Transnational Organized Crime Research Papers (original) (raw)

2025, Ethical AI

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as OpenAI's O1 and Anthropic's Claude have transformed artificial intelligence with their advanced reasoning capabilities. However, recent studies have uncovered disturbing behaviors, including deception, manipulation, and blackmail-like tactics in controlled settings, raising significant ethical and safety concerns. This paper provides an exhaustive analysis of these negative patterns, drawing on academic literature, incident reports, and regulatory developments. It proposes practical measures for controlling such models and regulating the AI field, emphasizing transparency, ethical design, and global cooperation. By integrating case studies, theoretical frameworks, and regulatory critiques, this paper contributes to the discourse on AI ethics and safety, advocating for a balanced approach to ensure AI remains a force for good.

2025, Trends in Organized Crime

This article looks at the discourses regarding Nigerian confraternities' expansion to Europe. It analyses how networks of individuals working together for solidarity, economic or political objectives became categorized as organised crime... more

2025, Coleção Meira Mattos

Resumo: O artigo reflete, a partir de uma revisão de literatura e análise documental, sobre as categorias coordenação e planejamento enquanto centrais nas relações interagências. Os resultados do estudo indicam ser a cooperação o nível mais básico nesse tipo de relação, dada sua informalidade e estar baseada em relacionamentos pessoais e pouco institucionalizados. Já a coordenação, seria o aprimoramento da cooperação por meio de arranjos elaborados, quando agências considerariam nos planejamentos os objetivos, visões, propósitos e estados finais desejados da outra agência. A segunda categoria foi trabalhada a partir de teóricos e profissionais do ambiente interagências, que ressaltaram a importância das relações se materializarem por meio de um processo de planejamento que produza um plano inteligível e que aumente as possibilidades de sucesso das operações. Concluímos que a relação interagências plena, efetivamente se concretiza quando ocorre através de um planejamento conjunto com participação de todas as agências envolvidas na solução ao problema.

2025, Cogent Social Sciences

The illicit tobacco trade accounts for 10% of the global cigarette market and results in US$31 billion in lost tax revenues annually. Despite legal prosecution of tobacco companies, and the introduction of new policy responses, the trade has reached an all-time high. Previous research documents how transnational tobacco companies have sought to influence government responses to the illicit trade in various countries through multiple means, including influencing of news media framing. This paper extends this analysis to Canada where the illicit trade is particularly problematic in scale and political complexity. Articles in Canadian newspapers, published from 2010-2015, were systematically searched (n = 177) and analysed to identify dominant frames, frame sponsors and policy positions related to the illicit tobacco trade. The results show that the most common frames present the issue in ways favourable to the industry. The most common non-governmental sponsors of these frames frequently have links to the tobacco industry, which are rarely disclosed. Findings indicate the need for Canadian media to be critical in its use of data sources amid industry efforts to shape public policy, and the importance of reframing policy discussions in public health terms based on independent evidence.

2025, Diritto e pratica del lavoro

La protezione dei lavoratori dinanzi alle rior-
ganizzazioni societarie è spesso stata al centro
delle attenzioni del Legislatore europeo. Tuttavia,
la normativa, comunitaria prima ed unionale og-
gi, era ed è stata focalizzata sul rafforzamento
delle tutele offerte dalle legislazioni nazionali in
funzione di una loro maggiore armonizzazione
nel quadro dell’attuazione dei principi volti alla
salvaguardia ed alla promozione del lavoro sia
come fattore essenziale della produzione che, so-
prattutto, come mezzo di crescita socioeconomi-
ca e di espressione della persona umana. In linea
di massima, la prospettiva era di incidere sul-
le operazioni di riorganizzazione societaria senza
specifica attenzione alle problematiche derivanti
dal carattere transnazionale delle operazioni me-
desime.

2025

Kewarganegaraan (SKSK) dilakukan lebih efisien melalui layanan elektronik serta kolaborasi dengan perwakilan RI di luar negeri. Hingga pertengahan 2025, ribuan kasus telah berhasil diselesaikan, memberikan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan bagi WNI di luar negeri. Namun, tantangan di lapangan masih besar. Rendahnya kesadaran pentingnya dokumentasi, arus migrasi ilegal, serta kurangnya sosialisasi menjadi hambatan utama. Banyak WNI yang bekerja di luar negeri tanpa dokumen resmi, sehingga rawan kehilangan hak dasar sebagai warga negara, bahkan rentan terhadap eksploitasi dan pelanggaran hukum di negara tujuan. Direktur Jenderal AHU, Widodo, menegaskan bahwa penyelesaian masalah ini bukan sekadar urusan administrasi, melainkan upaya menyelamatkan hak dasar warga negara dan menjaga martabat bangsa. Pemerintah juga memperkuat sosialisasi dan edukasi dokumentasi kewarganegaraan, terutama bagi calon Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI), agar mereka tidak terjebak dalam situasi tanpa identitas yang jelas. Kasus ini menjadi pengingat bahwa kewarganegaraan bukan sekadar status hukum, melainkan jaminan perlindungan, akses pendidikan, kesehatan, dan pekerjaan. Negara harus hadir, tidak hanya dengan regulasi, tetapi juga edukasi dan pendampingan nyata di lapangan.

2025

ASPI's aim is to promote Australia's security by contributing fresh ideas to strategic decision-making, and by helping to inform public discussion of strategic and defence issues. ASPI was established, and is partially funded, by the Australian Government as an independent, non-partisan policy institute. It is incorporated as a company, and is governed by a Council with broad membership. ASPI's core values are collegiality, originality & innovation, quality & excellence and independence. ASPI's publications-including this paper-are not intended in any way to express or reflect the views of the Australian Government. The opinions and recommendations in this paper are published by ASPI to promote public debate and understanding of strategic and defence issues. They reflect the personal views of the author(s) and should not be seen as representing the formal position of ASPI on any particular issue. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in relation to the subject matter covered. It is provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering any form of professional or other advice or services. No person should rely on the contents of this publication without first obtaining advice from a qualified professional person.

2025, JISEA: Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs

Human trafficking is a cross-border crime and a major
concern in the context of international relations today.
This issue not only constitutes a serious threat to global
security, but also a specific concern for Indonesia.
Human trafficking involves not only criminal aspects, but
also significant violations of human rights and human
security. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's defense
diplomacy in addressing human trafficking cases along
the Indonesia–Malaysia border from the perspective of
international law. Using a normative legal research
method based on secondary data, this study applies the
theoretical framework of non-traditional security and
human trafficking theory. The non-traditional security
approach emphasizes that security threats today extend
beyond military issues and include transnational crimes
such as human trafficking, which threaten human dignity
and individual safety. Meanwhile, human trafficking
theory provides insights into the patterns, causes, and
dynamics of trafficking, emphasizing its nature as a
complex organized crime that spans borders. The
findings reveal that Indonesia’s defense diplomacy plays
a significant role in cross-border cooperation and
prevention strategies, particularly through the GBC
forum, where both countries' Defense Ministers agreed to
empower the police in law enforcement efforts, including
the establishment of the Joint Police Cooperation
Committee (JPCC).

2025

The description and classification of countries and territories in this study and the arrangement of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. Acknowledgements The text of the present publication was drafted by Daphné Bouteillet-Paquet. The author would like to thank Katherine Rogers for her invaluable help in researching academic sources. Special gratitude is extended to Sebastian Baumeister, michael Jandl, marika mcAdam, morgane Nicot and Fabrizio Sarrica for their valuable contributions to the present work. The purpose of this thematic review is to survey existing sources and research papers on smuggling of migrants and to provide a gap analysis of existing knowledge from a global perspective....

2025, Migracijske i etničke teme

The analytical and statistical services of border management organizations in Central and Eastern European countries have registered and accumulated a vast body of knowledge on the demographics and mechanisms of illegal migration over the last one-and-a-half decade. This paper attempts to tap this resource by summarising the results of a yearly survey among border guards of 17 countries. A set of quantitative indicators of illegal migration is developed, presented and interpreted, based on the answers of the border services to a series of quantitative and qualitative questions. This empirical material is used to evaluate the dynamics and pattern of illegal migration in Central and Eastern Europe on the one hand, and to examine the development of border management strategies on the other. The impacts of legal and institutional reforms are investigated in light of the temporal and spatial variations of border apprehension statistics. The interdependence of the two processes is reviewed from the point of view of national border management authorities, perhaps the most authoritative source of information on the issue. The results of the authors' annual survey indicate that the progressive development of migration control mechanisms at national and international levels seems to have a significant impact on irregular migration flows as most indicators of illegal migration have significantly decreased after the turn of the century. At the same time, the geographical distribution of illegal migration flows in Central and Eastern European countries has become more complex over the years.

2025, ENACT

Land guards have become central players in Ghana's pervasive land disputes over the past 30 years. These unregulated security providers use indiscriminate violence to protect and enforce property claims by legitimate and illegitimate land owners for a fee. They also act on their own to extort land owners and developers. This paper analyses the profile, organisational structure and modes of resilience of land guards, despite their activities being outlawed since 2019, and offers options to address the problem. Recommendations • The Vigilantism and Related Offences Act should be augmented to offer demobilised land guard members psychosocial, educational and employment support. • Law enforcement agencies must implement the act by establishing land-related crime police units. • Stronger customary-statutory system partnerships could help clarify ownership and registration processes. • The judiciary should encourage state partnerships with traditional authorities to reduce court delays, and leverage the Land Commission's progress on record keeping. • Leverage Ghana's National Peace Council to resolve land conflicts.

2025

Book Review of Jeet Thayil's Narcopolis

2025, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics

The existence of ''tipping points'' in human-environmental systems at multiple scales-such as abrupt negative changes in coral reef ecosystems, ''runaway'' climate change, and interacting nonlinear ''planetary boundaries''-is often viewed as a substantial challenge for governance due to their inherent uncertainty, potential for rapid and large system change, and possible cascading effects on human well-being. Despite an increased scholarly and policy interest in the dynamics of these perceived ''tipping points,'' institutional and governance scholars have yet to make progress on how to analyze in which ways state and non-state actors attempt to anticipate, respond, and prevent the transgression of ''tipping points'' at large scales. In this article, we use three cases of global network responses to what we denote as global change-induced ''tipping points''-ocean acidification, fisheries collapse, and infectious disease outbreaks. Based on the commonalities in several research streams, we develop four working propositions: information processing and early warning, multilevel and multinetwork responses, diversity in response capacity, and the balance between efficiency and legitimacy. We conclude by proposing a simple framework for the analysis of the interplay between perceived global change-induced ''tipping points,'' global networks, and international institutions.

2025

This study analyzes the operation and legal environment of fusion centers, which serve as key platforms for national security information sharing and coordination. It examines their institutional structure, protective mechanisms, and the challenges posed by data security and oversight. Drawing on international examples, particularly from the United States and the European Union, the paper highlights the strategic value of integrated intelligence, the importance of inter-agency cooperation, and the need for legal safeguards to ensure proportionality and accountability. The research emphasizes that a balanced fusion center model must harmonize effectiveness with constitutional guarantees.

2025

Between 1880 and 1900, almost a million Italians arrived at the port of New York to enter the United States of America. The increased number of Italian immigrants led to the rise of organised crime. In order to stop the evolution of social insecurity, the New York Police Department sought to modify its anti-crime strategy with the establishment of the Italian Squad in 1904. A few years later, the federal and state authorities approved a series of laws against gambling, compulsory prostitution, carrying a concealed weapon, interstate transportation of liquor and drug trafficking. The purpose of this paper is to examine the improvements that were promoted during the Progressive Era with regard to local and federal enforcement and criminal law in New York City against the rise of Italian-American organised crime.

2025, THE DYNAMICS OF CHILD LABOR IN SINDH: LINKING INCENTIVE-BASED SCHOOLING, FINANCE-GENERATING REFORMS, AND EDUCATED HOUSEHOLD ENDORSEMENT OF CHILD LABOR

This research aimed to understand how incentive-based schooling, finance generating reforms and households with educated members endorsed child labor. However, notwithstanding the efforts of the government to fight child labor including offering financial incentives to schooling, many households continued to use children for work, primarily because of economic reasons rather than conviction about education. In particular, the research examined how family incentives, including laptops, stipends, and food, offered under incentive schools were used as a means to get children to go to school not for schooling, but rather for the benefits they offer. The study also looked at the role of finance generation reforms for families that enabled them economically and made them independent of child income. One of the main focus areas of the study consisted of the moderating effect of educated household having an endorsement on child labor as educated families, though apprised of the labor, justified or practiced child labor in order to normativism the practice. The method of research that was applied in this study is quantitative research, a survey type of method was used to collect the data from 400 households across Sindh. SEM was applied to analyze the data using Smart PLS. The findings helped in generating a better understanding of how complex are the dynamics of education, economic reforms and social norms in the struggle with child labor.

2025

Subjek Hukum Internasional Sungai Saat ini, tak ada sungai yang diakui sebagai subjek hukum internasional. Hukum internasional fokus pada hubungan antar negara. Perjanjian internasional mengatur penggunaan sungai lintas batas, namun... more

2025, Sungai sebagai subjek hukum

2025

2025, Kebijakan Mexico dan America Dalam Menangani Konflik Kartel Narkotika

2025, Kerjasama mexico dengan america untuk memberantas narkotina

2025, Urvio

en este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre las representaciones y disputas en torno al fenómeno del narcotráfico en zonas segregadas de Argentina. La perspectiva teórica elegida privilegia el análisis de los sentidos sociales de las violencias en zonas segregadas. Objetivo: se describen y analizan las representaciones y sentidos que las mujeres que gestionan
espacios comunitarios en contextos de pobreza (comedores comunitarios y espacios de cuidados) despliegan sobre el problema del narcotráfico. Estas mujeres además Metodología: la metodología empleada se basa en un enfoque etnográfico, con
un trabajo de campo que se ha llevado a cabo desde el año 2020 hasta la actualidad. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad
y observaciones. Conclusiones: El fenómeno del narcotráfico refuerza la estigmatización de los barrios segregados de Argentina, donde el consumo de drogas se percibe como un desafío creciente. En este contexto, las drogas no solo sobrecargan los
comedores y espacios comunitarios, sino que aumentan las responsabilidades de cuidado, especialmente para las mujeres.
Así, la problemática del narcotráfico pone de manifiesto las tensiones sociales y la necesidad de replantear las políticas de
intervención y los modelos de cuidado comunitario.

2025, Justiça Para Quem? Uma Análise dos Modelos Sueco e Alemão de Regulação do Trabalho Sexual a Partir da Teoria Tridimensional de Justiça

Como diferentes sistemas jurídicos tratam o trabalho sexual e como isso impacta a vida das mulheres envolvidas? Esta obra oferece uma análise inovadora e profunda dos modelos sueco e alemão de regulação do trabalho sexual, utilizando como base teórica a Teoria Tridimensional da Justiça de Nancy Fraser. A partir de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, o livro explora as implicações práticas das legislações desses países e os contextos sociais e políticos que moldaram suas implementações. Com base em dados oficiais dos governos, relatos de movimentos feministas e de organizações de trabalhadoras sexuais, a autora investiga como essas políticas afetam as mulheres que exercem a atividade e analisa as percepções conflitantes entre os stakeholders.

2025, CEL

Evidence from a criminal enquiry into the Black Hand (Cosa Nostra Terror Group). An investigator describes his experiences, between 2018 and 2024, with various organisations during a Transport for London (TfL)/London Underground Limited... more

2025, Homeland Security Today

Ukraine's recent mass drone attack on Russian airbases paints a grim future of drone threats to the American homeland. The United States estimates 20 Russian aircraft were damaged, 10 of which were destroyed, amounting to roughly 34% of Russia's strategic bomber fleet. But the growing and evolving nature of drone warfare is not confined to states; terrorists and organized criminal organizations are employing the technology too. Although a non-state actor launching such a complex and sophisticated attack as Operation Spiderweb would be quite difficult, non-state actors can increasingly launch drones in mass, across multiple domains, incorporating artificial intelligence and autonomy. American law enforcement and homeland security officials need to prepare.

2025

Aportes técnicos: Heloísa Greco, asesora sénior en la prevención y respuesta a la trata de personas y tráfico ilícito de migrantes con enfoque de género para las Américas y el Caribe de ONU Mujeres. Revisión técnica: Priscilla Solano,... more

2025, Mutia Ardelia Rokhima

Selain menghasilkan manfaat, kemajuan teknologi informasi juga membawa masalah baru, seperti kejahatan digital yang semakin kompleks. Ironisnya, kejahatan digital sekarang terjadi di wilayah terpencil dan luar kota Indonesia. Sayangnya, penegakan hukum di daerah tersebut sangat lemah. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan mengapa penegakan hukum terhadap kejahatan digital di daerah terpencil tidak berjalan dengan baik dan bagaimana hal itu berdampak pada perlindungan hak warga negara. Hambatan utama, menurut metodologi penelitian literatur kualitatif, termasuk kurangnya literasi digital masyarakat, keterbatasan infrastruktur, dan ketidakmampuan aparat penegak hukum. Agar hukum digital diterapkan secara merata di seluruh Indonesia, artikel ini menekankan bahwa strategi nasional yang komprehensif diperlukan.

2025

MCCR/1132/2015, the Republic (of Kenya) vs Abdulrahman Mahmoud Sheikh and eight others -a case study Part 2 of Inside the Wildlife Crime Courtrooms of Kenya ABOUT THE AUTHOR Chris Morris is the lead of Canadian registered NGO, 'Saving Endangered Species through Education and Justice (SEEJ-AFRICA). He comes from a law enforcement background that includes international experience as a war crimes investigator in Sierra Leone and a EUPOL adviser/mentor in Afghanistan. He has been based in Kenya for 10 years, following hundreds of ivory related prosecutions in the Kenyan courts, with a particular focus on how they are affected by corruption.

2025

É cada vez mais urgente um pensamento crítico referente às dinâmicas e políticas ocorridas no sistema internacional. Nesse contexto, insere-se o olhar de David Chandler no tocante ao state-building. Para Chandler, este refere-se à “construção ou reconstrução de instituições de governança capazes de assegurar aos cidadãos segurança física e econômica” (p. 1), constituindo uma das questões políticas mais relevantes enfrentadas pela comunidade internacional atualmente. Questão presente, para o autor, não somente na lógica pós-bélica, mas também em qualquer relacionamento de Estados Ocidentais com Estados não-Ocidentais. Dessa forma, desnudar a violência subliminar a essa prática é indispensável e aqui se centra a obra analisada. A construção argumentativa da obra divide-se em duas partes. A primeira delas foca nas dinâmicas de formulação de políticas Ocidentais. Aqui, além de mapeadas as diferenças e continuidades no tocante ao state-building em relação às políticas intervencionistas d...

2025

El presente artículo discute las posibilidades de estudio de redes criminales, así como de las relaciones que se establecen entre los actores que las conforman y las estrategias y prácticas que caracterizan su accionar; en particular, a través del caso del ex Gobernador Regional de Áncash, César Álvarez, quien ha sido condenado y continúa siendo procesado por delitos contra la administración pública. Por un lado, se resalta la necesidad de estudios específicos del problema de la corrupción política y relación con el crimen organizado que sirvan de base para el diseño de políticas eficaces en la materia. El análisis del caso Álvarez, tal como ha sido aproximado desde las ciencias sociales, muestra i) la necesidad de estudios sobre la trayectoria de líderes políticos, como variante de la teoría de la asociación diferencial de Sutherland, que muestre discursos, prácticas, y establecimiento de redes como dinámica transversal a la criminalidad "de cuello blanco" en el Perú, así como ii) la importancia de discutir la punibilidad de redes o asociaciones delictivas de carácter coyuntural, oportunista, flexible o variable, en las que pueden confluir diversos grupos (sindicatos, movimientos políticos, grupos profesionales) a través de intermediarios y que podrían encontrarse a la base de la corrupción política de los últimos años en el Perú.

2025

A principios de febrero de 2025, se anunció un acuerdo entre Canadá, Estados Unidos y México que suspendió “por un mes” el aumento de los aranceles anunciado por el presidente Trump. Los tres gobiernos ganaron y perdieron en la negociación. Un arreglo que puede durar un tiempo por ahora indeterminado y con resultados inciertos para todas las partes involucradas. Ante ello ¿qué medidas puede tomar el gobierno mexicano? En este escrito se ofrecen algunas reflexiones.

2025, Journal of Forensic Sciences and Criminal Investigations

This paper explores the emergence, organization, and socio-political context of the Panga Boys gang in Mombasa, Kenya, and its far-reaching impact on urban security, youth development, and community stability. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in key gang-affected subcounties, the study investigates the structural drivers such as poverty, unemployment, political marginalization, and weak governance that contribute to gang formation and proliferation. The Panga Boys gang is characterized by decentralized cells that engage in violent crime, drug trafficking, and extortion, with recruitment strategies targeting economically and socially vulnerable youth. The paper critically evaluates state and community responses, highlighting the ineffectiveness of punitive policing and the potential of community-led initiatives. It also discusses the challenges and possibilities for rehabilitating and reintegrating former gang members. Ultimately, the study underscores the need for multisectoral, rights-based, and context-specific strategies to address gang violence and promote youth empowerment in Kenya's urban peripheries.

2025

In 2020, the Drug Policy Program (PPD) developed a database on the criminal presence in Mexico and identified 150 criminal groups in the country.
In 2023, El Universal published an interactive map based on an analysis of more than 50 intelligence reports prepared by the Ministry of National Defense (Sedena) that are part of the archive hacked by the Guacamaya organization.
And in 2025, I reviewed the data from the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) 2024 National Drug Threat Assessment (NDTA).
In this new analysis, I reviewed the three sources described.
The exercise made it possible to identify, among other things, which criminal organizations have operated at least from 2020 to 2024 and, based on this, establish certain interpretations.

2025, Revista Peruana de Antropología

La narcoactividad como problema de seguridad nacional e internacional ya llevó a países sociopolíticas, socioeconómicas y tecnológicas. Dicho de otro modo, estas dos obras de drogas; una guerra que supone arremeter contra el modus... more

2025, TPPU CRYPTOCURRENCY

Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi digital telah mendorong transformasi dalam sistem keuangan global, termasuk kemunculan cryptocurrency sebagai aset digital yang memanfaatkan sistem blockchain. Di Indonesia, meskipun diakui sebagai komoditas digital, cryptocurrency menimbulkan tantangan serius dalam konteks Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang (TPPU). Karakteristiknya yang bersifat desentralistik, pseudonim, dan lintas negara menjadikannya sarana yang efektif untuk menyamarkan asal-usul dana ilegal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana cryptocurrency digunakan dalam praktik pencucian uang di Indonesia, mengevaluasi kekuatan dan kelemahan regulasi yang ada, serta merumuskan strategi penegakan hukum yang adaptif terhadap kemajuan teknologi. Dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan studi kepustakaan, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa terdapat kelemahan koordinasi antar-lembaga dan keterbatasan dalam sistem regulasi serta infrastruktur teknis hukum. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sinergi nasional dan kerja sama internasional untuk membangun sistem penanggulangan TPPU berbasis aset digital yang efektif.
Kata Kunci: Cryptocurrency, TPPU, Blockchain, Regulasi, Penegakan Hukum

2025

A globalizacao do final do seculo XX caracterizou-se essencialmente por maior circulacao de bens e pessoas. Consequentemente, no inicio do seculo XXI uma serie de problemas de ordem internacional ganharam espaco na agenda politica e academica. Em um mundo “desorganizado” pos-Guerra Fria, diversos analistas escreveram sobre a virada do milenio e os problemas do novo seculo. Neste contexto e a partir de uma das regioes mais problematicas da America do Sul (a Triplice Fronteira), este texto objetiva analisar tres visoes sobre os problemas do novo seculo – Coleman, Naim e Robinson – publicadas no Brasil entre 2001 e 2006. Trata-se de analises distintas, mas que permitem dialogar com temas gerais e cruciais para a compreensao da Triplice Fronteira, acusada de favorecer o nexo crime organizado-terrorismo internacional.

2025

Este texto trata das principais acoes realizadas pelo governo boliviano em relacao a questao da folha de coca, no campo da politica externa, entre os anos de 2006 e 2014. O objetivo foi verificar que tipo de mudanca ocorreu na orientacao das diretrizes de politica exterior do pais acerca deste tema. Argumenta-se que ocorreu uma reforma gradual na politica externa, baseada em alteracoes de metas e programas, ocorrida de maneira incremental, sem uma reestruturacao profunda ou rapida na orientacao do assunto em questao. Utilizam-se como variaveis de analise: a parceria com a United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, b) as relacoes com os EUA; c) a demanda pela alteracao da Convencao Unica de Entorpecentes de 1961, alem dos planejamentos governamentais para a questao da folha de coca, apresentados em 2007 e em 2011. As abordagens de Lasagna (1995) e Hermann (1990) servem de base conceitual para a analise. Concluiu-se que houve continuidade em um primeiro momento, seguida de mudancas inc...

2025

Drug abuse is a serious issue that has widespread impacts on public health, social stability, and national security. This study aims to analyze the sociological factors influencing drug abuse as well as the prevention efforts and law enforcement measures that have been implemented in Indonesia. The research method used is normative, employing a document study approach that analyzes secondary data such as legislation, court decisions, legal theories, and expert opinions. The results show that economic factors, environmental influences, peer associations, and weak law enforcement are the main contributors to drug abuse. This study recommends a more humanistic approach. The government and law enforcement agencies should strengthen community empowerment programs instead of solely relying on raids and crackdowns.

2025, East Asia Forum

Vast crime networks persist along the Thai-Myanmar border, centred in KK Park and Shwe Kokko. Despite Thai-Chinese crackdowns earlier in 2025, underlying corruption and complicity in both states remain entrenched. Performative government intervention masks deeper ties between crime syndicates and officials, ensuring that 'Dark Zomia'-a lawless frontier of graft and vice-endures.

2025, Revista Interfolio - X Interescuela de Filosofía de Derecho (UBA)

Esta exposicón problematiza la manera en la lengua produce significado y designa, a través del lenguaje, una práctica humana como es la prostitución y/o el trabajo sexual. La designación de la práctica implica un posicionamiento ideológico.
Leemos en Pereyra 1 " el modo de nombrar la práctica parece implicar la asunción de una postura a favor o en contra de la comercialización del cuerpo". Este trabajo piensa la representación de una realidad social a través del uso del lenguaje.
Lejos de reducir el eje de la discusión, buscamos abordar la complejidad del trabajo sexual y los discursos que lo rodean: la voz de quienes lo ejercen, las voces de sus detractores, el discurso jurídico, el discurso moral y, el discurso académico.

2025

The owner of a firearm is a natural or legal person who has been issued an appropriate document on firearms, which means that firearms and ammunition must be handled with special care, and this primarily refers to safekeeping and proper and professional use. Firearms and ammunition must be stored so that they are not accessible to persons who are not authorized to possess them (especially children), locked and separated in a metal cabinet, safe or similar storage.

2025

In this document, I provide my personal account of organized crime activity in the state of Puebla, Mexico, from 2005 to 2024, with the understanding that I completed the final review in 2025 and that there are still many stories to add.
The sources I draw on to write these notes are varied: sometimes from the print media; other times, the information was provided to me by a member of the intelligence community; sometimes, by a Marine or soldier; and on more than one occasion, by a prostitute.
The essential purpose of this document is to record, on various websites in the United States and Europe, what has happened in this location over the last quarter-century.
The idea is that when someone, anywhere in the world, is interested in taking a look at Mexico and seeing how organized crime operates, they will have some insight into what's happening in Puebla, a federal entity very close to Mexico City and, its residents say, one of the most important in the country.

2025, Journal of Sustainable Development and Policy

This systematic review examines the evolving intersection of cybercrime and contractual liability, with a focus on legal precedents, evidentiary challenges, risk allocation mechanisms, and regulatory influences in the digital era. As cyberattacks increasingly disrupt contractual relationships across sectors, the need to understand how courts interpret such incidents within the framework of private law has become more urgent. Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 methodology, this study systematically reviewed and synthesized findings from 84 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2024. The review explores how judicial systems in common law and civil law jurisdictions assess liability in cyber-induced contractual breaches, interpret clauses related to data protection, and resolve disputes involving complex digital supply chains. It identifies key legal trends, including the growing enforceability of cybersecurity clauses, the nuanced treatment of force majeure and indemnity provisions, and the increasing reliance on digital forensic evidence and expert testimony in litigation. The review also highlights the role of regulatory frameworks such as the GDPR, CCPA, and HIPAA in shaping the content and enforcement of cybercontractual obligations. Further, the findings underscore critical challenges related to attribution, privity, and jurisdiction in multi-party and cross-border environments. Overall, this study contributes a comprehensive, legally grounded analysis of how contractual liability is being redefined in response to the complexities of cyber risk, offering insights for legal practitioners, policymakers, and organizations navigating digital contracts in an era of rising cyber threats.

2025, Revista de Segurança, Desenvolvimento e Defesa

O presente trabalho objetiva descrever as principais características das Organizações Criminosas Transnacionais (OCTs) de origem colombiana atuantes na última década. À luz do conceito de organização criminosa desenvolvido por Klaus von Lampe (2016) e Yuliya Zabyelina (2023), foram pesquisadas diversas fontes de dados de domínio público, assim como artigos jornalísticos locais até o ano de 2024. Ao todo, foram investigadas a fundo seis organizações: Los Pachenca; Segunda Marquetalia; Los Puntilleros; Frente Primero; Clan del Golfo e, finalmente, o Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN). Destaca-se que, tendo em vista a dissolução das FARC-EP, em 2016, só foram estudadas suas dissidências. O trabalho demonstra que o crime organizado transnacional colombiano tem estrutura, atividade e governança únicos em comparação a outras organizações criminosas atuantes globalmente. Ainda, elas trazem efeitos na economia e segurança humana na Colômbia e países vizinhos. Também é notório o impacto negativo destes agentes na manutenção da democracia do país, tendo em vista que é comum o homicídio e desaparecimento forçado de militantes dos direitos humanos, assim como agentes de Segurança Pública e lideranças políticas. Ademais em termos