptive, region-specific strategies, resulting in 20% to 30% improved energy efficiency in diverse climates. This research contributes a data-driven, climateresponsive framework for early-stage architectural design, bridging aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability. The study supports AI-driven strategies in achieving energyefficient, high-performance buildings by advancing theoretical understanding and offering practical insights.

2025

A novel infill criterion for so-called ensemble of surrogatesbased optimization is proposed and applied in practice for an aerodynamic compressor rotor design optimization. The ensemble uses a combined approach based on different radial basis functions and aims to reduce prediction errors through weighted linear combinations of radial basis functions. The update strategy uses a new hybrid custom metric termed α, which incorporates information about each surrogate's local agreement through correlation coefficients and also information about the global accuracy of each ensemble combination through the root-mean-square error. Surrogate models are searched using a hybrid optimizer, i.e., with a genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming, and proposed update points are evaluated using the high-fidelity black box function. The results are compared with established optimization approaches and the best design is analyzed further in terms of the flow physics. Results show that α-based ensemble of surrogates approaches are particularly efficient for large-scale cases, where other types of surrogates such as Kriging models are onerous to construct.

2025, Scientific Reports

Improving thermal comfort often impacts daylight, creating trade-offs that remain underexplored, particularly in tropical dwellings. Overheating metrics-essential for assessing thermal conditions in warm regions-are entirely absent from daylight performance analysis. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and desirability functions were employed to optimize the thermal and daylight performance of a typical low-rise tropical housing typology. Specifically, this approach simultaneously optimized Indoor Overheating Hours (IOH) and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) metrics through an Overall Desirability (D). Each response required only 138 simulation runs (~ 30 h: 276 runs) to determine optimal values for passive strategies: window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and roof overhang depth across four orientations (eight factors). Initial screening based on 2 8-2 V fractional factorial design, identified four key factors using stepwise and Lasso regression, narrowed down to three: roof overhang depth on the south and west, WWR on the west, and WWR on the south. Then, RSM optimization yielded an optimal solution (west/south roof overhang: 3.78 m, west WWR: 3.76%, south WWR: 29.3%) with a D of 0.625 (IOH: 8.33%, UDI: 79.67%). Finally, robustness analysis with 1,000 bootstrap replications provided 95% confidence intervals for the optimal values. This study balances thermal comfort and daylight with few experiments using a computationally-efficient multiobjective approach.

2025

Capítulo 10. Análisis de la varianza CAPÍTULO 10 ANÁLISIS DE LA VARIANZA 10.1 INTRODUCCIÓN En el presente capítulo se introduce la técnica del Análisis de la Varianza (Anova) que constituye, sin lugar a dudas, una de las herramientas más valiosas de la Inferencia Estadística. Desarrollado hacia 1930 por R.A. FISHER, cuando trabajaba en la estación de investigación agraria de Rothmasted en Inglaterra, el Anova constituye la técnica básica para el estudio de observaciones que dependen de varios factores, siendo la herramienta fundamental en el análisis de los modelos de Regresión Lineal y de Diseño de Experimentos.

2025, ForsChem Research Reports

This is the third part of a report series about the identification of optimal mathematical model structures. In previous reports, homoscedastic models (constant model error) were assumed, so the presence of heteroscedasticity (where the magnitude of error depends on the values of one or more input variables) raised doubts about the reliability of the results. In this report, the more general case of heteroscedastic models is discussed. Two different approaches are considered: 1) Heteroscedastic Regression, and 2) Symmetrical Fitting. These methods are implemented in R language and used in different illustrative examples. It is observed that heteroscedastic regression (stephet) yields similar results to nonlinear regression (stepnlm), but is computationally more expensive. On the other hand, symmetrical fitting (symfit) provides quick results, and can even improve the performance of the model without overfitting. Two additional functions were created to handle the model obtained by symmetrical fitting: symfn (prediction/interpolation using the symmetrical model), and sfplot (plotting the identification results, and also the interpolation function when a single input variable is considered). These functions are freely available at: doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24461.86249.

2025, International journal of engineering research and technology

The focus area for this project is quality improvement by reducing defects, identifying the root cause by using advanced statistical tools such as Taguchi Design of Experiment methods. The product under study is automobile component viz. body. The body component has a major role in working of I.C. engine. It has an acute quality issue like type mix-up, operations missing, piled up work in process, increased throughput time, etc. due to product design and customer requirements. To solve these issues individual component level traceability needs to be implemented. 2-Dimensional barcode such as Data matrix code (DMC) is used to engrave on body component by using Laser engraving operations. To obtain optimum size and reliable scan-ability in various manufacturing environments, Taguchi Design of experiment methods is used. The body component traceability throughout the manufacturing process has the potential to change the way we approach the quality assurance and control issue. Thus, there is huge scope for data collection and analysis. This will assist to achieve the extremely ambitious goal of Zero Defect i.e. the title of World Class Manufacturer.

2025, Modified Weighted Pareto Distribution Type I (MWPDTI)

In this paper, the Azzallini's method used to find a weighted distribution derived from the standard Pareto distribution of type I (SPDTI) by inserting the shape parameter (θ) resulting from the above method to cover the period (0, 1] which was neglected by the standard distribution. Thus, the proposed distribution is a modification to the Pareto distribution of the first type, where the probability of the random variable lies within the period [ 𝑘 𝜃 , ∞) , 𝑘 > 0, 𝜃 ≥ 1. The properties of the modified weighted Pareto distribution of the type I (MWPDTI) as the probability density function ,cumulative distribution function, Reliability function , Moment and the hazard function are found. The behaviour of probability density function for MWPDTI distribution by representing the values of 𝑥 = 𝑘 𝜃 This means, the probability density function of this distribution treats the period (0,1] which is ignore in SPDTI.

2025, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research

Objective: The objective of the study is to develop and validate an analytical method to simultaneously estimate salicylic acid (SA) and beclomethasone dipropionate (BD) in a topical ointment formulation. Methods: The simultaneous estimation of SA and BD in a topical ointment formulation was carried out by developing and validating a novel, accurate, and economical isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method. Separation was achieved by chromatographic technique using a prontosil HPLC C18 (250×4.6 mm) column with a particle size of 5 μm. The mobile phase utilized for this study includes methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in the ratio 50:35:15 v/v/v, respectively. The flow rate of 1 mL/min and column temperature of 28±2°C were set. The detection of the two drugs was carried out at 235 nm using an ultraviolet detector. It was observed that SA and BD were retained at 3.59 min and 6.00 min, respectively. Results: The RP-HPLC method was found to be linear with excellent correlation between peak areas and concentrations of 30-108 μg/mL for SA and 1-3.6 μg/mL for BD. The observed recovery data was obtained within the acceptance range of 98-102%, which confirmed the accuracy of the developed method. The two drugs, SA and BD, showed good resolution with a short analysis time of 7 min. Conclusion: The method was successfully created and validated in compliance with the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness.

2025

For decades, Carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing process had been an important issues since it is one of the major greenhouse gas (GHG) contributors which leads to the global warming. Alkanolamines such as Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) had been widely used for CO2 capturing by absorption process. A study on carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility was done inside aqueous MDEA solution by using Raman Spectroscopy with the goal of calculating the CO2 loading. This is because, there was still no direct measurement to calculate the CO2 loading inside the MDEA solution. Therefore, a sensor or a measurement device is needed to calculate the CO2 loading. After a three careful experiment had been run on three different MDEA concentrations which are 10%, 20% and 30% concentration, the raw data from the Raman Spectrum had been obtained. Matlab simulation was used to construct a statistical calibration and validation models between the CO2 loading and the peak of Raman Shift by using Partial Least-Squares met...

2025, ForsChem Research Reports

The resolution of a statistical test can be interpreted as "the ability of the test to detect small deviations from the null hypothesis", in a form analogous to the resolution of a measurement system. Statistical tests of hypotheses are commonly evaluated considering a fixed significance level of 5% and test resolution of zero. As a result, the null hypothesis will eventually be rejected if the sample size is large enough, even when the null hypothesis is true. By considering a nonzero test resolution and the corresponding distribution of P-values at the limit of test resolution, an alternative rule of thumb for the determination of adequate significance levels for the test is obtained. This rule of thumb suggests that the significance level should be set 1.5 times the standard deviation in the P-value at the limit of the test resolution. Considering the two-sided Z-test, this approach is found consistent with the optimal significance level obtained by minimizing the total test error.

2025

The aim of this study was to design and optimize a new formulation of lipid nanoparticles for the topical administration of retinoids. The standard procedure involves nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) synthesized by the miniemulsion methodology, using sunflower oil as a bioactive ingredient and retinyl palmitate (RP) as model retinoid. A 5-factor, 3-level central composite design was used to predict responses and construct 3D-response contour plots. The independent variables were the concentration of total lipids, solid lipid, surfactant, encapsulated retinoid and number of carbons on the solid lipid fatty acid chain length, in function of the selected responses as the particle size, surface charge of the nanoparticles and the encapsulation efficiency (EE %) at 3 levels. Experimental trials were performed at all 31 possible combinations. An optimized NLC composition of 2.5% total lipids, 2.0% myristic acid and 0.5% sunflower oil and 1.5% of surfactant Tween 80 was reached. The type of surfactant was adjusted from Tween 80 to Span 80 to improve the electrostatic stability of the lipid nanoparticles and the resultant optimized NLC formulation was evaluated to incorporate another two retinoids as tretinoin (TRT) and adapalene (ADP). The resultant retinoid delivery systems were characterized in terms of particle size and electrostatic stability, morphology, crystallinity of the lipid matrix, EE (%) and drug loading capacity and release profile. Particle sizes of 134.5 ± 5.4 nm and zeta potential values of-57.0 ± 2.8 mV were obtained for optimized ADP-NLCs and high entrapment efficiency values were obtained for RP-NLC, TRT-NLC and ADP-NLC as 84.4 ± 3.0%, 84.1 ± 7.8% and 73.7 ± 3.3%, respectively. DSC analysis indicated that the melting temperatures of the three optimized NLCs loaded with the retinoids were above 40 °C, proving to be suitable for use in topical administration. The in vitro drug release studies were conducted for 48 h, using a dialysis regenerated cellulose membrane. The results demonstrated a very well-controlled release of RP and TRT, which improves the stability of these active compounds and confirms a high encapsulation efficiency.

2025

El libro "Análisis y Diseño de Experimentos" de Humberto Gutiérrez Pulido y Román de la Vara Salazar es una obra fundamental en el área de la estadística aplicada, enfocada en la planeación, ejecución y análisis de experimentos para la... more

2025

Indian GodessKamakhya's menstrual cycle is celebrated in Assam, and in states like Odissa, Tamilnadu& Karnataka the onset of womenhood is celebrated as Masik Mahotsav. Whereas, menstruation is still a taboo in the Indian communities. This less talked about and unattended subject has severe health implications amongst female.Less self-care and poor hygiene of menstrual leads to major problems and complications in the teenage group. These complications are scabies in the area of the vagina, urinary infections, and so on. Though the United nations general assemblyresolution adopted in 2010 & 2015 refers to the utilization of proper sanitation and water comes as human rights but a barrier is still there in the maintenance of menstrual hygiene in the workplaces. Notwithstanding the global efforts to lessen poverty among women in such circumstances, there has been inadequate attention to the water and cleanliness related barriers, explicitly in relation to handling monthly menstruation, that may hamper girls' and women's productivity at the workplace, their health security and wellbeing.. This paper attempts to highlight through primary data the prevailing myths , lack of awareness, unavailability of resources, the challenges to managing menstruation in toilet areas and specifically the concerns of girl child labour workforce in the unporganised sector.

2025, ForsChem Research Reports

Significant differences between two populations (or one population from a reference value) are commonly evaluated using statistical tests of hypotheses. This evaluation requires: 1) Assuming a probability distribution model of the population(s), 2) Defining an arbitrary significance level for the analysis and in some cases 3) Evaluating the scedasticity of the data. In this report, an alternative method for evaluating differences in hypothesis testing is proposed, based on the relevance of the slope coefficient fitting a linear model between the experimental observations and a binary variable representing the two groups of data considered (or the data and the reference values). The relevance of the coefficient is evaluated using the symmetrical fitting technique proposed in a previous report. The result obtained is a simple method for evaluating the relevance of the differences, based on the value of the R2 coefficient between the experimental observations and the binary variable. If the R2 coefficient is greater than 0.25 (or absolute linear correlation greater than 0.5), the difference between the groups can be considered relevant. Different representative examples are presented illustrating the close similarity between relevance and significance at the optimal significance level.

2025, Modelling and Optimization of Building Composites

Computational experiment to analyse material properties correlations, using random scanning of properties fields in composition coordinates, is briefly described. The results of its applications in studies of plaster mortars and lime... more

2025, International Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials

This study explores the effects of different speed bump geometries—flat-topped, sinusoidal, and parabolic—on vehicle dynamics and ride comfort using CarSim simulations. The analysis focuses on key parameters such as vertical forces on the suspension, vertical acceleration, and the wheel surface adhesion index. The results show that flat-topped bumps generate the highest vertical forces, reaching peaks of up to 6,000 N on the front suspension, leading to increased discomfort. Sinusoidal bumps, in contrast, generate smoother transitions, with vertical forces peaking at ap-proximately 3,500 N, improving ride comfort. At vehicle speeds of 30 km/h, the vertical forces on the suspension increase significantly, with flat-topped bumps reducing the wheel surface adhe-sion index to as low as 0.6, indicating a higher risk of wheel slip and compromised vehicle stabil-ity. In contrast, sinusoidal bumps maintain a more favorable adhesion index of 0.85 at similar speeds. These reductions in adhesion elevate the risk of loss of control, especially at higher speeds. The findings suggest that adaptive suspension systems, capable of adjusting damping and stiffness based on the bump geometry and vehicle speed, would enhance ride quality and stability. Additionally, smoother bump designs, such as sinusoidal profiles, are recommended to reduce the impact on vehicle dynamics, particularly in urban environments. These insights con-tribute to improving both vehicle design and road safety, ensuring safer and more comfortable driving experiences.

2025

2024, http://www.abenge.org.br

Resumo: O ensino tradicional, voltado para solução de problemas previamente expostos com solução única, abrange de forma superficial algumas habilidades elementares para a formação do profissional de cursos de engenharia, como atuar em equipes multidisciplinares e coordenar atividades entre grupos. Em contraponto, as metodologias ativas potencializam essas habilidades, levando os estudantes a solucionarem problemas de forma contextualizada. Devido a esse carácter prático, o método de aprendizagem baseada em projetos (PBL) possui melhor eficácia em relação a outras práticas de ensino, porém apresenta inúmeras dificuldades de implantação que levam a resistência de aceitação entre estudantes e professores. Nesse sentido, compreender o estilo preferencial de aprendizagem de uma turma tem fundamental importância para planejar estratégias didáticas mais eficazes e direcionadas aos grupos de estudantes. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar se o método PBL se adequada ao perfil de aprendizagem de estudantes do curso de engenharia civil, e de que modo estes percebem os objetivos do método. Concluiu-se que a turma analisada possui o perfil esperado dos cursos de engenharia, onde as características ativas, sensoriais e visuais dos estudantes corroboram para um grande aproveitamento das vantagens do uso de avaliação por projetos. Por outro lado, o carácter sequencial dos alunos pode causar dificuldades no entendimento dos objetivos dos projetos e pouco comprometimento no início das atividades, sendo necessários constantes incrementos de motivação nos estudantes.

2024, International Journal of Development Mathematics

This study proposes a framework for statistical power assessment in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) models with missing data handled through multiple imputation. While existing literature has examined the power for t-tests with missing data, extending these techniques to ANOVA designs with multiple group means remains an open challenge. The methodology involves incorporating the variance component into an existing power model derived for a pairwise test, enabling explicit power estimation for two-factor, three-factor, and split-plot ANOVA designs with incomplete data. Empirical evaluations across varying effect sizes, missing data rates (8%, 16%, 40%), and numbers of imputations (20, 30, 40, 100) were conducted for both monotone and arbitrary patterns of missing data. The findings reveal that while power remains high at low missing data rates, it declines substantially with increasing missingness, particularly for higher proportions of missing data. Furthermore, arbitrary patterns of missing data exhibit slightly lower power compared to monotone patterns. The number of required imputations to achieve desired power levels depends on the missing data rate, with more imputations needed for higher proportions of missing data. This study provides a framework for power analysis in ANOVA models with missing data, addressing the critical need for reliable guidance in designing studies with incomplete data.

2024

Bullet proof vehicles (BPVs) are special purpose vehicles manufactured by carrying out modification of existing vehicle mostly inside compartment which contains basically hidden box of steel built inside the vehicle. Most critical areas of a bullet proof vehicle are protection of persons and maneuverability of the vehicle. Difficulties being faced in producing BPvs includes identification of suitable vehicle roll over models from the literature, parameters selection, comparison of these models and formulation of model new one exclusive to bullet proof vehicles produced in developing countries. This work presents an initial investigation to narrow down parameters selection to analyze roll over tendency in Bullet proof vehicles and offer a suitable methodology to avoid expected Bullet Proof Vehicle rollover due to dangerous driving maneuvers. Different scenarios are to be considered while roll model formulation of these special purpose bullet proof vehicles. Not only the add on armored protection drastically increase the weight of the vehicle which is the most critical area but also some special cases which are specific to BPV maneuverability also arises. The effect of such instable tendency on rollover require investigation not captured by existing normal vehicle models and further supports the idea for its investigation of roll over tendency. It has been learnt that uneven distribution of weight develops certain moments in a BPV which can create hidden instability tendency in a BPV.

2024, Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences

The AISI 1029 steel type is often used in the turning process to manufacture fasteners, studs, and other engineering components under the costly effects of high temperatures. The paper exemplifies the basic use of Taguchi's optimization method in selecting cutting conditions and determining at which condition the optimal tool-workpiece interface temperature occurs in dry-turning the steel type on the lathe with a carbide-insert tool. Turning experiments were performed on an XL 400 lathe with the steel type in accordance with the L-9 Latin squares arrays designed with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm-depths of cut; 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm/rev-feed rates; and 125, 250, and 500 m/min-cutting speeds as selected inputs, and measured tool-workpiece interface temperatures as the outputs. The inputs and outputs were analyzed using the Minitab-17 software-generated signal-to-noise ratios, main effect plots, contour and surface plots, and variance analysis by imbibing Taguchi's philosophy of the smaller-the-better. The result showed that the optimal interface temperature within the turning conditions was 29.5 o C at 125 m/min cutting speed, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 1.5 mm depth of cut. The variance analysis at a 95% confidence level showed that the cutting speed contributed most to the temperature with an 88.15% value, followed by depth of cut with 5.33%, and feed rate with 33.33%. A validation test at the optimal cutting condition indicated 30.31 o C as the optimal interface temperature with an error of only 2.7% relative to the 29.5 o C-value obtained with the software's predictive regression equation.

2024

Background Cyclosporine (CsA)is used as an antifungal, immunosuppressant administered orally. But it exhibit poor aqueous solubility due to the presence of lipophilic, cyclic endecapeptide in large fraction, which makes poor permeability across the membranes. So, liquid crystallinenano formulation could enhance the solubility properties. However, to date, there is no analytical method development or validation pertinent to cyclosporine (CsA) as liquid crystalline Nano formulations. Objective To develop and validate a simple and quick reverse phase, high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of cyclosporine (CsA) using UV detector. Employ the method to determine drug loading (%DL), drug entrapment efficiency (%DEE) and to quantify drug release samples. Methods The mobile phase included acetonitrile and 10Mm ammonium acetate as a buffering media. In the ratio 90:10 (ACN: Ammonium Acetate, pH 4) using Shim-pack GIST C18 (4.6 x 100 mm, 5 µm). Column with flow rate ...

2024, Analytica Chimica Acta

2024, arXiv preprint

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and desirability functions were employed in a case study to optimize the thermal and daylight performance of a computational model of a tropical housing typology. Specifically, this approach simultaneously optimized Indoor Overheating Hours (IOH) and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) metrics through an Overall Desirability (D). The lack of significant association between IOH and other annual daylight metrics enabled a focused optimization of IOH and UDI. Each response required only 138 simulation runs (~30 hours for 276 runs) to determine the optimal values for passive strategies: window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and roof overhang depth across four orientations, totalling eight factors. First, initial screening based on 2V8−22_V^{8-2}2V8−2 fractional factorial design, identified four key factors using stepwise and Lasso regression, narrowed down to three: roof overhang depth on the south and west, WWR on the west, and WWR on the south. Then, RSM optimization yielded an optimal solution (roof overhang: 3.78 meters, west WWR: 3.76%, south WWR: 29.3%) with a D of 0.625 (IOH: 8.33%, UDI: 79.67%). Finally, robustness analysis with 1,000 bootstrap replications provided 95% confidence intervals for the optimal values. This study optimally balances thermal comfort and daylight with few experiments using a computationally-efficient multi-objective approach.

2024, ForsChem Research Reports

Just like the F distribution represents the ratio between two sample variances obtained from normal populations, Helmert’s ratio or H distribution represents the ratio between two sample standard deviations obtained from normal populations. Since Helmert’s ratio is proportional to the square root of the F distribution, its properties can be derived from the properties of the F distribution. In this report, the main properties of Helmert’s H ratio are derived, including the probability density function, expected value and variance. In addition, the type II standard Helmert’s ratio random variable is defined. One interesting situation is considered where the degrees of freedom for both samples standard deviation terms are identical, resulting in a single-parameter distribution.

2024

In electrical discharge machining (EDM), Copper and Graphite are commonly used as electrode (tool) materials. EDM process is based on thermoelectric energy between an electrode and workpiece. In this paper, the effect of electrode wear rate (EWR) in 202 stainless steel is observed. Copper Electrode is used as tool material and SS-202 is used as workpiece. Copper

2024, Distributional Properties of Generalized Diversity Index Based on twokey Species Abundance Models

In the area of ecological research, the study of species diversity of a community or population seems to have been fully
developed. However, the problem of how the distributions and expectations of the sample diversity indices are affected
by population diversity has received little attention. This paper is concerned with methods of moments of improved
generalized diversity index, N(α,β) due to Shamia's (2013) proposal which includes special cases. This improved index
is a further generalization due to Good as described by Backowski et al., (1997). In this article, the first four central
moments of N(α,β) are derived for both general species relative abundance models: the Broken-Stick model and
Sequential-Breakage model within a range of (α,β) considered. This allows the determination of the skewness and
kurtosis of N(α,β) and thus gives information about the behaviour of the distribution of the improved index. The results
are applied for comparing the diversities of the communities based on the samples n>s, and they yielded certain desirable
monotonicity properties for large samples. It can be also shown that such indices are asymptotically normally distributed.
Keywords: Mathematical ecology, diversity indices, community structure, species abundance models, large sample.
Copyright © 2024 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original
author and source are credited.

2024, Current Books

Complete Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem using Elementary Number Theory is presented in 7 A5 pages published by Current Books in the Book Ganitha Charitham.

2024, Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference

In the industrial field, manufacturing time is one of the most important factors affecting production costs. Structural adhesives require long curing times (i.e., 3–4 weeks) before the joined components can be safely employed. The aim of the present work is to test the effect of several thermal treatments on a commercial epoxy structural adhesive on the final resistance of single lap joints, trying to attain the possibility of a curing time reduction. Aluminum alloy 5083, typically employed in marine applications, is used as the substrate. Both the adhesive and the joints are treated at different temperatures/times, and then tensile tests are carried out to obtain the mechanical resistance and study the failure modes. A statistical analysis allows the evaluation of the effects of the thermal cycles on the mechanical performances of the joints and the comparison with those cured with the standard procedure.

2024, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives

The simplicity and efficiency of the adhesive joints have increased more and more their use in many fields. In ship construction the need to join different materials, such as the bonding of the hull/deck, the sea chest, the portholes, the windshields, the panels of cabins, etc. leads to choosing increasingly the adhesive joints. In this work we have evaluated the effects of both SMP (Silyl Modified Polymer) based adhesives and sealants on single lap joints (SLJs) with dissimilar substrates. Three pairs of single lap joints were taken into account among dissimilar adherends: stainless steel (AISI 316) with PMMA (or Altuglas s) and monolithic composite laminates bonded with glass or PMMA. Before tensile testing some SLJ samples were subjected to a three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis to evaluate how the presence of possible defects in the adhesive layer affects the failure mode. A design of experiments was defined in order to quantify the effect of the considered factors and their correlation. The obtained maximum tensile stress values confirm the data provided by the manufacturer, approximately between 2 and 2.5 MPa, showing generally cohesive fracture. Finally the considered SMP adhesives and sealants are well suited for the chosen different substrates, although special attention should be placed on the glass-GFRP joint as it is confirmed by statistical analysis.

2024, Discover Applied Sciences

This study explores the optimization of ironing parameters in Material Extrusion (MEX) technology, specifically targeting improvements in the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) printed objects, with a focus on enhancing Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and minimizing printing time. To achieve this, we employed a systematic experimental approach that varied flow rate, path speed, and spacing between passes, followed by a comprehensive statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Our findings indicate that path speed and spacing between passes significantly influence both UTS and printing time, while flow rate has a minor effect within the tested range. Optimal parameters were determined to be a flow rate of 14.34%, path speed of 30 mm/s, and spacing between passes of 0.3 mm, achieving a composite desirability of 0.970537. Validation using the response optimizer feature in Minitab …

2024, Doctoral Dissertation in Engineering Sciences, Architecture; TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)

Tall buildings (synonymous with high-rise buildings) generally refer to buildings with an architectural height of ≥ 50 m. The taller the buildings are, the longer their average lifespan; e.g., the lifespan of tall buildings with a height of over 150 m is arguably infinite, as only very few of them have ever been demolished. The primary structural system in tall buildings is constructed earlier and demolished later than other building systems, e.g., Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and electric lighting, which require periodic renewal during the operational phase. Primary structural elements typically remain untouched, requiring minimal maintenance throughout the entire lifespan of tall buildings. Therefore, the design of the high-rise structural system is a pivotal decision with long-lasting consequences.The entire skeleton of most tall buildings is positioned within the interior space, defined as the endoskeleton. However, in some tall buildings, parts of their skeleton are placed outside the thermal envelope, forming an exoskeleton. It has been claimed that exoskeletons, by casting shadows on the thermal envelope, offer an environmentally friendly solution for tall buildings in warmer climates, by reducing the need for cooling. However, despite their use in renowned tall buildings, the environmental impact of exoskeletons compared to endoskeletons, particularly in terms of life cycle energy consumption and CO2e emissions, remained understudied and lacked sufficient scientific evidence prior to this research. Despite the potential advantage of exoskeletons reducing cooling needs by shading the facade, they may impact the electric lighting system by blocking or reflecting sunlight. They can also create thermal bridges, as they connect to interior structural elements, potentially affecting the conditioned space. Choosing exoskeletons over endoskeletons may alter other parts of the structural system, as structural components interact, and changes to one part may affect the rest. Moreover, contextual variations over time, like neighboring tall buildings affecting sunlight, technological advancements in building systems and energy generation, and climate change impacting HVAC needs, can influence tall buildings' environmental performance during operation. Architectural engineers cannot control contextual factors during the early design stages of tall buildings. However, it is essential to consider how these uncontrollable factors interact with design and material parameters. While controllable factors shape design choices, uncontrollable factors define the contextual conditions.Thus, in addition to the main variable of interest (exoskeletons vs endoskeleton), various factors at different levels were considered for assessment. These factors were studied in the short-term (pre-operational phase) and over the medium- and long-term (up to 30 and 60 years of operation, respectively). In the short term, three additional factors related to structural materials and thermal bridge control were analyzed. Over the medium- and long-term, scenarios addressing contextual changes over time were explored. Each factor's levels represented potential scenarios. Applying scenario planning and a full factorial Design of Experiments (DoE), this study assessed over 1400 scenarios through computer simulation and analysis. The computer experiments involved cylindrical 40-story office building digital prototypes situated in a hot desert climate (Dubai, UAE), featuring a reinforced concrete diagrid frame and a service core as the primary structural system. Through statistical analysis with generalized linear models (GLMs), the researcher addressed the first research question:What is the impact of exoskeletons (vs endoskeletons) on the life cycle primary energy consumption and CO2e emissions of tall buildings? I.e., how effective and desirable is it compared to and in interaction with some other controllable and uncontrollable factors from the perspective of architectural engineers in the early stage of design?The answer to the first research question measured in detail the main effects and the interactions of the aforementioned factors during the life cycle phases. However, as certain uncontrollable factors proved remarkably more effective than the controllable ones (including the main variable of interest), it gave rise to the following concluding research question: What would be the optimal decision or decisions about the controllable factors, made objectively (based on quantitative data), by architectural engineers considering such uncontrollable circumstances?The researcher applied three objective decision analysis methods: maximax, maximin, and minimax regret, which correspond to optimistic, conservative/robust, and cautious perspectives, respectively, to address the second research question. In conclusion, respecting the second question, the study found that in the short term, endoskeletons outperformed exoskeletons in conserving primary energy and reducing carbon footprints for tall buildings. In medium- and long-term periods, endoskeletons remained the optimal choice for optimistic criteria, while exoskeletons proved optimal when prioritizing conservative/robust or cautious perspectives in the hot desert climate. The significant original contribution of this research to the interdisciplinary field of architectural engineering is that it represents the first comprehensive scientific study of its own kind, dedicated to illuminating the impact of utilizing exoskeletons vs endoskeletons on the life-cycle primary energy consumption and CO2e emissions of tall buildings; by employing a replicable quantitative methodology, without oversimplifying critical interacting factors (including multiple controllable factors influencing design choices and uncontrollable factors associated with urban, technological, and climatic contexts that evolve over time).

2024, Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences

The growing concern about global warming and climate has raised the research field dedicated to finding solutions. One area that has received considerable attention is the exponential increase of carbon dioxide emissions from the atmosphere from the petroleum and gas industries. So, to solve this problem, researchers investigated new ways to collect CO2 from the air depending on the fact that CO2 is soluble in water because using aqueous amine absorbents to collect CO2 has a lot of drawbacks, such as the need for tremendous energy to recycle the solvent and high operational costs. In this study, a specific type of deep eutectic solvent (DES), namely Choline chloride + monoethanolamine (ChCl-MEA), was used as a promising solvent in the CO2 capture process. Solubility measurements were conducted at 1:6 molar ratios. The amines chosen are typical of basic amines. Experiment absorption data were investigated at various parameters, including a concentration range of 0-3 mol/L, temperatures ranging from 25 to 45 °C, and absorption durations ranging from 60 to 120 minutes, to get the best conditions for high-loading CO2 uptake. The study found that amine-based DESs had a significantly greater absorption capacity than monoethanolamine-based and conventional DESs. The study examined what happened when water was added to a deep eutectic solvent made of choline chloride and monoethanolamine (ChCl-MEA DES). The most effective way to absorb CO2 was physical absorption, which can hold 276.13 mol CO2 per gram of DES at 1 bar and 29.025 °C when mixed with water. The deep eutectic was mixed with water to increase the absorption efficiency. 10 ml of aqueous solution (DESs + water) was taken. The combination of DES and water significantly increased CO2's low solubility. The modified Design-Expert model satisfactorily represents the experimental solubility of CO2 in the solvent. The average percent differences between experimental and projected values were 10.7% and 6.8% for binary and ternary systems, respectively. The optimal conditions for maximum absorption rate were 29.025°C, 2.233 mol/L, and 101 minutes, with an absorption ratio of 0.0734 mol/kg.min and efficiency of absorption of 85.3% for solution DESs and water.

2024, Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control

This study aims to optimize the acoustic performance of a silencer with baffles having extension tubes. It considers the position, the number and the extension geometry of the baffles as design variables and sound transmission loss as the response variable to be optimized. The finite element analysis software ABAQUS is used to compute the response values for different combinations of design variables. The statistical design of the experiments provides a mathematical framework for such computer design optimization studies with multiple design variables. Yet, it has not been used for design optimization of silencers in the literature. In this study, simplex centroid mixture designs, a type of response surface method, are used in the statistical design of experiments. They can provide faster convergence on the optimization problem. The design involves one, two and three baffles with different positions and extension tube lengths. The outcome of this study indicates that obtaining ABAQU...

2024

In the case of axial flow fan rotors used for electric motor cooling, an axial clearance is present between the rotor shroud inlet and the perforated cover. The effect of axial clearance size on the operation of a case study fan has been investigated. The means of investigation were Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Aero-Acoustics (CAA). The CFD and CAA results revealed that the axial clearance size is a sensitive parameter in influencing both fan aerodynamics and aero-acoustics, for which the major mechanisms, associated with the leakage flow, were qualitatively identified. The studies suggested the existence of an acoustically unfavourable clearance size for which maximum noise emission can be expected. A semi-empirical model was outlined as a starting point in prediction of cooling flow rate as a function of axial clearance size as well as other parameters. NOMENCLATURE c x [m] axial clearance between the shroud inlet plane and the perforated cover C C [-] coef...

2024

Poly-herbal formulations have shaken some most fruitful trees, herb-herb combinations are being used worldwide for various diseases and illness which are life threatening. Several, researchers, scholars and medicinal practitioners believe synergistic involvements of herbs and trees targets therapeutics of various diseases in innumerable ways. This review paper discusses twelve very essential ingredients used in agglomerated formulation named "Renatus Nova". Past yearsof Researches have been explored and scrutinised for herbs targeting antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti mitotic, anti infective, antiangiogenic, anticarcinogenic activities. The ingredients viz Garciniamangostana, Eleuther ococcussenticosus, Boerhaviadiffusa, Chlorophytum borivilianum, Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium myrtillus, Withaniasomnifera, Moringa oleifera, Asparagus racemosus, Gingko biloba, Tribulus terrestris, and Rubia cordifolia.are detailed in the present review proclaiming their life saving properties. Medicinal herbs are active in effecting disease treatments by the presence of their unique phyto-constituents in suitable amounts, any formulation of drug requires thorough study on phytoconstituents this review will act as platform for understanding role of analytes in drug synthesised.

2024

Short information on computational materials science is given, with the methodology of material properties fields, in composition and process coordinates, as the part of it and as the background of the study presented in this paper. One of the main means of the methodology is random scanning the whole and local fields. These tools were developed and used to solve many problems in materials science related to the properties defined by mutually independent factors. The purpose of the study presented in this paper has been to develop the tool for random scanning the fields of properties effected by "mixtures" of q components, linearly related portions of components in rangers from 0 to 1, with their sum equal to 1. In these cases, the factors domain (or subregion of it) presents the simplex. The special designs of experiments to get reduced polynomials describing the fields in simplex coordinates are used. Two procedures for generating any number of uniformly distributed points on the simplex have been developed. These points define the virtual mixtures simulated in computational experiments. The procedures were tested by scanning the fields of two rheological characteristics of lime suspension filled with "short", "medium", and "long" cellulose fibers. Experimental-statistical models in the form of reduced polynomials for effective viscosity at shear rate equal to1 s-1 and for the rate of destruction of liquid structure (parameters of power-law model of flow, K = η 1 and m) obtained in previous study are used to determine the levels of these characteristic for each of simulated mixture. Computational experiments were carried out, in which the fields of η 1 and m in whole simplex domain and in some of its zones were scanned, allowing the generalizing indices of the fields and different correlations between η 1 and m in different zones of mixture triangle to be estimated. The developed tools, the procedures of generating random points, which would define the simulated compositions of the "mixtures", make significant contribution to the progress of the methodology of recipe-technological fields of properties and to computational materials science.

2024

In this study, the objective is to obtain optimal values of CNC turning parameters (cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate) which result in an optimal value of surface roughness by machining aluminum shaft. In this work, Taguchi method was carried out on machining of aluminum ENAC-43400 material in dry cutting using CNC turning machine type StarChip 450 equip with carbide cutting tool type DNMG 332. Surface roughness was measured using the POCKET SURF EMD-1500 tester. The results obtained of the surface roughness (Ra) are about (1.14-1.91) μm, and the best was at cutting speed 250 m/min, feed rate 0.05 mm/rev and depth of cut 0.5 mm which is refers to the optimum machining parameters.

2024, Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation

One of the most common strategies to achieve optimum designs for physical and computer high-dimensional experiments with no model pre-specification and limited budget is to uniformly spread the design points over the experimental domain, which are called uniform designs. A uniform design provides good design space coverage (space-filling), resulting in more accurate estimates using fewer points. Algorithmic search is commonly used for finding such designs, but this approach becomes ineffective for large problems. Though the construction of uniform designs theoretically is challenging, intriguing and encouraging findings have recently been accomplished for highly specialized cases. This paper gives a new theoretical construction method for high-dimensional experiments with a mixture of four-level and sixteen-level factors via an adjusted version of the multiple quadrupling algorithm (Elsawah, Communication in Mathematics and Statistics 10:623-652, 2022). The new technique (called AMQA) is simple to use since it only needs small suitable four-level designs, which may be easily generated theoretically or by algorithmic search. The quality of the small designs ensures the quality of the large designs. The effectiveness of the AMQA is investigated both theoretically and computationally. The main findings demonstrate that, compared with other widely used techniques, the AMQA provides more accurate results for high-dimensional screening using a variety of models, including polynomial, spline, and kriging models, as well as variable selection techniques, including AIC, BIC, RIC, SCAD, and LASSO. To further improve performance, a hybrid algorithm that combines the AMQA with the iterative threshold accepting algorithm is proposed.

2024

Optimization of machining processes is essential for achieving of higher productivity and high quality products in order to remain competitive. This study investigates multi-response optimization of turning process for an optimal parametric combination to provide the minimum surface roughness (Ra) with the maximum material-removal rate (MRR) using a Grey-Based Taguchi method. Turning parameters considered are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. Nine experimental runs based on Taguchi's L 9 (3 4) orthogonal array were performed followed by Grey relational analysis to solve the multi-response optimization problem. Based on grey relational grade value, optimum levels of parameters have been identified. The significance of parameters on overall quality characteristics of the cutting process has been evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimal parameter values obtained during the study have been validated by confirmation experiment.

2024

Agriculturalists seek general explanations for the variations in agricultural yields in response to a treatment. An increasingly popular solution is the powerful statistical technique one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). This technique is intended to analyze the variability in data in order to infer the inequality among population means. After exploring the concept of the technique, the response of the chlorophyll content on the leaves of 160 maize seedlings to the treatment of nitrogen potassium phosphorous (NPK) at 0g, 5g, 10g and 20g as control treatment, treatment1, treatment2 and treatment3 respectively, it was revealed that, there was a significant effect of the amount of NPK on the chlorophyll content of maize seedlings at P < 0.05, [F (3, 141) = 51.190, P = 0.000]. Post hoc comparison using tukey HSD test indicated that, the mean score for treatment1 (M = 18.89, SD = 11.58) was significantly different than treatment3 (M =1.61, SD = 7.01) and the control treatment (M = 4....