Sustainable Building Materials Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Journal of Cleaner Production

Interest in innovative construction processes such as 3D concrete printing (i.e. digital construction), is growing rapidly both in academia and industry. Processing conventional geopolymer mixes, in which alkaline solutions are used for activation, could be troublesome in concrete printing due to the high viscosity of the alkaline solution. One-part geopolymers offer one possible solution to this challenge as they involve the use of a solid activator with solid aluminosilicates precursors. In this work, a printable one-part geopolymer mix was developed, which could be extruded through the nozzle of a 3D printer and stacked together without deforming the bottom layers. Flow properties such as yield stress, viscosity and thixotropy of the developed geopolymer were assessed along with its strength development curve. Printed specimen showed anisotropic behaviour in mechanical properties when compared to the mould casted samples. Microstructural characterization revealed the formation of alumino-silicate gel with high tetrahedrally coordinated Al and interlayer K ions in its structure. When compared to OPC-based mixes, the developed geopolymer mixes revealed a lower environmental impact, which could be even further reduced with the use of alternative activators.

2025

The earth is not inherited from our ancestors but borrowed from our children and should be returned the way we met it and even better. This is the essence of sustainability, preserving the earth. One of the main consequence of a non-sustainable world is global warming caused by the release of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere that deplete the earth’s protective layer from extreme sun radiation. This results in global temperature rise leading to tsunamis and other “natural disasters” making us more vulnerable to extreme weather elements. Urbanization and industrialization bring about high construction rate to accommodate them resulting to global demand for concrete production. Concrete production contributes about 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and bulk of these emissions are in cement production. Cement is not an eco-friendly material and the sharp decrease in its use is highly needed to improve sustainable construction. Another issue discouraging its use is the...

2025, fib Structural Concrete

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), increasingly utilized in cement-bound materials, offer improved material properties and enhanced sustainability due to
their bio-based origin. Nanosilica (NS), known for its high reactivity and
refinement of cement microstructure, also significantly impacts cement performance. Although CNC and NS differ markedly in composition, morphology,
and interaction mechanisms with cement matrices, CNCs being organic rodshaped nanoparticles that modulate hydration kinetics, and NS being inorganic
spherical nanoparticles promoting early hydration, their comparative investigation can yield deeper insights into optimizing cement-based composites. This
study comparatively investigates the effects of CNC and NS incorporation
(0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% by cement weight) on the rheological, mechanical,
and microstructural properties of cement pastes and mortars. Results revealed
that both CNC and NS additions reduced flow diameters; however, CNC was
acting as a setting retarder and NS as a setting accelerator. Rheological measurements showed increased yield stress and plastic viscosity with increasing
concentrations of CNC and NS. Compressive strength was notably enhanced
with CNC incorporation, achieving peak strength at 28 days with 0.50% CNC,
whereas at 90 days, 0.75% CNC exhibited the greatest strength improvement.
In comparison, NS significantly improved early-age mechanical strength due
to its high pozzolanic activity, achieving rapid hydration and a denser microstructure at earlier curing periods. Microstructural analyses validated these
outcomes, linking CNC and NS incorporation to improved hydration products
and densified pore structures. This comprehensive study addresses the current knowledge gap concerning the rheological impacts of CNC and NS in cementitious systems, presenting CNC integration compared to NS incorporation as a
sustainable approach to enhance cement performance through environmentally advantageous bio-based materials.

2025

This study investigates the structural performance of interlocking blocks produced in Zambia using different compression methods and cement stabilization levels. A total of 112 blocks (220 × 200 × 110 mm) were manufactured using manual and hydraulic pressing techniques with 8% and 11% cement stabilization. Comprehensive testing included compressive strength evaluation at ambient and elevated temperatures (200°C, 600°C, 1000°C), and water absorption assessment. Results demonstrated superior performance of hydraulically compressed blocks, achieving average compressive strengths of 3.70 N/mm² and 3.32 N/mm² for 11% and 8% cement content respectively, meeting Eurocode Grade A standards for load-bearing applications. Manually compressed blocks exhibited significantly lower strengths (2.09 N/mm² and 2.02 N/mm²), qualifying only for Grade C non-load-bearing applications. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between compression methods (p < 0.05). Water absorption exceeded recommended limits across all samples (17.69-20.19% vs. 5% standard), attributed to the soil composition (40% clay/silt, 60% sand). Fire resistance testing revealed initial strength gains at 200°C followed by gradual degradation at higher temperatures. The study establishes hydraulic compression as essential for structural applications while identifying water absorption as a critical area requiring optimization for enhanced durability in Zambian construction.
Keywords: Interlocking blocks; Hydraulic compression; Compressive strength; Water absorption; Cement stabilization; Sustainable construction

2025, قصة اختيار الأرض

الكتاب هو دعوة عميقة لإعادة التفكير في العلاقة بين الإنسان والطبيعة، بين الاقتصاد والبيئة، وبين التقدم التكنولوجي والاستدامة. يتناول عبر قصة رمزية صراع بين مسارين: مسار عمر: الذي يمثل صوت الضمير البيئي ويدعو لحماية الكوكب والحفاظ على... more

2025

Geopolymers are an important composite material alternative to cement with high CO 2 emission, which allows the use of waste materials in its structure. However, which waste material contributes to the geopolymer composite structure to what extent is still an ongoing research area. This study has been prepared to contribute to closing the gap in this field. In this study, industrial waste materials (waste marble powder (MP), waste brick powder (BP), ceramic waste powder (CW), waste glass powder (GP), and rice husk ash (RHA)) were used 25%, 50%, and %75 percentage as aggregate instead of recycled concrete (RC) on red mud-metakaolin based geopolymer mortars. Mechanical properties (ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), splitting tensile, compressive, and flexural strengths), physical properties (void ratio, water absorption, unit weight, and workability properties), abrasion test, and microstructure analyzes (SEM-EDS and XRD) were performed. The highest compressive strength results were in seen the 25% brick powder substitution, with an increase of 74.01% compared to the control sample. Also, the compressive strength results increased in the case of increasing the use of ceramic waste. High silica and alumina contents in both materials were effective in these cases. In terms of the abrasion test, the highest performance was seen as a 49.2% decrease in the mass loss in 75% marble powder replacement. As a result, substitute materials have shown a successful performance, creating significant potential in the production of a sustainable geopolymer.

2025

In this paper, an experimental research was conducted to investigate some mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymers composites based on red mud-metakaolin reinforced with four different fiber types and filled with brick dust-recycle aggregate filling material. Polypropylene, glass, polyvinyl alcohol and basalt fibers were used. The effect of fiber reinforcements on the strength properties and abrasion resistance of geopolymer composites was investigated, and microstructural analysis was performed to reveal the geopolymeric matrix composition, structure and bonding of the fibers. The results revealed that fiber reinforcement to metakaolin red mud-based geopolymers with brick waste powder and recycling aggregate improved the strength properties. For example, the presence of glass and polyvinyl alcohol fibers increased the flexural strength of geopolymer composites by 39% and 61%, respectively, compared to the control sample. Microstructural analysis revealed that the fibers gave an acceptable interfacial bond with the geopolymeric binder. The findings of the current article show a potential solution to becoming a sustainable geopolymer by presenting the successful use of red mud, recycling aggregate, and brick dust waste with different fibers as important asset materials.

2025

In this research, the performance of fly ash/GGBS geopolymer mortars made with different quarry waste powder as filler materials by substituting the fine recycled aggregate (RS) with different ratios. Also, it was evaluated based on mechanical, physical, freeze-thaw, and microstructural analysis. Limestone waste (L), marble waste (M), and basalt waste powder (B) were used as filler materials developing eco-friendly and economical geopolymer from industrial waste as a promising sustainable area of research. Strength properties, ultrasonic pulse velocity, physical properties, freeze-thaw, XRD, and SEM analysis of geopolymer samples were investigated. The results revealed that using waste filler materials together with recycled aggregate effectively improves the mechanical properties of geopolymer composites substituting three different filling materials affected water absorption positively, strength properties, and freeze-thaw results. Current findings point to a potential solution. Successful use of fly ash, slag, recycled aggregate, and quarry waste has been achieved. The output of the study is expected to result in effective and environmentally friendly management of recycled wastes. Keywords Geopolymer • Fly ash • Ground granulated blast furnace • Freezing-thawing • Recycled aggregate • Waste filler materials

2025, International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development

A design shift of houses from traditional to modern is not only driven by personal preferences about modern living and the need for new spaces, but also about the availability and durability of building materials. Changes in building materials, especially on the roof, will modify the thermal conditions in the interior of the building. This study compared the thermal performance of resistive and reflective building materials in tropical coastal areas. An empirical study was carried out to measure external and internal thermal conditions in two vernacular houses located in the coastal area of Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The sample houses were traditional raised floor houses which present two different types of roofing material, namely sago thatch roof (resistive material) and corrugated zinc sheet roof (reflective material). The outcomes indicated that the resistive material has more advantages in controlling the internal conditions than the reflective material. This state is due to its porous material characteristics which can supply a low air temperature to the house and release air humidity to the external environment.

2025

Rapid socio-cultural change in contemporary life is affecting housing design in the Gaza Strip Palestine. Alongside design issues of housing, the absence of sociocultural values is also one of the serious problems facing the community of the Gaza Strip . Academic literature shows that socio -cultural values are deeply rooted in housing design and can play an integral role in developing sustainable communities. Thus, scholars believe that socio-cultural values should be incorporated in housing design and have suggested further inquiry . However , integrating socio -cultural values in housing design is a challenge . Against this background , the current study aims to investigate the relationships between socio -cultural values and housing design by bridging research gaps identified in the literature. This study employed the triangulation study design using both quantitative and qualitative data to address the research objectives. The quantitative data of 252 respondents were obtained ...

2025, International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Research

The growing economic opportunities in small and big African cities have seen the exodus of a good part of population, especially young from rural areas. This creates a housing problem in cities not only in terms of quantities but also in terms of quality. The problem of housing affordability is an important handicap for countries to achieve some of Millennium Developments goals in terms of Poverty Eradication and Environmental Sustainability. This research conducted in Rwanda comes in line with support to some of government and cities strategies and policies, such as Vision 2020, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS I and II) on land use, infrastructure development, etc. It is proposing the possibility of planning and designing residential affordable apartments or single family houses (SFH) to people living in Rwandan cities without going against approved cities’ Master Plan. The work consists in the detailed analysis of the site, Building Materials, and Struct...

2025, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies

“Cargotecture” kavramı 1987 yılında Philip C. Clark’ın nakliye konteynerlerini yaşanabilir bir yapıya dönüştürme yöntemi olarak tanımladığı bir kavramdır. Uluslararası standartlara göre üretilen (ISO) “corten” nakliye konteynerlerinin kullanım ömrünü tamamladıktan sonra ileri dönüşümle farklı işlevlere yanıt verebilecek nitelikte yapısal birer unsur olarak kullanılması mimari üretim açısından yeni bir alan açmaktadır. Bu yeni üretim biçimiyle birlikte yapıların yaşam boyu etkilerinin azaltılması, sıfır karbonlu bir yapılı çevre yaratmak için kritik öneme sahiptir. Nakliye konteynerlerinin ileri dönüşümü konvansiyonel bir yapım sürecine göre daha sürdürülebilir bir alternatif sunmaktadır (Berbesz & Szefer, 2018). Son yıllarda ileri dönüşüm bağlamında nakliye konteynerlerinin konuta dönüştürülmesine yönelik yapılan çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu yeni dönüşüm sürecinin belirli kriterlere uygun olarak ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle nakliye konteynerlerinin ileri dönüşüm müdahalesi ile konuta dönüştürülmesi sürecini ele alan kriterlerin belirlenmesi önemli hale gelmektedir. Çalışmada ileri dönüşüm kavramının kargotektür yapım sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarına nasıl dahil edildiğini ve çevresel yarar sağlamak için hangi iyileştirmelere gereksinim duyulduğunu değerlendirmek için akademik literatürün sistematik bir incelemesi gerekmektedir. İstanbul gibi büyük metropollerde farklı gerekçelerle (deprem, strüktürel eskime, sel, heyelan vb.) konut yapılarının dönüşümü aşamasında kargotektür kavramından yararlanılması için kriter seti oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle ilk olarak 2000-2023 yılları arasında yayınlanan çalışmalar Sistematik Literatür Taraması (SLT) yöntemiyle taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda belirlenen 22 yayının konutlar için ele aldığı süreç ve kriterler analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda elde edilen 5 ana kriter ve 40 alt kriter gözden geçirilerek yapım süreci aşamalarına yönelik bir değerlendirme sunulacaktır. Kargotektür yapım sürecinin ileri dönüşüm kavramı ile yeniden değerlendirilmesi bu çalışmanın odak noktasını oluşturmaktadır.

2025

The objective of this study is to find the effect of lime waters with replacement of silica fume (10%, 20%, and 30%) of cement in the pastes and mortar. The physico-chemical reaction of pastes at 3 and 28 days with and without lime waters are monitored by using XRD analysis. The compressive strength of the mortar cubes of the mixes containing cement-sand-silica fume-lime water system is studied. Two types of lime water are used in this study, one type prepared by slaking of lime obtained from calcination of sea shells(labelled, LW) and other one obtained by dissolving(~1gm/litre) commercial Ca(OH)2 in water(labelled, LD). Ordinary potable water is used for control pastes and mortar. The mortar cylinders of similar mixes are cast for split tensile strength studies with and without basalt fibres (1% and 2%) of total volume. The results of the setting times showed that there is a reduction in both the initial and final setting timings for the samples with replacement of silica fume by 10, 20 and 30% and with ordinary potable water compared to control samples. The compressive strength results showed that the saturated lime water with 20% silica fume and natural lime water with 30% silica fume replacements provided 16% higher compressive strength compared to control mortars. Experimental results showed that the split tensile strength was found to be increasing with the increasing fiber volume (2%).

2025, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science

In Cameroon, many Micro-Concrete Roofing (MCR) tiles on houses have been replaced with traditional aluminium roofing sheets due to leakages caused by the use of raw materials like river sands with high organic and clay content, and sea sands with alkaline salt issues. To address this, quarry sands have been considered as a substitute for river sands in MCR tile production. However, quarry sands are more expensive and require mixing with other sands of different particle sizes to meet production standards. Previous investigations showed that river sands from Bambui and Garoua I had representative of different grain sizes (Coarse, medium and fine grains), and acceptable sand equivalent value (>80%). While the mechanical properties of MCR tiles made from the river sands have not been extensively studied, this study seeks to promote the adoption of sustainable roofing solutions that balance economic viability with environmental responsibility. The production of MCR tiles from each river sands followed the recommended standard procedures. The resulting MCR tiles displayed favorable Physico-mechanical properties across various tests such as flexural strength, permeability, water absorption, and impact resistance. Upon comparative analysis, it was observed that MCR tiles made from Garoua I river sands exhibited superior characteristics compared to those made from Bambui river sands, particularly in terms of flexural strength, water absorption and impact resistance. The flexural strength, average water absorption, impact resistance (ball drop height) values were measured at 12.08 MPa, 10.31%, 110mm for Garoua I river sands and 10.68 MPa, 10.70%, 900mm for Bambui river sands respectively.

2025, NIPES - Journal of Science and Technology Research

Concrete is a fundamental material in the construction industry due to its strength, resilience, and versatility. However, the presence of petroleum-contaminated sand poses a significant challenge to its structural performance. This study investigates the potential of rice husk ash (RHA) and cassava starch (CS) as eco-friendly additives for remediating the negative effects of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on concrete properties. Marine sand was deliberately polluted with a mixture of spent engine oil and diesel to simulate field contamination. Concrete samples were prepared using petroleum-contaminated sand (PCS) at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacement levels, while varying RHA at 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%, and CS at 0%, 1%, and 2% by weight of cement. The mechanical properties of the concrete, particularly compressive strength, were evaluated following standard procedures. Results showed that petroleum contamination led to a 27.76% reduction in compressive strength. However, the incorporation of RHA and CS significantly improved the strength characteristics and mitigated the adverse effects of the hydrocarbons. The combined use of RHA and CS proved effective in enhancing the mechanical performance of PCS-based concrete, highlighting its potential for sustainable construction applications.

2025, SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering

Space grid structures are preferred, equally, by architects and engineers for their versatility to span, short, medium and large arenas of regular and diverse geometric shapes. Space grid structures are chiefly composed of two components: strut (pipe) and internodes. In the age of sustainability, ways and measures are being employed to include more and more renewable resources in engineering and architecture. For the same reason, eco-friendly hybrid versions of space grid structures are preferred for certain spans and applications. In hybrid bamboo space grid structures, metal pipes (struts) are wholly or partially replaced by nature-grown pipes (bamboos), whereas internodes remain that of mild steel. In space grid structures, as the span increases from short to medium and large, dead load increases, resulting in the usage of high-strength struts and internodes. In factory-made pipes made of mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminium alloy, medium to high strength grades are available. But it is not the same in the case of nature-grown pipes, i.e. bamboo. In bamboo, wall thickness and density vary as per the species of bamboo and also due to variations in climatic conditions. Although bamboo has a tubular hollow section, just like any metal or non-metal pipe, being naturally grown, it has certain uniqueness and limitations. The undertaken research encompasses a comparative study of the physical attributes of factory-made metal pipes and nature-grown pipes (bamboo), especially in the Vidarbha region of the Maharashtra State of India. The research helps strategise and find ways to augment the mechanical strength of bamboo for hybrid bamboo space grid structures

2025

The 300 years of the second edition of Newton's Opticks and its news in arts and science, 121

2025

The rising worldwide energy demand and the pressing necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have propelled the advancement of sustainable thermal energy storage (TES) systems. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have emerged as a promising technology owing to their capacity to efficiently store and release latent heat. Organic phase change materials (PCMs), particularly paraffins and fatty acids, have benefits such as elevated energy density, chemical stability, and non-corrosiveness, rendering them appropriate for HVAC systems, renewable energy integration, electric vehicle battery thermal management, and cold chain logistics. Nonetheless, obstacles include inadequate thermal conductivity, phase separation, leakage, and environmental repercussions hinder their extensive implementation. This review offers an exhaustive examination of current developments in organic phase change materials (PCMs), addressing encapsulation techniques, nano-enhanced PCMs, hybrid composites, and form stabilization approaches. Particular focus is directed toward AI-driven material optimization, 3D-printed PCM composites, and advanced encapsulating techniques to improve thermal performance and scalability. This analysis delineates emerging research themes, encompassing sophisticated 3D-printed PCM composites, hybrid PCMs, machine learning-driven PCM design, and the incorporation of PCMs into smart energy grids and waste heat recovery systems. The results highlight the necessity for economical, eco-friendly, and high-efficiency PCM systems to facilitate sustainable energy storage and management. This paper addresses current issues and proposes future research paths, serving as a complete reference for researchers, engineers, and politicians focused on advancing sustainable thermal energy storage technology.

2025

يتحدث العرض حول الفرص الاقتصادية التي يمكن ان يوفرها البناء المستدام و كيفية توظيف نهج البناء الهجين من ان التغلب على التحديات التي تحول دون الاستفادة من هذه الفرص

2025, International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management (IJIREM)

Buildings built by ancient civilizations like the Mesopotamians and Egyptians were made of clay and other materials, and the use of stabilized soil for construction dates to those times. On the other hand, the scientific underpinnings of soil stabilization were not established until the early 1900s. In comparison to conventional building materials, the use of stabilized soil-based construction materials, such as soil stabilized mud blocks, can offer several advantages, such as improved strength and durability, less of an adverse effect on the environment, and lower costs. The world is facing an issue that calls for the disposal of inorganic solid waste to be addressed right away. This solid waste that is produced when old buildings are demolished is frequently classified as industrial waste or C&D waste. In India alone, enormous amounts of waste are produced, very little of which is recycled. When modifying the properties of stabilized soil, this C&D waste can be used in place of soil or quarry sand. This work explores the use of a stabilizing agent in conjunction with combined C&D waste for soil sampling. The studies use combined C&D waste and soil stabilized mud blocks to test the hollow blocks' water absorption capacity and strength for various replacements. The materials needed for the study came from nearby structures that had been demolished. Using mortar, cylindrical samples for 32 different ratios of mixed construction and demolition waste with a 9% cement content were cast for various compositions. To determine whether the stabilized samples were suitable for use in construction, tests were conducted on their compressive strength and water absorption properties. Based on the least compressive values found in cylindrical samples, the C&D waste was used in ratios ranging from 0% to 100% in place of soil. Mud blocks stabilized by soil were poured and examined for durability, strength, and mechanical qualities. In this study, an effort was made to use C&D waste—that is, brick and concrete waste—in varying amounts to create cylindrical samples that could be used to create concrete and stabilized mud blocks. In order to create cylindrical samples, different ratios of brick waste, concrete waste, and brick-concrete waste were used for 23 mix proportions. Cylindrical samples were manufactured using a cement content of 9 and 12%. These samples' mechanical and physical characteristics, such as their compressive strength, water absorption capacity, and initial rate of absorption, were investigated.

2025

Students were given an exercise to design a 1bhk residence with their choice of material and sustainable construction technique. The objective was to extend the experience of delivering low-cost housing using eco-friendly material that... more

2025

في ظل التطور التكنولوجي المتسارع وقصر دورة حياة الأجهزة الإلكترونية، أصبحت المخلفات الإلكترونية من أسرع أنواع النفايات نموًا على مستوى العالم. وفقًا لتقرير الأمم المتحدة، بلغ إجمالي المخلفات الإلكترونية العالمية 53.6 مليون طن في عام 2019،... more

2025, Goya Journal

Bamboo, known for its rapid growth and versatile applications, has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional building materials. Despite its natural strength and renewability, untreated bamboo is highly vulnerable to biological deterioration caused by fungi, termites, and moisture exposure. As a result, its practical application in construction and design demands effective preservation techniques to enhance its durability and lifespan. This study aims to document and analyse various bamboo preservation methods, focusing on chemical and thermal treatments that are both effective and environmentally responsible. The report begins with an overview of the significance of bamboo in contemporary architecture and the inherent challenges posed by its natural composition. Emphasis is placed on four primary preservation techniques widely practiced in rural and semi-urban contexts: the Dip Diffusion Method using a Boron Solution, the Boucherie Process, the Internal Injection Method, and the Hot and Cold Treatment. Each method is discussed in detail, including its procedural steps, material ratios, required tools, application duration, and suitability for different bamboo types and uses. Among the most eco-friendly methods is the boron-based dip diffusion, which uses a water-soluble mixture of borax and boric acid to penetrate the bamboo fibres and protect against microbial and insect attacks. The Boucherie process utilizes gravity or pressure systems to push preservatives through freshly cut bamboo, making it efficient for mass treatment. For applications requiring deep penetration, especially in wet environments, the internal injection method involving creosote proves effective, though it requires safety precautions due to the toxicity of creosote. The hot and cold method relies on thermal expansion and contraction to draw preservatives into bamboo tissues, particularly beneficial for pole ends and structural columns. In addition to treatment methods, the report highlights health, safety, and environmental considerations necessary during preservation processes, including personal protective equipment, safe disposal of chemicals, and proper post-treatment drying techniques. A real-world case study from Karnataka, India, illustrates the success of the boron treatment method in rural housing construction, demonstrating its practicality and low cost. This documentation serves as a resource for students, practitioners, and community workers engaged in bamboo construction, promoting techniques that balance performance with sustainability.

2025, FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology Samuel A. Oke Ayodeji S. Fakomogbon Samuel I. Olatunji

The demand for construction materials in the period of global economic meltdown has prompted the development of hybrid particle boards made from waste materials. This study evaluated the mechanical properties of particle boards produced from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics, palm kernel shells and coconut husks. The boards were produced using three fiber-to-plastic mixing ratios (30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) and assessed for modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). The selected mix ratios were informed by previous studies on polymer composites. Results revealed that the 30:70 ratio exhibited the highest mechanical strength, with coconut husk composites showing superior flexibility (highest MOE of 6596.38 N/mm²) and palm kernel shells demonstrating higher rupture resistance (MOR of 7.80 N/mm²). Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) confirmed that the 30:70 mixing ratio was optimal, with coconut husk composites achieving a significantly higher MOE compared to palm kernel shell composites. Conversely, palm kernel shell composites had a superior MOR relative to coconut husk composites. These results indicated that coconut husk composites are more flexible, making them suitable for applications requiring higher elasticity. The results also suggest that palm kernel shell composites have greater strength and are more resistant to rupture under flexural load.

2025, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

Earthquakes significantly disrupt health infrastructure, leading to loss of life and service interruptions. However, reconstruction phases offer chances to enhance facility, quality and community resilience. This study investigates the potential opportunities for post-earthquake reconstruction of health sector buildings in rural Nepal, employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify key factors. The analysis identifies four primary opportunity components: Seismic Resilience and Opportunity Framework, Disaster Resilient Health Infrastructure, Rebuilding for Prosperity Program, and International Aid for Economic Growth. The first and most significant component, "Seismic Resilience and Opportunity Framework", explained 33.71% of the total variance with an eigenvalue of 5.394. These four components encompass policies for disaster management, leveraging earthquakes for risk management and anticipatory actions, aligning with the 'Build Back Better' approach, and mobilizing international aid for economic development. The PCA results show that these components explain 56.903% of the total variance in the dataset, underscoring their significant impact on the successful reconstruction of health sector buildings. The study highlights the importance of strategic implementation of these opportunities to enhance the resilience, safety, and functionality of health infrastructure in Nepal. By embracing these insights, policymakers and stakeholders can ensure a robust health system that not only recovers from disasters but also thrives, contributing to the overall well-being of the Nepalese population.

2025, … of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. http://www. …

The combustion of subbituminous coals in electrical generating units produces a fly ash that has proven benefits for the construction industry. Fly ash consists of the inorganic material within the coal that has been fused during... more

2025, Climate Resilient Construction and Building Materials

Housing is an issue everywhere in the world. Governments
across the world are looking for solutions in the building industry to
provide housing at a reduced cost in the shortest amount of time. The
constraints of conventional construction techniques prevent them from
ever being able to mitigate. Another major issue that humanity currently
faces is global warming. To stop or address this issue, society must adapt
and change its practices to be less damaging to the environment. "Green
buildings" would have a significant impact on this issue. Green buildings
can better use resources while producing healthier buildings that enhance
the environment and human health. On the other hand, new technologies are frequently introduced, and 3D printing is quickly evolving. This
technological innovation is rapidly expanding. There are many
applications for 3D printing right now, and it continues to grow each year.
Even though there are not many 3D-printed liveable structures, this
technology can offer dignified homes to the world's least fortunate
populations. The construction sector may change due to the application of
3D printing technology with green building design principles. This
research emphasises locally obtained materials due to the introduction of
3D printing to the building sector, which reduces the need to transport
concrete over large distances and the energy needed to mix concrete.

2025

This paper explores the properties of mortars where the principle binder is calcium hydroxide. Two distinct forms of the binder were used, a 'hot mix' consisting of quicklime (calcium oxide) and a slaked and matured lime putty mortar. The modifications of properties exhibited by the two binders with and without the addition of pozzolans, brick dust and metakaolin were established. This study has relevance because of the lack of empirical data on the performance of modified mortars of these types. The experimental evaluation of properties including the mortar compressive and flexural strengths and the bond strengths obtained with brick demonstrated that although the hot mixed lime mortars expressed some advantages in terms of porosity over the putty based counterparts, there is no significant difference in performance regardless of the pozzolan added.

2025, Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal (CEIJ)

This paper analyzes how feasible it is to use electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate, and blast furnace dust as fine aggregate in the manufacture of hot asphalt concrete for roads. Three mixtures were designed using the Ramcodes methodology, the M1 mixture of control with conventional materials, the M2 mixture replacing 50% and the M3 mixture replacing 100% of the conventional aggregates, which were submitted to tests to evaluate the susceptibility to moisture damage and plastic deformation, as well as others to determine the resilient modulus and the fatigue laws for each type of mixture. The mixtures with EAF and BFD presented better mechanical characteristics than the mixture with natural aggregates, met the acceptance requirements and the results of the performance tests are within the required requirements.

2025, Praise Worthy Prize

This research aims to determine if it is possible to use Olivine as a precursor in alkali activation procedures and mineral glass fibers as isolated reinforcing. Unconfined compressive strength tests were performed in order to determine the shear strengths of the treated and untreated soil samples. Furthermore, to assess the specimens' strength and flexural strengths, indirect tensile tests were conducted in addition to the flexural strength testing. The results of this study has showed that adding mineral glass fiber reinforcement to alkali-activated blends made the fiber an effective candidate for the process, increases peak stresses and changes the post-peak behavior into one that is more ductile. Microstructural test results have revealed that while the surfaces of the glass fibers were rougher, the interaction between the surfaces of the glass fibers and alkali activation products increased and the mineral glass fibers did not completely disintegrate in the alkali media. After 90 days of being without reinforcement, reinforced mixes demonstrated an increase in compressive strength by 2.5 times in the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test findings.

2025, fbe.dpu.edu.tr

In this research, the use of clay bearing diatomites from Kütahya-Alayunt region in cement production as puzzolanic materials was investigated. Cements were produced by adding clay bearing dioatomites to the cement body by 5%, 10%, and 20% and grinding them together with clinker materials. After the tests, it was found that 10% and 20% clayed diatomite addition could be used in 42.5-class cement production. İf the strength of portland cement clinker was about 50 N/mm 2 . By utilizing this material, less clinker4 produced at 1450 o C will be needed which means lower emission rates causing environmental pollutions and a special type of cement can be obtained by using diatomite for lower specific gravity, heat and noise insulation

2025, Journal of Engineering and Applied …

This paper is part of a study investigating the structural characteristics of concrete using various combinations of lateritic sand and quarry dust as complete replacement for conventional river sand fine aggregate. Samples of concrete (eg. cubes) were made using varying contents of laterite and quarry dust as fine aggregate. The quantity of laterite was varied from 0% to 100% against quarry dust at intervals of 25%. The samples were cured for specified periods and tested in the laboratory for compressive strength. Workability tests were earlier carried out to determine the optimum water/cement ratios for three different mixes, namely: 1:1:2, 1:1.5:3 and 1:2:4. It was found that 0.5 water/cement ratio produced higher compressive strengths for 1:1:2 mix, while 0.6 water/cement ratio exhibit better workability for 1:1.5:3 mix proportion. Specifically compressive strength ranged from 17-34.2 N/mm 2 for the mixes considered. These results compare favourably with those of conventional concrete. The concrete was found to be suitable for use as structural members for buildings and related structures, where laterite content did not exceed 50%.

2025

For many generations, forest products have been used to manufacture particle boards. Due to the scarcity of these raw materials, and the rising demand for particle board products, researchers have transitioned to agriculture-based materials with promising properties while also considering sustainability. This research developed a 30 x 30 x 1.2 cm particle board out of Pulverized Pili Nut Shells from Polangui, Albay, as an alternative raw material and Epoxy Resin as a binder using various mix designs of 65:35, 70:30, and 75:25 (pili nut shell: epoxy resin) with a density of 1.2 g/cm3. The particle boards were put through tests of water absorption and thickness swelling test for physical properties; it was also subjected to an internal bond, modulus of rupture, and face screw holding to determine the mechanical properties. All of the tests were performed following the criteria of the Philippines National Standard (PNS) 230:1989 for general-purpose particle boards. Results showed that all mix designs have failed to meet the minimum standard set by the PNS regarding the modulus of rupture test and face screw holding test. However, all mix designs passed the water absorption and thickness swelling test for physical properties. Furthermore, only the 65:35 mix design ratio (pili nut shell: epoxy resin) proportion could not meet the internal bond's PNS requirement. This result shows that the amount of epoxy resin used as a binder significantly affects the particle board's physical and mechanical properties.

2025, Sicilian Lithics. Between built heritage and contemporaneity

Abstract
In the wake of the general theme of ‘Sicilian Lithics’ between built heritage and contemporaneity, the essay proposes some reflections on the increasingly compelling need to reduce the impact of raw materials for construction, which account for 8% of the entire global system's CO2 production. Contemporary technical and technological possibilities offer a varied range of possible experiences, starting with some experimental practices that see the reuse of stone waste in recompositions of derivative materials and geocomposites, whose performance is fully comparable to the mechanical characteristics of stone building materials obtained from raw materials directly taken from nature. The widespread use of cement, due to the prevalence of reinforced concrete structures, places this material in second place among the most used materials in the world after water; this trend is destined to grow dramatically by 2050, since a halt or a drastic decrease in its use must necessarily be found with materials that can partly compensate for it, if not replace it in the future. Our continent, through some financial support including the New European Bauhaus Facility, is ready to formulate entrepreneurial bets in this sense, but it is up to us to seize the opportunity of testing and experimentation and not least the applications for urban regeneration and local economic reactivation. Through the use of innovative technologies and increasingly sustainable ecological transitions, CO2 relief for system supply chains would be achieved. With this in mind, some research and experiments show that stone waste (conspicuous in the Sicilian territory), crushed or pulverised, with the addition of appropriate binders, makes it possible to obtain good composite mixtures, whose mechanical characteristics are very satisfactory. Through an analysis of the ‘cycle of the 8Rs’, the intention was to mend the path in local and territorial terms, imagining new practices and production processes for possible support economies. Specifically in the Sicilian territory, where waste and quarry residues are very important and where the strong presence of dust and residues of volcanic paroxysms (always understood as waste) is continuous, a different use of the waste itself could be outlined and recognised as a ‘resource’, i.e. understood as generative wealth for various industrial and production processes, which could constitute a flywheel for an economically depressed territory. In conclusion, the contribution, through reference to a number of experiences, intends to contribute to promoting a line of experimental research to determine the importance of the reuse of stone waste in Sicily, which can generate products with suitable mechanical, physical and thermal characteristics in compliance with an active and proactive circular economy.

2025, International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development

2025, ACADEMIC RESEARCH PAPER

EXPLORING RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION: TECHNIQUES, MATERIALS, AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES

2025, JOURNAL OF BUILDINGS AND ARCHITECTURE (JBA)

The increasing demand for affordable and sustainable housing has renewed interest in adobe masonry as a viable construction method, particularly for student accommodations in Southern Africa. Adobe, a mixture of earth, sand, water, and organic materials, offers economic and environmental benefits due to its low-cost production and minimal carbon footprint. This study examines adobe's historical significance, thermal efficiency, and structural properties while addressing challenges such as moisture vulnerability, regulatory restrictions, and low compressive strength. Innovations in adobe construction, including fiber reinforcement, protective coatings, and advanced drying techniques, have improved its durability. Additionally, integrating waste materials like sugarcane bagasse and chicken feathers enhances its mechanical properties. While adobe emits significantly less CO₂ than reinforced concrete, the production of lime still generates emissions. This research explores strategies to enhance adobe's sustainability and structural integrity, presenting it as a feasible solution for eco-friendly, cost-effective student housing. Future advancements in material science and construction techniques could further expand its role in modern construction.

2025, International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development

2025, Educational Alternatives

The paper presents the results of the first step in a broader research, intended to identify the learning styles of the students from the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. For the pilot study, were questioned some students from three specializations: Mechatronics, Architecture and Urbanism end Automotive. The results will serve to a proper design of the main research.

2025, IJRAME PUBLICATIONS

In the recent years, geopolymer concrete is green technology of construction materials. Geopolymer concrete as a based battery composites with an innovative construction smart material for energy storage applications. The characterization of geopolymer-based battery by back carbon mixing with different of amount compositions. After mixing, the battery samples were carried out with all properties. The performance of the battery is based on the structural, morphological, electrical and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes. The results show that the properties of the battery are closely related to the percentage of chemicals composition.

2025, American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Bricks are a common building material used for construction due to its strength and longevity. Rapid urbanization and rising cost of building materials has led to the increase demand for brick as filler material in the building industry. Conventional burnt brick puts tremendous pressure on the environment since the burning process results in the production of greenhouse gases. In recent times, the attention has been turned to sustainable and ecofriendly building materials. However, alternatives such as hollow concrete/calcium silicate blocks are now available, which are a bit costly as compared to burnt clay bricks. The calcium silicate brick consists of natural raw materials such as sand, quicklime and water. The Calcium silicate bricks allow natural, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, and agricultural-friendly building materials for sustainable development. Architects often prescribe sand-lime bricks for a building project, because of the bricks' good acoustic insulation, good heat and humidity absorption, as well as excellent fire resistance. This paper examines the case of calcium silicate bricks as filler material and analyses the engineering viability and properties of such brick in building construction. The paper concludes that calcium silicate bricks are a viable alternative to conventional bricks with more intangible benefits attached to them.

2025

This study aimed to assess the impact of different quantities of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) on the strength and shrinkage characteristics of concrete during the drying process. Additional water was required when incorporating Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) into the concrete. Nonetheless, the concrete produced with different substances demonstrated equivalent or enhanced qualities in relation to the concrete exclusively comprised of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The most significant enhancements were observed with Finer Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA). The utilization of Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as substitutes for cement was investigated in a particular concrete mixture in this research. In an attempt to assess its influence on concrete strength, the ash was utilized in different amounts during the experiments. A comparison was made between the strength of the concrete they created and normal concrete after a 28-day period.

2025

Sustainable forest management involves the holistic administration of the vital environmental and socio-economic values of forests for the benefit of present and future generations through ecosystem-centred policies. While the criteria for sustainable forest management vary by country due to geographical, political, and socio-economic differences, protecting forests from anthropogenic damage is of global significance. Among the most pressing anthropogenic harms is waste pollution. Waste left in forests disrupts soil structure, breaks ecological life cycles, contaminates groundwater, and can lead to wildfires. One type of waste is excavation soil and construction/demolition debris. In Turkey, legislation prohibits the disposal of such waste into nature. Additionally, under the "polluter pays" principle, the producer is required to cover the disposal costs. However,
some individuals evade this financial responsibility, leaving the excavation soil and construction waste they generate in forested areas, thereby causing pollution. Therefore, the issue of excavation soil and construction
waste is relevant to both waste management and forest policy. This study aims to contribute to national forest policy by developing recommendations for protecting forests from anthropogenic damage. The research method is on-site observation, with the observation site selected as a forest area in Dogan Neighbourhood, Mentese district of Mugla. Observations were conducted in October 2022, 2023, and 2024, with data documented through photographs. Sample photographs will visually support the analysis of the current issue. Ultimately, policy recommendations will be presented to address the anthropogenic obstacles to sustainable forest management.
Sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi, şimdiki ve gelecekteki nesillerin yüksek yararı için ormanların yaşamsal, çevresel, sosyo-ekonomik değerlerinin bir bütün olarak, ekosistemi gözeten politikalarla yönetilmesidir. Sürdürülebilir orman yönetimine esas politika kriterleri coğrafi, politik ve sosyo-ekonomik farklılıklar nedeniyle ülkeden ülkeye değişse de ormanların antropojenik zararlardan korunması, küresel ölçekte öneme sahiptir. Antropojenik zararların başındaysa atık kirliliği gelmektedir. Ormanlara bırakılan atıklar toprağın yapısını bozmakta, ekosistemin yaşam döngüsünü kırmakta, yeraltı sularını kirletmekte ve yangınlara neden olmaktadır. Bu atık çeşitlerinden biri, hafriyat toprağı ve inşaat/yıkıntı atıklarıdır. Türkiye’de, bu atıkların bertarafına ilişkin mevzuat, doğaya bırakılmalarını yasaklamaktadır. Ayrıca ‘kirleten öder’ ilkesi gereği, atıkların bertaraf bedelini atığı üretenin ödemesi gerekmektedir. Ancak mali yükümlülükten kaçınan bazı kişiler, oluşturdukları hafriyat toprağı ve inşaat/yıkıntı atıklarını orman arazilerine bırakmakta ve kirliliğe yol açmaktadır. Dolayısıyla hafriyat toprağı ve inşaat/yıkıntı atıkları yalnızca atık politikasının değil; orman politikasının da sorunudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ormanların antropojenik zararlardan korunmasına yönelik öneriler geliştirerek ulusal orman politikasına katkıda bulunmaktır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, yerinde gözlem olarak belirlenmiştir. Gözlem sahası için Muğla’nın Menteşe ilçesinde Doğan Mahallesi’ndeki bir orman arazisi seçilmiştir. Gözlemler, 2022, 2023 ve 2024 yıllarının Ekim aylarında gerçekleştirilmiş, veriler fotoğraf kaydıyla somutlaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada yer verilecek örnek fotoğraflar mevcut sorunun analizini, görsel açıdan destekleyecektir. Nihayetinde sürdürülebilir orman yönetiminin önündeki antropojenik engelleri giderecek politika önerileri sunulacaktır.

2025

The construction industry is evolving rapidly, and sustainability is now at the forefront of modern infrastructure development. With climate change concerns and resource depletion, sustainable infrastructure is no longer an option-it's a necessity. From ecofriendly materials to energy-efficient designs, the industry is embracing green innovation to build a better future. ♻️ What is Sustainable Infrastructure? Sustainable infrastructure refers to the development of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures using environmentally responsible and resource-efficient processes. It minimizes environmental impact while ensuring economic viability and social equity. Key aspects include: Eco-friendly materials-Using recycled and renewable resources Energy efficiency-Incorporating solar panels, LED lighting, and smart systems Water conservation-Implementing rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling Waste reduction-Minimizing construction waste through better planning By integrating these principles, the construction industry can significantly reduce its carbon footprint. 🏗️ Sustainable Construction Practices Sustainable construction isn't just about materials-it's about smarter building techniques. Here are some innovative approaches transforming the industry:

2025, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration

This study aims to reduce the impact of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) by removing it from aqueous solutions using geopolymer silicate bricks made from local Tunisian silica sands combined with metakaolin. The chemical–mineralogical characterization (XRD, XRF) of the raw silica sand,collected from the Jebel Zemlet el Beidha region of the south of Tunisia, shows it to be mainly formed of quartz and potassim-based feldspars, with smaller levels of calcite and kaolinite.Between 10–30 wt% metakaolin was added to these silica sands (88.9% SiO2),and the geopolymerisation process was activated using a mixture of sodium silicate and NaOH solutions, valorizing this plentiful natural resource. The inorganic polymer silicate bricks prepared from these natural Tunisian silica sands had suitable properties, with a compressive strength ofup to 27 MPa,up to 51% water adsorption, and with a specific surface area measured at 24 m2/g.It was shown with adsorption tests that these silicate bricks are very effective in adsorbing methylene blue (MB) at relatively low concentrations in aqueous media. The adsorption of MB was rapid, efficient, and with an optimal discolouration rate of 73.17% for only 25 mg/L of MK30 in a 10-ppm MB solution after 4 h, and nearly 2/3 of this value was obtained after only 5 min. The MB-adsorption behavior of the silicate bricks was described satisfactorily using the Langmuir isotherm, and from this model a maximum retention rate of around 77.34 mg/g of MB for thegeopolymer silicate bricks was determined.