The Right to Health Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A Commentary

This chapter focuses on the formulation, development and implementation
of the right to education under Article 26 of the udhr. First, it briefly
describes and examines some relevant issues and discussions raised during the drafting process of Article 26. Second, it analyses the scope and content of this article. Third, it explores the inclusion and recognition of this right in international, subject- specific and regional instruments. Finally, the chapter reflects on the impact of the privatization of education and the role of States and private actors in giving full effect to the right to education.

2025

Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto, application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication.

2025, Giappichelli, Torino

Il volume riguarda il diritto di cambiare religione o convinzione, con l’obiettivo di verificare l’effettivo grado di tutela di tale diritto nello spazio giuridico europeo. La prima parte dello studio è dedicata all’origine storica e alla positivizzazione del c.d. ius poenitendi. La seconda e la terza parte si soffermano sull’effettività del diritto di cambiare religione o convinzione, indagato sia nei rapporti individuo-comunità (familiare, religiosa) di afferenza, sia in relazione ad alcuni settori giuridici a rilevanza prevalentemente pubblicistica (come quelli che riguardano la scuola pubblica) e a rilevanza prevalentemente privatistica (come quelli che interessano i rapporti di lavoro all’interno di organizzazioni ideologicamente orientate).

2025, Anais de Artigos Completos - Volume 7. IX CIDHCoimbra 2024

Esse texto é fruto de uma pesquisa de doutorado em andamento, cujo objetivo é compreender, a partir da percepção compartilhada por juízas em entrevistas semiestruturadas, como diferentes marcadores sociais se entrecruzam e se relacionam com a trajetória, a incorporação à carreira e potenciais mudanças na magistratura, provocadas pela ação e presença de mulheres neste espaço. Este texto em específico irá abordar questões relacionadas ao acesso e ao exercício do poder por essas mulheres. O material empírico que compõe a investigação consiste em um conjunto de 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com magistradas de diferentes perfis, níveis de jurisdição e com atuação nas cinco regiões do país. O artigo conclui identificando que, ainda que se trate de uma carreira de elite e associada ao exercício de um alto nível de poder, existem discrepâncias no acesso e, consequentemente, no uso deste poder por pessoas que destoam do perfil considerado padrão para ocupação do cargo (homens, brancos, socialmente favorecidos).
Além disso, também foi possível identificar como a intersecção entre diferentes marcadores sociais acentuam desigualdades, promovem desvantagens e perpetuam dominações, sobretudo de gênero e raça.

2025, Pulte Policy Briefs

2025, Rivista .eco on line Figure sanitarie

Il rapporto addetti all’assistenza/ ospiti in Italia è uno dei più bassi rispetto alla media OCSE. Secondo fonti ministeriali, almeno 80.000 Operatori Socio Sanitari. Le carenze riguardano sia l’ambito pubblico sia quello privato e ci vorrebbero 13.000 assistenti sanitari. Il rapporto fra infermieri e medici, a livello nazionale, si attesta sul valore di 2,63 infermieri per ogni medico. L’età media degli infermieri è di 48,7 anni e, pur essendo
una delle professioni sanitarie mediamente più “giovani”, l’impossibilità di effettuare assunzioni legata alle razionalizzazioni e ai blocchi decennali del turn over hanno fatto innalzare l’età media in ragione di poco meno di un anno ogni sei mesi a partire dal 2018, quando l’età media era di circa 45 anni.

2025

O presente artigo tem por objetivo responder à pergunta: se o Estado de Direito é o governo do direito, e não dos homens, o que credencia o direito a governar? Defende-se que o governo do direito tem como exigência básica a reciprocidade e que sua observância garante uma forma específica de liberdade. Para defender e detalhar a tese, adota-se um conceito geral de liberdade social, a partir do qual se elabora dois parâmetros de avaliação: o parâmetro funcional e o parâmetro da justificação liberal. A conexão entre liberdade e Estado de Direito proposta por Friedrich Hayek é assim examinada e criticada por (a) não conceber os cidadãos enquanto agentes dotados de uma inviolabilidade que merece respeito; (b) não ser apta a examinar violações da liberdade que uma concepção de Estado de Direito deve considerar. Como alternativa, a importância moral de poder reivindicar direitos em juízo é destacada. O resultado é uma concepção de Estado de Direito focada em fóruns de deliberação pública nos quais a agência moral de cada cidadão é reconhecida. Nesses termos, o fundamento do Estado de Direito é a reciprocidade da justificação pública característica dos debates sobre direitos.

2025, Wanjiku

As Kenya strives to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC), the country's healthcare system is increasingly leaning on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to bridge critical gaps in infrastructure, financing, and service delivery. These collaborations have the potential to bring innovation, capital, and efficiency to a sector that has long struggled with limited public funding and unequal access to care. But while some partnerships have proven effective, others have faced challenges related to governance, transparency, and alignment of goals. This case study examines the effectiveness of public-private healthcare collaborations in Kenya, analyzing partnership models, funding mechanisms, and the impact on healthcare delivery outcomes. It also explores the role of healthcare entrepreneurs like Jayesh Saini, who have demonstrated how structured, accountable partnerships can lead to scalable improvements in patient care.

2025, International Human Rights Law Review

This article argues that justiciable socioeconomic rights enhance the adaptability and resilience of domestic legal systems, thereby enabling adaptive urban governance in times of crisis. It relates substantive concepts and standards associated with the protection of economic and social rights in international law to urban resilience, focusing on the right to adequate housing under Article 11 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Thereafter it considers the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights' evaluation of individual complaints pertaining to the right to adequate housing under Article 8(4) of the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR, zooming in on the Committee's employ of 'reasonableness' as review standard and on the implications of this for domestic legal systems. Given that the Optional Protocol's 'reasonableness' standard draws on the standard earlier adopted by the South African Constitutional Court, the article then considers the standard's employ and supplementation with adaptive judicial remedies in South African socioeconomic rights jurisprudence.

2025

Il Case Manager sociosanitario riveste un ruolo strategico nell’organizzazione di percorsi assistenziali integrati per persone con bisogni complessi. In un sistema frammentato, caratterizzato da discontinuità, disuguaglianze territoriali e carenza di coordinamento interprofessionale, il Case Management emerge come risposta necessaria per garantire una presa in carico globale, continuativa e centrata sulla persona. Considerate le criticità strutturali dell’attuale architettura sociosanitaria locale, il Corso di Formazione “La regia della presa in carico integrata della fragilità: il Case Manager sociosanitario come facilitatore di percorsi assistenziali complessi", rappresenta uno strumento operativo per formare professionisti capaci di gestire la complessità, costruire reti territoriali efficaci e coordinare risposte assistenziali multidimensionali. In tale prospettiva, il Case Manager assume il ruolo di facilitatore e coordinatore dei processi, in grado di colmare il vuoto di regia nel sistema, migliorare l’efficacia dei servizi e ridurre il carico informale sulle famiglie, in un’ottica di equità, prossimità e integrazione.

2025, New York Review of Books

Faced with the destruction of Gaza's hospitals and the systematic deprivation of Palestinians' right to health, Israel's medical establishment has disregarded the field's most basic ethical principles.

2025, EBOOK

Tutti gli articoli di valutazione del Decreto legislativo n. 29/2024 attuativo della legge di riforma dell’assistenza agli anziani non autosufficienti. L'ebook a cura di Franco Pesaresi raccoglie tutti gli articoli pubblicati nel 2024.

2025, Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos

Despite its ease of formulation, the distinctions between obligations of means and of results for the determination of the contents of doctor's obligations in the delivery of medical services is inadequate. In order to be applied it requires, in addition, degrees of fault. In this way, the old theory of assignment of fault is rediscovered today as a more adequate way to determine the intensity of care that the doctor must provide in compliance with his/her obligations. This is in pursuit of efficacy of a system of responsibility which seeks not only to determine damages, but also the creation of the beliefs necessary in order to act for the mutual benefit of the doctor and the society in the course of delivering contractually required obligations.

2025

2025, Ethnographies of Deservingness Unpacking Ideologies of Distribution and Inequality

Chapter in edited volume: Ethnographies of Deservingness
Unpacking Ideologies of Distribution and Inequality. Edited by Jelena Tošić and Andreas Streinzer. Berghahn Books. https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/TosicEthnographies

2025

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo investigar a teoria da justica como equidade de John Rawls de modo a oferecer uma fundamentacao teorica para a implementacao da politica de acoes afirmativas em nossa sociedade, visando uma alternativa politica para o enfrentamento de certas desigualdades de acesso e distribuicao de bens primarios que interferem diretamente nas perspectivas de vida dos menos favorecidos, por meio de suas principais instituicoes sociais. Dessa forma, a partir do liberalismo igualitario representado por Rawls, buscar-se- a estabelecer os aspectos que permitem justificar essa implementacao, ressaltando principalmente, os principios de justica – em especial, o principio de diferenca. Palavras-chave: Rawls, liberalismo igualitario, politicas de acoes afirmativas.

2025, Ars Iuris Salmanticensis

Lorena GaLLardo La seguridad de los organismos modificados genéticamente en el ámbito alimentario. Principios fundamentales brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

2025

Uma releitura do princípio da igualdade frente a tutela jurisdicional do direito fundamental à saúde.

2025, Human Rights and Interdisciplinarity for the development of Vulnerable Populations

PREFACE
"Human Rights and Interdisciplinarity for the development of
vulnerable populations" is a result of the oral communication groups of
the International Multidisciplinary Congress’s (CIVENI) second edition.
The event was promoted by the American higher education institution
Veni Creator Christian University in 2024, fostering works in various
areas of knowledge that focus on the role of scientific research as a tool
for changing society and developing vulnerable populations.
Organized by VCCU educators and professionals, this e-book is
divided into twenty-three chapters that present the results of multiple
research projects conducted by students and professors of the
institution's graduate courses, proving their commitment to scientific
research of real relevance.

2025

In un contesto politico europeo e nazionale attraversato da un'ondata di insofferenza verso il discorso ecologico, il lavoro si sofferma sulle più recenti scelte della Commissione europea in materia ambientale. Prendendo le mosse dal Rapporto sul futuro della competitività, tra i diversi atti di indirizzo della Commissione, il saggio analizza la Bussola per la competitività, il Patto per l'industria pulita e, infine, le proposte di semplificazione in materia ambientale, con i pacchetti Omnibus. Dall'analisi emerge un quadro complesso in cui gli obiettivi del Green deal non vengono messi in discussione, ma le scelte adottate in concreto non sembrano nemmeno completamente coerenti con gli obiettivi della transizione ecologica. Title: The ecological transition 'betrayed'(?) Union policy guidelines between competitiveness, environmental simplification and deregulation Abstract [En]: The work focuses on the European Commission's most recent environmental choices in a European and national policy context marked by a wave of intolerance towards ecological issues. Building on the Report on the Future of Competitiveness, among the Commission's various policy statements, the paper analyses the Competitiveness Compass, the Clean Industry Pact and, finally, proposals for simplification in environmental matters, with the Omnibus packages. The analysis reveals a complex framework in which the objectives of the Green Deal are not questioned, but the choices adopted in practice do not even seem to be entirely consistent with the goals of the ecological transition.

2025, Jus Civile n. 1

Il saggio affronta le problematiche connesse all’inserimento di clausole di sostenibilità nei contratti e negli atti statutari. Il riconoscimento su larga scala, nazionale ed europea, del principio di sviluppo sostenibile e l’affermazione dei suoi corollari normativi amplifica gli effetti del paradigma della sostenibilità nell’area dell’autonomia privata.
Alla luce di una cornice regolatoria sempre più definita e capillare, l’elaborato esamina le varie tipologie di clausole di sostenibilità, provando ad elaborare una prima classificazione. L’analisi è compiuta sia sul piano funzionale e strutturale delle clausole sia sul piano applicativo. Gli esiti della ricerca conducono ad una primaria ripartizione: clausole di sostenibilità c.d. contrattuali e clausole di sostenibilità c.d. statutarie. All’interno delle due macrocategorie, il saggio mira a fornire i criteri valutativi per una distinzione più accurata.
Infine, la classificazione così proposta enuclea interrogativi sulla natura delle clausole e sulle conseguenze derivanti da un loro inadempimento, in virtù del quadro normativo europeo.

2025

An analysis has been designed to nd Charged Higgs events with the DELPHI detector at LEP200 assuming B(H ! ) = 1 . Simulations show that if most of the runs are done with p s = 192 and 300 pb ;1 is collected as planned, the present mass limit can belifted about 30 GeV to 75 GeV. Discovery is possible if the mass is lower than 58 GeV. The best energy to look for a Charged Higgs is just below W-pair threshold at p s 160 GeV. At higher energies the irreducible background from W-pairs is comparable to the signal. During the autumn 1995 5.9 pb ;1 were collected with the DELPHI detector at p s = 130 ; 136 GeV. These data, the P3-data, are analyzed and zero Charged Higgs candidates are found. This result does not improve the present mass limit.

2025, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics

Despite a recent wave in global recognition of the rights of transgender and gender-diverse populations, referred to in this text by the umbrella label of trans*, international law continues to presume a cisgender binary definition of gender — dismissing the lived realities of trans* individuals throughout the world. This gap in international legal recognition and protection has fundamental implications for health, where trans* persons have been and continue to be subjected to widespread discrimination in health care, longstanding neglect of health needs, and significant violations of bodily autonomy.

2025, HUMANITARIAN STANDARDS AD HOC MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

The article was prepared with the aim of systematically understanding the standards of humanitarian law as a means of protecting the most vulnerable population groups during conflicts and reducing human suffering associated with war.

2025, Journal of Illiberalism Studies

The weakening of the protection of civil and political rights constitutes one of the essential characteristics of illiberal constitutionalism in Hungary and Poland. In this piece, I analyze whether the same applies to social rights and attempt to establish the political purpose that determined this approach. To do this, I study the social policy pursued in Hungary and Poland, as well as the changes that were made or planned to be made to the constitutional orders of Poland and Hungary concerning social rights and their consequences. I argue that the constitutional protection of social rights in Poland, despite generous social transfers instituted, has not been strengthened. In fact, the weakened independence of the Constitutional Tribunal has contributed to lowering their level of protection. Meanwhile, a deterioration can be observed in Hungary, resulting from the adoption of and subsequent amendments to the Fundamental Law, combined with the erosion of the independence of the Constitutional Court. Social policy, which has served as a tool for gaining and maintaining power in Hungary and Poland, has also driven the approach to social rights under illiberal constitutionalism in both countries.

2025, D. Kloza, E. Kużelewska, E. Lievens, V. Verdoodt (eds.), The Right Not to Use the Internet Concept, Contexts, Consequences, Routledge

This chapter will focus on whether non-access to the Internet can be seen as a human rights enabler and what consequences that brings especially to the proportionality analysis in cases of conflicts of rights. Here, we mean whether the... more

2025, Acesso à Justiça e (in) Exclusão Digital: Enfoque na Pessoa em Situação de Rua como Usuária do Sistema de Justiça Brasileiro

Este livro é fruto de pesquisa realizada pela autora ao longo do curso de Mestrado na Escola de Magistratura – Enfam, e o tema em pauta está umbilicalmente ligado à vulnerabilidade agravada e seus reflexos que impactam a forma como o Poder Judiciário é acessado. A temática se justifica na medida em que houve a intensificação no uso da tecnologia, proporcionando a redefinição do acesso à justiça e considerando a acentuada desigualdade social existente no Brasil. As barreiras cumulativas de acesso aos órgãos do sistema de justiça são uma realidade, restando perquirir se houve um aumento dessa exclusão. Considerando os temas acesso à justiça, inclusão digital e vulnerabilidades agravadas é que autora optou, como recorte e aprofundamento, pela atuação do Poder Judiciário na implementação da política de atenção às pessoas em situação de rua. Como outros grupos em extrema vulnerabilidade, a população em situação de rua pode ser considerada objeto de análise não apenas pela exclusão digital, mas pela invisibilidade e exclusão generalizada dos espaços democráticos. Ao delimitar o estudo de caso, a autora procurou fugir de uma ênfase exagerada na elucidação simplória de que o não acesso à justiça estaria apenas na explicação econômica da pobreza do jurisdicionado

2025, Conselho Nacional de Justiça

2025

La formazione continua consente di aggiornare e migliorare le pratiche dei professionisti sanitari al fine di garantire la qualità assistenziale, rispondendo in maniera adeguata ai bisogni dei pazienti e alle necessità del Servizio Sanitario, in termini sia organizzativi che operativi. Nonostante le iniziative di formazione offerte siano molte e differenziate, spesso la ricerca scientifica ha rilevato un divario tra la pratica professionale e lo stato dell'arte della ricerca scientifica in ambito clinico. Questa differenza potrebbe tradursi in inappropriatezza clinica, per esempio in termini di mancata, inutile o inadeguata prescrizione di interventi sanitari. Secondo i modelli tradizionali di formazione, il trasferimento delle nuove conoscenze nella pratica professionale, in seguito alla partecipazione ad interventi formativi, ha un andamento lineare. In altre parole, i professionisti sanitari, attraverso l'aggiornamento delle proprie conoscenze, modificano le loro attitudini e le loro competenze e, dunque, cambiano le loro performance professionali. Questo modello lineare di formazione è teorico, non sempre infatti i professionisti sanitari acquisiscono le conoscenze necessarie alla propria pratica professionale, e non sempre la conoscenza teorica si traduce in cambiamento della pratica professionale. Nel presente articolo è descritto uno strumento innovativo di formazione professionale continua del personale sanitario che si basa sull'utilizzo del Fascicolo Sanitario Elettronico (FSE). Grazie all'utilizzo del FSE è possibile promuovere un modello di formazione efficace, integrato nella pratica professionale, che può quindi favorire il miglioramento delle pratiche cliniche dei professionisti sanitari. Il modello formativo consente al personale sanitario di aggiornarsi e acquisire nuove conoscenze e competenze direttamente nel proprio ambiente di lavoro, integrando il processo di apprendimento nella quotidiana attività clinica. La formazione continua in medicina rappresenta uno strumento fondamentale di cambiamento professionale per gli operatori sanitari. Può essere definita come l'insieme delle attività educative finalizzate all'acquisizione, all'aggiornamento e al miglioramento di conoscenze, competenze, abilità cliniche e tecniche del personale sanitario, con l'obiettivo generale di assicurare la qualità, in termini di efficacia, adeguatezza e sicurezza, dei servizi di cura e di assistenza prestati ai pazienti. Ciascun professionista è tenuto ad aggiornarsi nel settore in cui opera e a mantenere un livello adeguato di preparazione professionale. In molti Paesi, la formazione continua in medicina è disciplinata da organismi professionali o governativi che definiscono regole, modalità e organizzazione delle attività formative rivolte ai professionisti sanitari . In Italia il programma di Educazione Continua in Medicina (ECM), introdotto dal D.Lgs 229/1999, è in vigore dal 1° gennaio 2002. L'ECM ha carattere di obbligatorietà, e riguarda tutto il strumenti TOOLS

2025, Acta Farmacêutica Portuguesa

Todas as pessoas têm o direito de aceder à prevenção em matéria de saúde e de beneficiar de cuidados médicos, de acordo com as legislações e práticas nacionais. Na definição e execuçãode todas as políticas e ações da União, será... more

2025

This conference aims to widen the focus on the following subjects across the entire European continent, so as to trace and reconstruct private-public hybrid practices relating to three main areas in which the State monopoly has... more

2025, Boletim Científico Escola Superior do Ministério Público da União

A República brasileira, na sua conformação política e constitucional, foi obra inspirada no modelo norte-americano de tripartição dos poderes e de descentralização federativa. Muito cedo, porém, o sistema republicano brasileiro deu mostras da dificuldade de transposição daquela forma de organização política para a vida nacional. Uma dos maiores entraves à implantação do ideal político americano foi a impossibilidade de se recepcionar no país a idéia de "governo dos juízes" e, por conseguinte, a aceitação de um papel politicamente ativo do Poder Judiciário, o qual poderia intervir para solucionar as crises institucionais entre o Executivo e o Legislativo, como também aquelas entre a União e os Estados Federados, e, ainda, para garantir os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos. A "debilidade do judiciarismo" 2 no Brasil foi talvez a grande decepção de Rui Barbosa, que concebera a modernização política do País pela adoção das grandes linhas institucionais do modelo americano, com especial destaque para a função do Supremo Tribunal Federal como guardião da Constituição e das liberdades públicas. Rui acabou atribuindo este fracasso à incapacidade dos juízes da mais alta corte em assumir este papel político. Raymundo Faoro, porém, lembra que "o destino da República não dependia de quinze velhos, muitos de indiscutível desassombro. Não foi o Supremo Tribunal o órgão que falhou à República, mas a República que falhou ao Supremo Tribunal. A missão política que ele deveria representar estava destinada Sumário: 1. Da "debilidade do judiciarismo" à judicialização da política. 2. Cidadania e acesso à Justiça na Constituição de 88. 3. A ação civil pública e o Ministério Público. 4. Ministério Público, Estado e sociedade civil organizada

2025

Health and well-being for all'), just as it is to other SDGs, . "Therefore, leaving no one behind and ensuring that the furthest behind is reached first, is very fundamental to sustainable development" . This is quite necessary in ensuring that the developmental benefits are fairly and equitably distributed. This also involves ensuring the enhancement of socio-cultural norms and practices, including the roles and rights of male and female counterparts with positive effects on social determinants of health equality (WHO, 2019). It has been observed that countries with high level of inequality have reduced lifespan and health standard, thus leading to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, under-five mortality, obesity, mental illness and cancer . To achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC), it becomes necessary among other factors to end poverty, reduce inequalities, build inclusive societies and empower women (WHO, 2015). It has been discovered over the years that there is a strong relationship between socio-economic position and health (WHO, 2002). People with high income experience longevity with reduced rates of most Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) while those with low incomes or poverty, experience likely increased rate of decline in health, education and employment opportunities . For improved economic development and increased macroeconomic standards such as GDP and unemployment rates, as well as microeconomic standards such as household consumption, health, education and nutrition, enhancing health and

2025, Ministério Público do Estado do Paraná

RESUMO: A COVID-19 é responsável direta pelo aumento da litigiosidade de saúde, individual e coletiva, no Brasil e no mundo. O estudo tem como objetivo principal apresentar o projeto de pesquisa conjunto entre Direito, Medicina e Ética (Ufes e Fiocruz) para avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 no Sistema de Justiça e como os profissionais do direito e da saúde compreendem essa litigância e reagem a ela. Para alcançar tal objetivo, serão pesquisadas a quantidade e a qualidade da litigância desde o início da ocorrência da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil, especialmente no Espírito Santo, com foco na litigância de saúde. A análise qualitativa levará em conta que em tempos de pandemia, o processo de tomada de decisões em saúde pública tem sido marcado por uma

2025, Науковий спадок Петра Мойсейовича Рабіновича і актуальні проблеми загальнотеорійного правознавства: Матеріали міжнародної наукової конференції

Чинне національне законодавство України не містить юридичної конструкції «самоврядування пацієнта», отож з доктринальної позиції будемо з’ясовувати її правничу суть. Насамперед важливо встановити семантичні сенси слова «самоврядування». У Словнику синонімів Полюги під самоврядуванням розуміється право самостійно вирішувати свої справи, автономія. Визначення терміну «пацієнт» міститься у ст. 3 Закону України «Основи законодавства України про охорону здоров’я» (далі — Основи), тобто фізична особа, яка звернулася за медичною та/або реабілітаційною допомогою або медичною послугою та/або якій така допомога або послуга надається.

2025, European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance

Energy poverty is a 'growing concern' within the European Union: a significant number of European households is struggling to access or afford 'socially and materially necessary energy services' for their health, well-being and social inclusion, such as heating, lighting or cooking. There is equally an increasing awareness that access to energy is a human right. However, there is limited concrete understanding of how existing international or regional human rights law governs energy poverty action in the European Union exactly. This article fills the gap by providing an in-depth legal analysis of relevant European and international treaties that bind EU Member States, individually, and as read jointly. When taken together, these treaties form a comprehensive 'systemic' international legal framework and touchstone for rightsbased governance of energy poverty within the EU.

2025, Global Health Law Disrupted: COVID-19 and the Climate Crisis

2025, GOBIERNO CERCANO Y MODERNO: UNA MIRADA DESDE LOS ESTÁNDARES INTERNACIONALES DEL ACCESO A LA INFORMACIÓN PÚBLICA

El Programa para un Gobierno Cercano y Moderno (PGCM) representó uno de los diversos programas transversales de política pública implementados por el gobierno federal mexicano como parte del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo para el periodo 2013-2018. Entre sus objetivos fundamentales se planteó la construcción de una política de gobierno abierto, que implicó diversas estrategias y líneas de acción tendientes, entre otras cosas, al desarrollo de la transparencia y del acceso a la información pública en el ámbito de la administración pública federal. Derivado de lo anterior, cabe preguntarse en qué medida el programa integró en su diseño el enfoque de derechos humanos para cumplir con las obligaciones en materia de acceso a la información pública. El argumento principal que el PGCM, a pesar de que estableció algunas estrategias y acciones con relación al derecho de acceso a la información pública, cumplió parcialmente con los estándares internacionales del citado derecho. Con motivo de lo anterior, el presente documento analiza los objetivos, las estrategias y las líneas de acción que integraron

2025, S P O R T A N D R E L I G I O N ANTIQUITY, MODERNITY A N D CONTEMPORANEITY (EDS.) LUÍSA ÁVILA DA COSTA CONSTANTINO PEREIRA MARTINS

Religions guide the behaviour of the faithful in their conduct
and practices even on the playing field.
The rules of faith may conflict with sports regulations, which in Italy
and Europe are subject to the principle of regulatory autonomy. This
allows sports institutions to introduce rules that are independent of the
1 The contribution is the result of research and personal interaction between the
Authors and is attributable to them in its entirety. The Authors, however, edited
individual sections of it. Specifically, paragraphs 4, 4.1, 5, 5.1, 6 are attributable to
Antonio Fuccillo; paragraphs 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 7 are attributable to Federico Gravino.
280
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AT WHISTLE
state system, provided that the latter’s fundamental principles are re-
spected. Therefore, any conflict between religious precepts and sports
rules must be resolved by the match director. Can a referee’s decision
harm on athlete’s exercise of religious freedom?
The principle of regulatory autonomy also involves sports justice. An
athlete must go to the sports judicial authorities to challenge a referee’s
decision, except in cases of relevance for the legal system of the Repub-
lic of subjective legal situations connected to the sports system (Art. 1,
para. 2, Law No. 280/2003). The protection of athletes’ religious free-
dom is one of these situations. In this way, the principle of normative
autonomy of sport undergoes an exemption to protect those rights that
are proclaimed as fundamental in the Italian legal system. The contribu-
tion reflects on the protection that the athlete may invoke in the case of
injury to his or her religious freedom on the playing field.

2025

Transgender persons are exposed to chronic health problems often associated with increased risk of mental illness, substance abuse, and sexual and physical violence coupled with specific challenges and inequalities in accessing health care. Such disparities are further exacerbated by COVID-19, especially in countries where transgender people are still fighting for legal identity, protection, and equitable treatment. The paper analyses the interconnection of the right to health of transgender persons with their legal gender identity in India under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, as the legislation
relies on biological parameters to determine the transgender identity of a person violating their right of self-determination, bodily autonomy, and self-identification. The paper argues that laws and policies protecting transgender persons should be non-discriminatory, and enforcement mechanisms should reaffirm the community's faith in accessing healthcare in an inclusive and culturally competent manner to critically address their concerns regarding self-determination.

2025, تقرير الراصد العربي ٢٠٢٣ عن الحق في الصحة

للعراق تاريخٌ طويلٌ من الحروب والصراعات العنيفة والأزمات الاقتصادية والانقسامات الاجتماعية التي أثّرت بأشكالٍ مباشرةٍ وغير مباشرةٍ على صحة سكّانه كفقدان الحياة والإعاقات وخسارة سُبل العيش، فبعد ثماني سنوات من الحرب ضدّ إيران في ثمانينيّات القرن الماضي وحرب الخليج الثانية في1991، واجه العراق عقوبات دوليةً قاسية دمّرت البنية التحتية للصحة والرعاية الصحّية. وبعد سقوط نظام صدّام حسين والاحتلال الأميركي للعراق في عام 2003، فشلت السياسات الحكومية النيوليبرالية في تحسين وضع الحقّ في الصحة في العراق بشكلٍ واضح، إذ بالكاد تغيّرت البنية التحتية للرعاية الصحّية العامة بسبب عدم الاستقرار السياسي المستمر الذي قيّد قُدرة نظام الرعاية الصحية على تقديم خدماته للسكّان. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ترك التاريخ الطويل من الصراعات العنيفة معظم العراقيين يعانون من مستوياتٍ مختلفة من مشاكل الصحة النفسية والصدمات التي لم تلتئم، لكن نادراً ما يتطرّق نظام الرعاية الصحّية والسياسات الصحّية وتوجّهات القطاعين الحكومي والخاص إلى هذا الجانب.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يواجه العراق تحدّيات بيئية خطيرة مثل التلوّث وتغيّر المناخ والحرارة والجفاف. ففي ربيع عام 2022 تمّ إدخال الآلاف إلى المستشفيات بسبب العواصف الرملية التي كانت قويّة بشكلٍ غير مسبوق، بالإضافة إلى إيقاف الحياة اليومية مؤقّتاً. وعلاوةً على ذلك، جفّت ثمانية أنهار صغيرة وثلاث بحيرات تماماً بسبب انخفاض مستويات المياه عموماً وارتفاع الحرارة ممّا يهدّد الأمن الغذائي وسبل العيش الزراعية. أيضاً تعاني الفئات الهشّة من آثارٍ مضاعفة بسبب عدم قدرتها الوصول الى خدماتٍ صحّية مناسبة ومكوّنات حياةٍ صحّية.
يتكوّن هذا التقرير من ثلاثة أقسام رئيسة هي: مراجعة تاريخية موجَزة لسياق الحقّ في الصحة في العراق من تأسيس الدولة الحديثة في العراق الى يومنا هذا؛ فحص وتحليل مؤشّرات الحقّ في الصحة ومناقشة أهمّ تحدّياته في العراق؛ انتهاءً بتوصياتٍ للفاعلين المختلفين وضمنهم المجتمع المدني والحكومة والفاعلين الدوليين.

2025, African Journal of …

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has reawakened old arguments over the impact of the intellectual property (IP) system on public access to essential medicines. As used here, essential medicines are those needed in symptom management, palliative care, and in the treatment of infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, tuberculosis, and sleeping sickness in places like sub-Saharan Africa. Some argue that patents will further inhibit access to these medicines in sub-Saharan Africa. Others, however, argue the opposite. The latter maintain that patent protection under TRIPS can promote the growth of the pharmaceutical industry in places like sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, they assert that pharmaceutical patents are not responsible for the limited access to essential medicines in sub-Saharan Africa. Instead, they trace the problem of access to non-patent factors, such as poverty, the lack of supportive infrastructure, and poor governance. This paper set out to assess these contrasting arguments, with a view to determining the actual impact that pharmaceutical patents may be having on access to essential medicines in sub-Saharan Africa. Keyword search of electronic databases was conducted, in addition to a review of relevant literature from print sources. A manual analysis then followed. It was found that, rather than a single set of factors, both patent and nonpatent factors combine to inhibit access to essential medicines in sub-Saharan Africa. It is imperative for sub-Saharan African countries to review current tariff and taxation policies, take steps to improve the supply of vital infrastructure, and strengthen their overall healthcare systems. They should also ensure that their IP systems are supportive of public healthcare needs. Equally important, is that TRIPS and the IP system should be more supportive of sub-Saharan Africa's struggle to bear its disease burden, rather than focusing narrowly on profit maximisation for pharmaceutical companies. Sub-Saharan Africa also needs increased international financing, private-public collaboration in research, and the sharing of benefits in order to cater effectively for the health needs of its citizens.

2025, Social Science Research Network

I am particul arly delighted to introduce this special issue on health rights litigation on the 20th anniversary of the launch of Health and Human Rights. The last 20 years have witnessed an extraordinary growth and evolution in the "health and human rights movement, " and this journal, which has also evolved, has often played an important role by providing a forum for robust interchange of ideas among practitioners, scholars, and activists in both the public health and human rights communities. One of the most significant transformations to occur in the landscape of struggles for health justice since this journal was originally launched relates to the increasing judicialization of health-related rights, and economic, social, and cultural rights (ESC rights) more broadly. Indeed, the articles in this issue go far toward debunking outdated conceptions about health rights as merely "programmatic rights, " which are not justiciable. Over the last 20 years, and increasingly in the last decade, we have seen that health and related rights are in fact being enforced by courts around the world, from South America to South Asia, Eastern Europe to East Africa. And increasingly, even in low-income countries, important demands for health-related entitlements are being framed in terms of legally enforceable claims.

2025, Social Science Research Network

There is increasing scholarly attention to judicial enforcement of the right to health, but too often it extrapolates general lessons from one country or region. The impacts of judicial enforcement depend largely on the reasons people turn to courts, the nature of judicial decisions, and the extent to which courts can open political opportunity structures for greater equity and transparency. Drawing on case studies from five countries in the region, the Article argues that the experience of constitutionalization and judicial enforcement of the right to health in Latin America shows a number of lessons and challenges. Against backdrops of extreme social inequality, with poor responsiveness from the executive and legislative branches of government, as well as chronic regulatory failures within health systems, it is unsurprising that people take advantage of the favorable opportunity structures that exist in many courts. Nevertheless, contrary to widespread thinking, easy access to justice, combined with individual decisions can promote queue jumping and potentially exacerbate inequities in health

2025, PFAS contamination in the Italian Veneto region. Is there a violation of the human rights of the residents under the European Convention on Human Rights? Who is responsible?

This essay examines PFAS contamination in the Veneto region of Italy, focusing on its threat to human health and the environment and whether institutional negligence constitutes a breach of human rights law under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It critiques the fragmented EU regulatory framework on PFAS, highlighting the lack of comprehensive legislation and the push for a revised REACH regulation to limit all PFAS. The essay details how PFAS pollution, primarily caused by the company Miteni, has led to extensive contamination of water, food, and the human body, particularly among the younger population. Despite actions by local authorities and citizen mobilization, including the formation of advocacy groups, sufficient measures to prevent future contamination and ensure reparations have not been taken. The essay analyzes the responsibility of various actors—Miteni, regional and national authorities, and the EU—and explores the potential for legal action under international human rights law to ensure better protection for European citizens.

2025

Para analizar por qué se instalan los derechos de propiedad intelectual, en el ámbito de discusión del GATT y, posteriormente, en el ámbito de la OMC, debemos hacer una breve reseña de las normativas preexistentes. La protección de los... more

2025, Orthodoxe Patientenverfügung

Vorsorgevollmacht, Betreuungsverfügung, Behandlungswünsche und Schweigepflichtsentbindung aus orthodoxer Perspektive Hauptmerkmale der orthodoxen Patientenverfügung: • Berücksichtigung orthodoxer Werte und Traditionen in medizinischen... more