Transportation Engineering Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Longitudinal joint quality control/assurance is essential to the successful performance of asphalt pavements and it has received considerable amount of attention in recent years. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the level of compaction at the longitudinal joint and determine the effect of segregation on the longitudinal joint performance.
Five paving projects with the use of traditional butt joint, infrared joint heater, edge restraint by milling and modified butt joint with the hot pinch longitudinal joint construction techniques were selected in this study. For each project, field density and permeability tests were made and cores from the pavement were obtained for in-lab permeability, air void and indirect tensile strength. Asphalt content and gradations were also obtained to determine the joint segregation. In general, this study finds that the minimum required joint density should be around 90.0% of the theoretical maximum density based on the AASHTO T166 method. The restrained-edge by milling and butt joint with the infrared heat treatment construction methods both create the joint density higher than this 90.0% limit. Traditional butt joint exhibits lower density and higher permeability than the criterion. In addition, all of the projects appear to have segregation at the longitudinal joint except for the edge-restraint by milling method.

For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version). The work was carried out with the financial support and within the framework of the international educational project of the European Union TEMPUS EcoBRU «Environmental education for Belarus, Russia and the Ukraine» (543707-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-DE-TEMPUS-JPHES). ABSTRACT In the last decade, the scientific researches focused on improvement of environmental friendliness and based on the principles of sustainable development, has been developed in transport sector, and this is «green» logistics. The article presents an overview of the research in this area using as an example foreign and Russian projects. It is shown that the existing approaches, methods and instruments of «green» logistics are scattered, their use leads to making contradictory decisions that do not contribute to a systematic reduction of the harmful impact of transport on the environment. The authors proposed their approach to systematization of principles and methods of «green» logistics, which will allow creating more balanced programs to improve the environmental friendliness and efficiency of transport systems.

- by Nikita Osintsev and +1
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Sustainable Development, Environmental Management, Green Logistics
- by Donald Brown
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Safety Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Abstract: An iterative linear stochastic pavement management model is proposed that deploys a nonhomogenous discrete-time Markov chain for predicting the future pavement conditions for a given pavement network. A nonhomogenous transition matrix is constructed to incorporate both the pavement deterioration rates and improvement rates. The pavement deterioration rates are simply the transition probabilities associated with the deployed pavement states. The improvement rates are mainly the maintenance and rehabilitation variables representing the deployed maintenance and rehabilitation actions. A decision policy is formulated to identify the optimal set of maintenance and rehabilitation actions and their respective timings, and to provide the optimal level of maintenance and rehabilitation funding over an analysis period. The nonhomogenous Markov chain allows for a distinct maintenance and rehabilitation plan ͑matrix͒ for each time interval ͑transition͒. However, the total number of ma...

- by Khaled Abaza
- •
- Management, Engineering, Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering

This study aims to identify the significant attributes that influence the utilization of the park-and-ride scheme in three fringe areas of the Kuala Lumpur conurbation, namely, Shah Alam, Rawang and Seremban. In understanding the characteristics of the park-and-ride users, three main areas of concern of the study are the socioeconomic characteristics, trip characteristics and the parking-related characteristics of the users at the stations. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is applied in order to delineate the catchment area of the respective stations. Information was retrieved by means of personally-administered questionnaire at the park-and-ride site via random sampling and car park utilization survey to determine the hours of parking. By applying standard multiple linear regression, the attributes that were found to significantly influence the duration of the utilization of the facility are total travel time by rail (via the park-and-ride), income, trip purpose, egress mode and types of rail ticket used.

In the context of a developing country, not many studies have attempted to examine the attitudinal factors that influence the car ownership decisions of young adults. The present study aims to identify the pertinent psychological factors and their effects, along with demographic variables, upon car ownership decisions. The study used 813 individuals' responses to employ a principal component analysis and subsequent binary logit model to determine the future car ownership decisions. The major findings show that the individuals who are status seekers, image-conscious, passionate for cars, obsessed with cars, and influenced by peers/external factors are more likely to buy a car in the near future. However, those who are conscious about paying high taxes, environmental sustainability and traffic problems are less likely to buy a car in the near future. The results of this study can help transport planners and policymakers to develop and implement transport policies that could potentially discourage the use and ownership of cars in order to develop sustainable mobility patterns in the future.

- by Sanu Meena
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Travel Behaviour, Transportation Planning
- by Ali Abolmaali
- •
- Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Geology, Statistical Analysis

It is worldwide accepted that the transportation sector is crucial for steady and continuous growth and modernization. Adequacy of this transport infrastructure is a very crucial determinant of the success of a nation's effort in diversifying its overall growth which includes several factors such as production, trade expansion and linking resources along with the markets into a composed economy. It is also required to connect small villages with towns, cities, market complexes alongside bringing together remote and developing regions closer to each other. The provision of underbuilding transport facilities and services also helps to diminish the difference between lifestyles of various societies thereby helps in reducing poverty. It is universally accepted that various measures aimed at reducing poverty cannot be successful without proper transport infrastructure and services. It is difficult to visualize meeting the targets of universal education and healthcare for all without first providing adequate transport facilities. So, in general our paper is focussed on the detailed role of the Privatisation of road development.

One of the main tasks in structural health monitoring process is to create reliable algorithms that are capable of translating the measured response into meaningful information reflecting the actual condition of the monitored structure. The authors have recently introduced a novel unsupervised vibration-based damage detection algorithm that utilizes self-organizing maps to quantify structural damage and assess the overall condition of structures. Previously, this algorithm had been tested using the experimental data of Phase II Experimental Benchmark Problem of Structural Health Monitoring, introduced by the IASC (International Association for Structural Control) and ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers). In this paper, the ability of this algorithm to quantify structural damage is tested analytically using an experimentally validated finite element model of a laboratory structure constructed at Qatar University.

There has been an increasing role played by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications in recent decades. In particular, cen-timeter/decimetre positioning accuracy is required for some safety related applications, such as lane control, collision avoidance, and intelligent speed assistance. Lane-level Anomalous driving detection underpins these safety-related ITS applications. The two major issues associated with such detection are (1) accessing high accuracy vehicle positioning and dynamic parameters; and (2) extraction of irregular driving patterns from such information. This paper introduces a new integrated framework for detecting lane-level anomalous driving, by combining Global Positioning Systems (GPS), BeiDou, and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with advanced algorithms. Specifically, we use Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) to perform data fusion with different positioning sources. The detection of different types of Anomalous driving is achieved based on the application of a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) with a newly introduced velocity-based indicator. The framework proposed in this paper yield significantly improved accuracy in terms of positioning and Anomalous driving detection compared to state-of-the-art, while offering an economically viable solution for performing these tasks.

- by Ke Han and +1
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Transportation Studies, GPS Applications, Intelligent Transportation Systems

The Irish government is determined to provide a better and efficient transport service for everyone, no matter where they live. It is recognised that the impacts of transportation and its travel behaviour on the environment is crucial. One way to try and control road traffic growth in Dublin is through the introduction of a new light rail system called LUAS. Predicting the impacts of this system on travel behaviour is complicated, in particular given the lack of experience of this type of mode in Ireland. It is important to emphasize that the people's modal choices of whether to use or not to use any of these modes of transportation (bus, car, bike, train and LUAS), is an important factor in determining and predicting travel behaviour. In this research, a method borrowed from social psychology called Theory of Planned Behaviour is used to examine the people's modal choices, travel decisions, changes in travel behaviour and also, predicting their travel behaviour. Article vis...

- by Dr Hazael Brown
- •
- Business, Transportation Engineering, Travel Behaviour, Ireland
- by A. Papagiannakis
- •
- Engineering, Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Design

Paper accepted for publication, January 1997 as:
Gold, J.R. (1998) 'The death of the boulevard', in N. Fyfe, ed. Images of the Street: representation, experience and control in public space, London, Routledge, 44-57.

- by John R. Gold
- •
- Transportation Engineering, History, Human Geography, Architecture
- by Subrat Swain
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Control Systems, Signals and Systems

The development of public housing has major traffic impacts on road networks, particularly in already congested cities. Hong Kong, being one of the most congested cities in the world, has a significant amount of public housing in town. Severe traffic congestion occurs in the adjacent road network if the forecast of traffic generation is not accurate. This technical note develops a multilinear regression model to forecast traffic generation for large-scale, high-density, multistory public residential housing estates in Hong Kong. Manual traffic counts were conducted at 36 housing development sites throughout Hong Kong. Regression analysis was undertaken for model evaluation. Many variables, such as the number of apartments, population, gross floor area, parking spaces, and accessibility, were included in the analysis, and the resulting model is both qualitatively and quantitatively reasonable.

- by Cm Yam
- •
- Business, Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Accessibility

Proposition. La communication propose d'examiner l'hypothese de l'urbanisme fictionnel a partir d'un element particulier : le reseau de transport et tout particulierement le tramway et notamment celui de la ville de Tours en France inaugure en 2013. Nous faisons l'hypothese d'un passage rapide de l'objet technique et pratique a une production narrative qui passe notamment par le design. Ce dernier fait assurement partie du processus " d'esthetisation du monde" que Walter Benjamin avait pressenti (Palmier, 2007), participerait a cette fictionnalisation du monde qui touche tous les elements du systeme urbain et notamment les reseaux.

- by Luc Gwiazdzinski
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Urbain design, Urbanisme, Tramways

One of the most important problems occurring while designing public transport vehicles consists in providing an effective control of the door opening systems. The methods of carrying out the investigations presented in the paper include structural and kinematic analysis of the door opening mechanisms and simulation of their operation in applied software. The paper analyses the design and operational peculiarities of the turning-and-shunting mechanism of door opening of electric public transport. The corresponding design of the mechanism is proposed. It is suggested to be driven by pneumatic drive. The simplified diagram of the mechanism is constructed. Structural and kinematic analysis of the mechanism is performed, and the analytical dependencies for describing the motion of its links during the door opening/closing are derived. The main kinematic parameters of the studied mechanism are investigated on the basis of the derived analytical dependencies in MathCAD software, as well as by means of simulating the motion of the solid-state model of the mechanism designed in SolidWorks software. The conclusions about the agreement of the results of theoretical investigations performed on the basis of numerical solving the obtained motion equations and of the virtual experiment (motion simulation in SolidWorks software) are drawn. The analysis of energy efficiency of the investigated turning-and-shunting door opening mechanism of electric public transport is carried out. Prescribing the resistance force acting on the door leaf and calculating the corresponding door motion speed during its closing, the dependency of the nominal power supply of the mechanism drive as a function of corresponding generalized coordinates was deduced. Analyzing the obtained results, the authors have established that the necessary nominal power of the turning-and-shunting mechanism drive is almost twice larger than the necessary nominal power of the widely used leaning-and-shunting mechanism. Further investigations on the subject of the paper can be performed in the direction of developing different control systems providing safe and reliable operation of the considered door opening mechanism driven be electric and pneumatic actuators.

- by Vitaliy Korendiy and +1
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Transportation Studies, Public Transport, Vehicle Dynamics

The use of traffic signals is the common practice in every cities having heavy traffic volume that is on clogged intersection. The signal phases are different at various intersections. The cycle time also differs as per traffic density at each intersection. Out somewhere it happens that there is green signal & no vehicle on the route and despite that somewhere there is long queue although there is red signal. The proposed system first targets scattering any queue that was developed during red span and reduction in travel time. This study leads to the change in phases and redesign of present signal system, which not only gives a reduction in the queue length but also reduces travel time and decrease in fuel consumption. This change will positively results in improving traffic efficiency.

We carried out an international online survey about changes in everyday mobility during the COVID-19 outbreak in 21 languages, collecting more than 11,000 responses from more than 100 countries. In this paper, we present our analysis about commuting travels of the responses between 23 March and 12 May 2020 from the fourteen countries with 100 or more responses, namely Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Thailand, and the UK. Home office is used typically by between 40% and 60% of working respondents. Among people with workplaces with possibility for home office, the percentage is between 60% and 80%. Among people with workplaces where presence is essential, the percentage does not typically go beyond 30%. This result potentially implies an ultimate magnitude of a strong home office measure. Among those who continued to commute but switched commuting transport modes from public transport to others, the COVID-19 infection risk in public transport is the reason that is most often referred to, but many of those who changed to private cars and to bicycles report reduced travel time, too. Measures to encourage the use of active travel modes where possible are strongly recommended, as this would potentially mitigate undesirable modal shift towards private motorized modes triggered by perception of infection risks while travelling with public transport.

- by Tadej Brezina and +2
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Sustainable Transportation, Transportation, Mobility

Adaptive traffic control systems (ATCS) continuously adapt to changing traffic in order to improve traffic performance at signalized intersections. Typical before-after studies evaluate the success of ATCS deployments by assessing only the postimplementation traffic performance. Fully assessing the feasibility of ATCS implementation, however, requires evaluating the changes in long-term ATCS performance with changing traffic demands. This paper illustrates the assessment of long-term ATCS performance of two study corridors. The study uses volume=capacity (v=c) ratio to evaluate the effects of changing corridor flow on corridor-wide delay benefits. The results show that the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS) improves corridor flow and decreases corridor-wide delays up to a point of ineffectiveness, beyond which the ATCS performance begins to decrease. The ineffectiveness point helps in deriving a reasonable estimate for the magnitude and duration of potential ATCS deployment benefits.

- by Steven Jones and +2
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Traffic Engineering

Purpose of this paper is to improve parameters of metal structures elements of hoisting-and-transport machines (HTMs) by means of systematic approach to study changes of their stress-strain state during design or usage stage. Subject of the study is pattern of changes in distribution and values of stresses in elements of metal structures of HTMs depending on the structural and parametric characteristics. Design methodology of metal structures of HTMs on the basis of a portal crane is proposed, it is based on strength calculations using methods of allowable stresses and FEM, 3D computer simulation, system analysis of the stress-strain state and structural-parametric synthesis. Results of modeling of loading state and calculations of the portal crane metal structures on strength by FEM in CAD/CAE system, analysis of their stress-strain state, structural-parametric synthesis are presented. Recommendations on practical application of the results are given. Possible ways of further development of proposed solutions are identified.

The health system should be endowed with adequate
accessibility levels to each functional population cohort it
envisages to serve. In the case we are before higher levels
of elder population, those health necessities increase.
The location of health facilities should have in mind the
demographic structure of each territory. Accordingly, the
increase of elder people turns more needed public health
policies addressed to mitigate social exclusion processes
that can occur. Health public policies and planning practices
should promote accessibility to primary health care
facilities. In such a context, the location of those facilities
and its accessibility have a particular importance. In this
article, we envisage to evaluate the contribution of the
location models to identify the more adequate locations
of the health facilities and to check how the accessibility
levels vary according to the results obtained from those
models.

- by Paula Remoaldo and +2
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Accessibility, Health Care, Health Planning

Network user equilibrium or user optimum is an ideal state that can hardly be achieved in real traffic. More often than not, every day traffic tends to be in disequilibrium rather than equilibrium, thanks to uncertainties in demand and supply of the network. In this paper we propose a hybrid route choice model for studying non-equilibrium traffic. It combines pre-trip route choice and en-route route choice to solve dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) in large-scale networks. Travelers are divided into two groups, habitual travelers and adaptive travelers. Habitual travelers strictly follow their pre-trip routes which can be generated in the way that major links, such as freeways or major arterial streets, are favored over minor links, while taking into account historical traffic information. Adaptive travelers are responsive to real-time information and willing to explore new routes from time to time. We apply the hybrid route choice model in a synthetic medium-scale network and a large-scale real network to assess its effect on the flow patterns and network performances, and compare them with those obtained from Predictive User Equilibrium (PUE) DTA. The results show that PUE-DTA usually produces considerably less congestion and less frequent queue spillback than the hybrid route choice model. The ratio between habitual and adaptive travelers is crucial in determining realistic flow and queuing patterns. Consistent with previous studies, we found that, in non-PUE DTA, supplying a medium sized group (usually less than 50%) of travelers real-time information is more beneficial to network performance than supplying the majority of travelers with real-time information. Finally, some suggestions are given on how to calibrate the hybrid route choice model in practice to produce realistic results.

- by Sean Qian
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Dynamic Traffic Assignment

The demand for energy is increasing tremendously with each passing day. The depletion of the energy resources has necessitated the usage of renewable sources to meet the energy crisis the entire world is facing. The most important of all the renewable sources is wind which can be used as an efficient means for generating electricity by using wind turbines. These turbines are employed for the transformation of mechanical energy to electrical energy, thus making the use of a renewable source rather than relying on conventional sources of energy. The current work discusses the fabrication, erection and installation of a wind turbine on a highway which generates power using the vehicular movement. In this study, traffic survey was conducted at different locations to select the best location to set up the turbine giving due consideration to wind speed, vehicular movement and traffic volume. The fabricated wind turbine was installed at the site chosen based on the traffic studies carried out. The power generated was calculated by noting the current and voltage. The power generated was stored in a 12V, 1.3AH battery. The IoT system was installed with the turbine and sensors to record the voltage, current and any faults in the turbine. A boost converter was used which proved to be an asset in amplifying the voltage.

- by safdar hussain and +2
- •
- Electrical Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Renewable Energy, Wind Energy
- by Carroll Messer and +1
- •
- Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering, imaging system
- by Ghim Ong
- •
- Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Design, Computational Fluid Dynamics

It is necessary to provide good road network for the development of country. India has second largest highway and roadway networks system in the world. Due to unexpected economic development in the any region, the traffic loads on the road may increase at a rapid rate. The pavements also undergo higher distress due to increased wheel loads and load repetitions. There is great need for the effective and efficient management and maintenance of the road network. For the maintenance work pavement evaluation is crucial. In the present work, an attempt is made to evaluate the structural and functional condition of the existing flexible pavements. A network of 11 km coming under Vadodara District was selected and extensive field, laboratory investigation, pavement analysis were carried out based on the maintenance priority. The field work consists of road inventory, traffic studies, and Bump Integrator studies. PCI was computed based on the selected distress parameters i.e. patch, pothole, cracks, hungry surface, area of deflection etc. In addition, IRI and characteristic pavement deflections were computed from Bump Integrator. Based on PCI, IRI and deflection values suggestions given for remedial measures for particular distress.

The reduction of CO2 emissions constitutes one of the largest challenges of the current era. Sustainable transportation, and
especially cycling, can contribute to the mitigation of CO2 emissions since cycling possesses an intrinsic zero-emission value. Few studies have been conducted that appraise the CO2 reduction potential of cycling. Opportunity costs enable the estimation of avoided CO2 emissions resulting from bicycle trips. The methodology developed in this research allows the attribution of a climate value to cycling by substituting bicycle trips with their most likely alternative transportation modes and calculating the resulting additional CO2 emissions. The methodology uses data on the current modal shares of cycling mobility, the competition of cycling with other transportation modes, and CO2 emission factors to calculate the climate value of cycling. When it is assumed that the avoided CO2 emissions of cycling mobility could be traded on financial carbon markets, the climate value of cycling represents a monetary value. Application of the methodology to the case of Bogotá, Colombia — a city with a current bicycle modal share of 3.3% on a total of 10 million daily trips — results in a climate value of cycling of 55,115 tons of CO2 per year, corresponding to an economic value of between 1 and 7 million US dollars when traded on the carbon market.

- by Martin van Maarseveen and +1
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Climate Change
- by Vinod Bolla
- •
- Transportation Engineering

Abstract: The car is the second (40%) most common mode of transportation in Malaysia. The rapid increase in the use of personal transportation has its roots in the weak Malaysian public transport system. As a result, traffic congestion, accidents, air pollution and need for parking space among other evils, have escalated. In this study, policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation were studied.

The characteristics of public open spaces in the city center play an important role in attracting people to walk when they attend their daily needs, entertainment and interact with other physical and even nonphysical feature of the built environment. The notion of car-free streets or pedestrian malls, especially in the downtown or the historical city centers has been emerged as a critical challenge faced to whose are responsible for urban managing, besides of urban planner and architects as well. Many factors (outside and inside) contribute to take the decision in transforming these streets into the pedestrian malls. Sulaimani as the other historic cities, although has the most compacted and traditional structure, especially in original and commercial part of the city, has suffered from the congested city center which day by day increases, the related urban problems and became more un-friendly. The study will identify the considerations that promote the decision makers in order to t...

In Bangladesh, a large variety of locally available stone aggregates and crushed bricks are used as coarse aggregate for road construction. Aggregate of the locally produced bricks are usually of inferior quality than the stone aggregate in terms of both strength and durability. Among the major developers of road networks in Bangladesh, the Roads and Highways Department (RHD) conducts random checks on the quality and performance of pavement materials. However, the necessary checks on the suitability of the local brick and stone aggregates are not always done especially due to the pressing demand of finishing a project in the shortest possible time and often due to the insufficient resources to perform the quality checks. The main concern of this study is to investigate the durability and strength of aggregates as a pavement material and hence become familiar with their application through simulating field conditions in Bangladesh.

Between 1990 and 2015, the annual global amount of CO 2 emission generated by transport has increased by 68%, from around 4.6 GtCO 2 to around 7.7 GtCO 2. Technological advances towards eco-friendly vehicles and policy incentives promoting environmental-friendly modes of transport have thus been offset by economic growth and increasing mobility. This study questions the relationship between economic growth and sustainability performance of transport sector. It adds to the literature new insights concerning recent trends in the relationship between gross domestic product and various aspects of transport sustainability such as carbon footprint, carbon intensity and transport safety. A particular attention is given to discussing the emerging issues of "carbon inequality" and the role of political entities that contribute most to global CO 2 emissions, such China, USA and the EU. Finally, this study adds to the literature a composite index of transport sustainability performance and explores between-country inequalities in terms of sustainability performance.

- by Mihail Eva and +1
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Sustainable Transportation, Transportation Studies, Transport Geography
- by chandra Mishra
- •
- Transportation Engineering
- by Alexandra Willis and +1
- •
- Transportation Engineering

A new public transportation network is currently being constructed in Riyadh city. Public buses and Riyadh metro are expected to be available for the passengers shortly. Based on the Saudi Vision 2030, the government directed billions of dollars to rehabilitate the infrastructures and sidewalks to support the national transformation to sustainable mobility. With that in mind, understanding the individual's choice of mobility mode is necessary to adopt appropriate planning and management policies. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment study has been carried out to examine the individual's travel patterns in Riyadh city through a case study of the Prince Sultan University's (PSU) community and evaluate the pedestrian environment's quality around the campus. Individuals' travel patterns were analyzed using a web-based survey addressed to the PSU community, including; Students, Faculty, and Staff. Moreover, the quality of the pedestrian's environment was in-situ evaluated based on well-defined indicators. The results of this assessment addressed the factors influencing the pedestrian mode choice and highlighted the barriers that may delay the transformation to sustainable mobility. Based on this study's conclusions, several recommendations have been proposed to promote the transformation to sustainable mobility in Riyadh city.

- by Mohamed Ezzat
- •
- Transportation Engineering, Transportation Management, Sustainability

A B S T R A C T Road conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa are typically poor, and only a subset of the newly constructed or rehabilitated roads reach their design life. Truck overloading generally causes this rapid deterioration. In Africa, there are few success stories on the imposition of axle-load limits. This study examines the existing regulations on the Douala-N'Djamena international road, which is the main transport corridor in Central Africa and the backbone for internal transport in Cameroon. It benefits from the detailed existing weighing data recorded since 1998 in the cor-ridor's 10 weighing stations. This vast amount of traffic data, together with available information on road structure and deterioration over time, has been used to conduct an accurate calculation of load equivalency factors. The HDM 4 model has been applied to three scenarios between 2000 and 2015: (1) no axle-load control, (2) the real situation and (3) no overloading tolerance. Results show that axle-load regulations have been reasonably well applied in Cameroon and have contributed to maintaining the corridor in fair condition. In spite of the fact that significant traffic increases are presently counterbalancing the damage avoided by axle-load limits, benefits provided by axle-load control have been substantial: in the period of 2000–2015, every € invested or spent on axle-load control has generated more than €20 of savings in road user costs and in road maintenance and rehabilitation expenditure, which represents, in absolute terms, more than €500 million.

— Designing an efficient Distributed Database System (DDBS) is considered as one of the most challenging problems because of multiple interdependent factors which are affecting its performance. Allocation and fragmentation are two processes which their efficiency and correctness influence the performance of DDBS. Therefore, efficient data fragmentation and allocation of fragments across the network sites are considered as an important research area in distributed database design. In this paper presents an approach which simultaneously fragments data vertically and allocates the fragments to appropriate sites across the network. Bond Energy Algorithm (BEA) is applied with a better affinity measure that improves the generated clusters of attributes.

با توجه به رشد روزافزون مالکیت وسیله نقلیه در کشورهای مختلف و نقش برجسته آن در زندگی اجتماعی و اقتصادی جوامع، تلاش بسیاری به منظور شناسایی عوامل موثر در افزایش مالکیت خودرو شده است. هدف از این پژوهش انجام مطالعه تطبیقی به منظور شناسایی این عوامل موثر در کشورهای توسعه یافته نسبت به کشورهای در حال توسعه است تا بتوان تا انجا که امکان دارد از سیاستهای موثر در کاهش مالکیت خودرو استفاده نمود. با استفاده از اطلاعات دادههای همفزون (در سطح ناحیه) مربوط به مطالعات جامع مشهد و کلن، مدلهای رگرسیون خطی تهیه گردیده و عوامل اثرگذار بر مالکیت وسیله نقلیه در سطح همفزون به همراه نحوه اثرگذازی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. یافته های این تحقیق نشان می دهند که سهم جمعیت نوجوان، سهم واحد مسکونی، چگالی جمعیت ناحیه و میانگین بعد خانوار متغیرهای مشترکی بودند که اثر مشابهی بر مالکیت وسیله نقلیه در هر دو شهر داشتند. اما اثر سهم جمعیت بیوه در هر شهر متفاوت بود. در کلن اثر سهم جمعیت میانسال و لگاریتم سهم افراد بیکار ظاهر شد. تاثیرگذاری متغیرهای شبکه و شرایط حمل ونقل عمومی در مالکیت خودرو در مشهد قابل توجه است. این امر اهمیت سیاست گذاری و برنامه ریزی در جهت اجرای سیستم های حمل و نقل عمومی برای کنترل مالکیت خودروی شخصی و در نتیجه استفاده از آن را نشان می دهد.

This briefing note describes mobility
biography research conducted as
part of the Consumption, Environment
and Sustainability (CONSENSUS)
project. The research focused
on people’s views and actions
regarding transport and mobility
and their transformation over the
life course, with a view to identifying
opportunities for curbing car-centric
commuting and the ‘unsustainable
consumption of distance’.