Tudor History Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, R. Soc. Open Sci.

Strontium isotopes (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) are increasingly used as a provenance tool in multiple disciplines. Application to biological materials requires knowledge of the variation in bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr across the landscape, potentially in the form of an isoscape (a quantitative model of spatial isotopic variability). This paper summarizes and provides advice on our current understanding of the main concerns in creating and interpreting isoscapes of bioavailable 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. Isoscape creation approaches include domain mapping, geostatistical contour mapping and machine learning, the last becoming more readily achievable with the availability of software packages. It is critically important to develop isoscapes at a resolution appropriate for addressing the research questions. Choice of sample materials depends on the research questions and availability: plants or fauna with small ranges are favoured, with some analytes (snails, soil leachates) posing challenges. Interpreting 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in biological tissues requires considering Sr metabolism and the timing of tissue formation, thus far underappreciated. The numerous sources of error involved in developing and applying isoscapes must be recognized to avoid over-interpreting data and spurious provenance precision. We hope this paper will help researchers investigating provenance, mobility, landscape use and migration to develop the most appropriate isoscapes for their purposes, and possible future use by others.

2025, Times

The tradition of new year jewellery in the court of Elizabeth I, including gifts of patronage and courtship.

2025, Философия. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. Т. 9, № 2. С. 34–67.

Аннотация: Англия XVI в. засвидетельствовала повсеместное распространение и популярность заимствованных из античных (римских) текстов республиканских терминов, метафор и концептов. В данной статье анализируются английские политические памфлеты второй половины XVI в., рассматриваются используемые в них республиканские понятия и метафоры. В памфлетах, с опорой на Цицерона и Саллюстия, обосновывались их идеи о добром совете/советнике, а в более радикальных интерпретациях-теории выборной монархии и правления совета в период междуцарствия. Показано, что распространение республиканской риторики прямо связано с представлением женского правления как склонного к слабой тирании (подчинению дурным советникам). Обязанность женщин-правительниц выслушивать добрый совет должна была легитимировать их власть, но также и ограничивала ее. Советники мыслили себя соправителями, сенаторами, готовыми взять на себя управление страной в случае династического кризиса. Автор приходит к выводу, что республиканская риторика была свойственна всем конфессиональным группам и была частью универсального светского политического языка.

2025

At over 5,000 words, the will of Sir John Finet (1571–1641), Master of the Ceremonies at the court of Charles I, is lengthier than most wills of the period. At the close of a long and, ultimately, prosperous life there was much to dispose of and multiple people to consider. The range of those named extends from Finet’s king to his coachman. The will is peppered with references to his county of origin, Kent, and to the Kentish gentry. The aristocratic Wentworths, the family into which Finet married, are also mentioned. Court colleagues are named, revealing friendships that had sprung from the essential working relationship between the office of the Ceremonies and the king’s Removing Wardrobe, also friends within the queen’s household and the Signet Office. This will is a fascinating glimpse of a life, spanning Court and Country, that ended shortly before the outbreak of the English Civil War.

2025

İngiliz tarihinin en ilgi çekici dönemlerinden biri: Tudorlar Çağı.
Güller Savaşı’nın ardından tahta çıkan bu hanedan, VIII. Henry’den I. Elizabeth’e uzanan süreçte yalnızca İngiltere’yi değil, Avrupa’yı da şekillendirdi.
Bu kitap, siyasi mücadeleleri, kültürel dönüşümleri ve toplumsal değişimleri ele alarak Tudor dünyasına adım atmak isteyen herkes için güçlü bir başlangıç sunuyor.

2025

Across several publications from 1597 to 1599 the satirist and divine Joseph Hall (1574-1656) and the poet, playwright and divine John Marston (1576-1634), repeatedly reveal and confirm Francis Bacon wrote Venus and Adonis and The Rape of... more

2025, Domesday to America

Prepared for inclusion in Domesday to America, Volume II-by Patrick A. Payne A reevaluation of Payne family records from Norfolk and Suffolk has brought to light new evidence that the long-assumed extinct line of Thomas Payne of Itteringham and Elizabeth Boleyn may in fact have continued-through both documented descendants and a newly recognized cadet branch. At the heart of this rediscovery is Drew Payne, born circa 1568, identified in a 1589-90 petition to Queen Elizabeth I as the son of Elizabeth Bullen (Boleyn), daughter of Sir Edward Bullen. Drew petitioned the Crown for a reversion lease in recognition of his military service in the Low Countries-a request granted by Sir Thomas Heneage, one of the Queen's most senior courtiers. This single document proves two things: 1. Drew Payne descended directly from the Boleyn family, likely making him a distant cousin of Anne Boleyn, Queen of England. 2. The Payne-Boleyn bloodline did not die out in the 16th century as previously believed.

2025

Buried away in a pottery shop in St Albans is a priceless artefact, a major national treasure, a unique contemporary painting of a Shakespeare work.
In 40 years from its first discovery until now there has been no extensive conservation or restoration and no media attention.
Isn’t this strange, what can account for it?
It’s hard to understand unless we consider that it is one more piece of strong physical evidence of Bacon’s connection to Shakespeare.

2025, A Photographer's Journey Through Ireland

This reflective travel narrative and historical overview captures the essence of Ireland—its lush landscapes, rich heritage, and enduring spirit. Blending personal insight with historical depth, the piece traces Ireland’s journey from... more

2025, Renaissance Quarterly

The conclusive section wraps up the narrative, showing the author's ability to weave sources of different natures into a strong and convincing argument. However, the chapters leading to this point do not display this same dynamism and often fall into repetition. The lack of footnotes and/or endnotes is noticeable in this regard, as they would have proven useful to take out from the main text the abundant load of reminders and references between chapters. In contrast, the book is at its most brilliant when presenting plans and carefully curated images. The single axonometry included proves the potential of this topic for further graphic exploration, synthesizing complex constructive and stylistic descriptions that may present a challenge to the untrained reader.

2025

Etruria contained one of the great early urban civilisations in the Italian peninsula during the first millennium BC, much studied from a cultural, humanities-based, perspective, but relatively little with scientific data, and rarely in combination. We have addressed the unusual location of twenty inhumations found in the sacred heart of the Etruscan city of Tarquinia, focusing on six of these as illustrative, contrasting with the typical contemporary cremations found in cemeteries on the edge of the city. The cultural evidence suggests that the six skeletons were also distinctive in their ritualization and memorialisation. Focusing on the six, as a representative sample, the scientific evidence of osteoarchaeology, isotopic compositions, and ancient DNA has established that these appear to show mobility, diversity and violence through an integrated bioarchaeological approach. The combination of multiple lines of evidence makes major strides towards a deeper understanding of the role of these extraordinary individuals in the life of the early city of Etruria.

2025

Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots can be considered as the proto-feminist figures of the Tudor era. They affected politics and religion and made a permanent mark on history. Elizabeth was a successful sovereign and overcame considerable obstacles due to the fact that she was a female monarch, while Anne Boleyn, her mother, and Mary, her cousin, were less successful. Because they defied the norm, Anne and Mary paid the ultimate price; ending their lives on the block. Historians have not always treated these women fairly and they do not agree as to the extent of these women's guilt in plots and murders that took place in their lives. Anne and Mary's history has never been told from their point of view. The historical novel becomes a powerful tool where these women are given a voice and their history is presented from different viewpoints. Writers of the women's historical novel can write about the lives of women and offer explanations for events that have not been fully explained by the historical record. This essay begins by discussing the historical novel and demonstrating how the historical novel is a combination of fact and fiction and how it can become a medium that tells a story about people and events, as well as explaining how the women's historical novel gives the women of history a voice they have never had. Further, by introducing Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots, the essay explores the main events in their lives, their influence on politics, religion and how they affected history. The essay goes on to analyse various portrayals of Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots in modern literature with focus on their characteristics, relationships and how main events in their lives are portrayed. It discusses both novels that stick mainly to historical facts and novels that are more fiction than facts. Finally, this essay explains how these portrayals differ by analysing how historical facts and fiction are intertwined, concluding by comparing some different portrayals of the queens in question. In England and Scotland during the 16 th century, three women lived fascinating lives that were characterized by romance, power struggles and death. Anne Boleyn was born into a noble family and later became queen, a fact that made its mark on English society. Elizabeth, her daughter, was born a princess, then declared a bastard before she became one of England's greatest monarchs. Mary Stuart, Elizabeth's cousin, was born a princess and later became Queen of Scotland and then Elizabeth's prisoner. The role of women during this era was mainly to procreate and they had no power nor a voice. However, for these three women this typical female role was not enough. Being a female monarch was not normal during this era, nevertheless Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots were the daughters of kings and became the monarchs of their countries. Anne Boleyn, however, married the King of England after he had divorced his first queen, Catherine of Aragon, and in order to get a divorce, King Henry VIII split the English church from Rome and became Supreme Head of the Church of England. These women greatly influenced history; they affected religion and politics, among other things. Therefore, they can be viewed as the proto-feminists of their time. Plots, murders, love and death were all a part of these women's lives; however, historians do not agree as to the extent of their involvement in the plots and murders that took place around them. Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots have inspired modern authors to write biographies and novels about them. For instance, Philippa Gregory, a historian and a writer, has written many novels about the Tudor family, such as the novels The Other Boleyn Girl (2001), which is about Anne Boleyn, The Virgin 's Lover (2004), which is about Elizabeth I, and The Other Queen (2008), which is about Mary Queen of Scots. Many other authors have written novels about these women. Sandra Byrd wrote a novel about Anne Boleyn, named To Die For (2011), and a novel about Elizabeth I, named Roses Have Thorns (2013). Carolly Erickson wrote The Memoirs of Mary Queen of Scots (2009), which is about Mary Stuart. These novels will be discussed in this essay. The selection of novels about Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots is substantial, that is there are many different portrayals and many different stories available. The historical novel is a combination of historical facts and fiction. The woman's historical novel is very popular today and that is because women in history have never had a voice. The Other Boleyn Girl, To Die For, The Virgin's Lover, Roses Have Thorns, The Other Queen and The Memoirs of Mary Queen of Scots focus on the female figure in history, giving Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots a voice and empowering them. The novels consist of different portrayals of people and events and differ greatly in historical accuracy: from a novel that sticks mainly to historical facts to a novel that is mostly fiction with some historical facts. In order to demonstrate this, this essay will examine the historical background of Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots, focusing on the main events in their lives that have been adapted many times into novels, as well as discuss the concept of the historical novel. The essay will go on to analyse the novels in question, emphasising how the three queens are portrayed, and then finishing by comparing the novels and various portrayals. The iconic queens of the 16th century, Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots were significant to history and made a distinguishable mark on the politics of their countries and are still influencing people today through their characterizations in historical novels.

2025

The Martyrs’ Field in Walsingham stands as a witness to the individuals who sacrificed their lives during the Reformation. This sacred site links us to the martyrs who gave everything for their faith in Christ and His Holy Church. It offers not only a spiritual connection to the past but also a profound bond of solidarity with the persecuted Church in today’s world.

2025, SOL, O Templário, The Portugal News/Resident

This essay reviews, in part, the paper "An Unknown History of Portugal (c1570)" as already published on Academia.edu by Kate Lewis and Nuno Vila-Santa

2025

Norbert Elias’ colossal work The Civilising Process diminished the role of religion in the civilising process of the Medieval period. Yet, the initial ideas set forth by the church through the Peace of God in c.975 underpinned the entire process. The civilising process, according to Elias emerged from the French courts of the twelfth century. Yet, those same courts were home to the secular upper-classes who were directly influenced by the ideals the church set forth during the period of the crusades, which would go on to shape the social happenings of the early middle ages. However, the question here is not how the church influenced the civilising process, but rather: what was the longevity of those ideas that shaped the early civilising of knighthood? This paper asks the how far can we trace the clerical influence of chivalric civility into the fourteenth century? And, secondly, were ideas from the thirteenth century still shaping knightly lives and literature? To do so, the fourteenth century knightly manual Livre de Chevalerie by Geoffroi de Charny will be used to understand how far clerical teachings played a role in maintaining a civilised knighthood. Charny will be examined in conjunction with excerpts from popular author Ramon Llull to assess the extent and change of clerical influence across an eighty-year period.

2025

Reflective essay exploring Richard Giles' discussions of church music. Presented as a seminar paper

2025, The Itineraries of John Morton, Bishop of Ely, then Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Chancellor of England, and King Henry VII, 1485 - 1500.

The purpose of this study was firstly, to construct detailed itineraries for King Henry VII and Archbishop John Morton (c.1420 -1500) for the first fifteen years of the king’s reign and include an extensive range of contemporary material presented in chronological order. Secondly, it seeks to undertake a re-evaluation of Morton’s career and investigate the nature of the loyalty he showed to the three kings he served: Henry VI, Edward IV and Henry VII. Thirdly, it looks at Morton’s role in government, particularly between 1485 and 1500, using the information revealed in the database, to examine the significance of his contribution to the establishment of the early Tudor state, in terms of its personal and institutional functionality.

2025, The Theosophist

The text delves into the use of the word “hog” as a pun for “Bacon,” drawing from an anecdote about Sir Nicholas Bacon, Francis Bacon’s adoptive father. It explores how this pun is employed in Shakespeare’s works, particularly in “The... more

2025, Tudorosites

This is a compilation of my decades of research regarding Fashion Dolls. Includes many resources that been accumulated over the years,

2025, Ladies’ Guild of Francis St. Alban

The Ladies’ Guild of Francis St. Alban, formed to disseminate information about Francis St. Alban (Bacon) and his esoteric teachings, aims to counter the influence of secret societies. Alicia Amy Leith, in her address, explores Bacon’s... more

2025, Graduate Thesis and Dissertation post-2024. 65.

Henry VIII is one of the most infamous monarchs in English history, known by both medievalist and modernists. Historians have spent decades toiling over if Henry was a “good” monarch, attempting to either argue his strength or his weakness as a monarch. Instead of focusing on what he may or may not be in terms of his morality and effectiveness, this thesis looks at Henry’s reign by considering the political landscape he was born into. It considers the political culture in late medieval and early modern England to assess his rulership in the context of contemporary political thought. Using works written by political thinkers such as Erasmus, Aegidius Romanus, and John Fortescue, this thesis creates a framework of prevailing political expectations based off these works to evaluate Henry’s rulership. Utilizing as case studies the annulment crisis, analyzing power relations with Thomas Cromwell, the dissolution of the monasteries, and the Pilgrimage of Grace, the framework will be used to construct a better understanding of Henry’s reign. In doing so, it reframes Henry’s rulership into one of necessity for political stability, arguing that Henry VIII measures up to the expectations of a late medieval and early modern English monarch.

2025

In this thesis, I have examined the notion of the gradual demise of chivalric ideals throughout the late-Middle Ages and culminating in the sixteenth century, analyzing how and why the developments of the sixteenth century both enabled and required the English monarchy and the aristocracy to redefine social identities and values, public responsibilities, political duties, and national and religious power. This thesis addresses why the Tudor monarchs appear to have disregarded the examples of chivalric behavior championed by late-medieval writers like Sir Thomas Malory and Jean Froissart, and instead, relied on new works of literature that were more relevant forms of guidance, and could serve as national propaganda. Unlike late-medieval monarchs such as Edward III or Henry V, who lived in accordance to the social doctrine of chivalry, the Tudor monarchs employed a new variant of chivalry that acted as nothing more than a façade to mask political ambitions and to enhance the image of royal authority and national power. This thesis examines how the transformations of religion, the evolving social identities and responsibilities of the aristocracy and the monarchy, coupled with developments in European politics and warfare during the Tudor period, exposed the vulnerability and rigidity of latemedieval chivalry, enabled the Tudor monarchs to employ a façade of chivalry to suit the motives of England as a Renaissance state. changing societies. Certain elements of chivalry proved to last longer than others, establishing a legacy that consisted of an idealized, romanticized, and a physicalized form of chivalry. The English publisher, William Caxton's, original preface to the 1485 printed edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur declares the intention of the published work to serve as a guide and set forth exemplary models of chivalry. He writes: And I, according to my copy, have done set in imprint to the intent that noble men may see and learn the noble acts of chivalry, the gentle and virtuous deeds that some knights used in those days, by which they came to honour; and how they that were vicious were punished and oft put to shame and rebuke; humbly beseeching all noble lords and ladies… that shall see and read this book and work, that they take the good honest acts in their remembrance, and to follow the same, wherein they shall find many joyous and pleasant histories, and noble and renowned acts of humanity, gentleness, and chivalries… Do after the good and leave the evil, and it shall bring you to good fame and renown. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table , with the tales of their heroic deeds, featsof-arms, and the honorable and moral code of chivalry, became figures to be admired and emulated for the future nobles and rulers of times to come. Works of late-medieval courtly literature like that of Sir Thomas Malory, Jean Froissart, and Geoffroi de Charny are primary sources through which historians can understand the ideals, virtues and values of an era engulfed in constant external and internal wars, struggles for the crown and claim over lands, and death and disease. This literature reached its audience in the courts of Europe with the intention of praising those who represent the true "Flower of Chivalry," and to put forth the precedence of the most virtuous, pious and honorable nobility. Different historians have argued that several different periods indicate transitions towards the decline of martial-based forms of chivalry that were common in the Middle Ages. Many argue that the sixteenth century marks one of the most pronounced shifts from traditional late-medieval

2025, Theosophical Review

[Document 1 of 2] The Goliardi, or Jongleurs, was a secret society that emerged in the 11th century and persisted until the mid-19th century. Its objective was to educate the masses, liberating them from the tyranny of despotic kings and... more

2025

Sharon L. Jansen\u27s study of women and popular resistance in the reign of Henry VIII is an important work that breaks new ground and will be of value to a wide range of scholars. It is scrupulously well researched and shows a thorough grounding in the secondary literature on the politics of early Tudor England, women\u27s history, and feminist theory. Jansen focuses on four women, all of whom were executed for treason in the reign of Henry VIII: Elizabeth Wood, Margaret Cheyne, Elizabeth Barton, and Mabel Brigge. Yet none of these women had posed a direct, physical threat to the king. They had taken no part in armed rebellion. The government of Henry VIII, however, perceived them as a threat to stability of the realm. While Jansen admits that it is difficult to separate politics from religion in the reign of Henry VIII, her study examines women whose protest emphasized concerns about legitimate authority and rightful rule. (She does not, for example, include Anne Askew in her stud...

2025, WOMEN’S HISTORY REVIEW

Our understanding of history reveals far more about ourselves than
the subjects analyzed. Within this Viewpoint, the six wives of King
Henry VIII become a case study for each generation’s identities
and how it plays a role in the interpretations of women’s
histories. Katherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne
of Cleves, Katherine Howard, and Katherine Parr are some of the
most instantly recognizable historical British women, and yet
primary sources are mainly void of their personal voices, lost to
history amongst a wave of political agendas, misogyny, and
religious vendettas. At different periods, they have been victims,
sluts, saints, and feminist icons. This article attempts to analyze
some of those most iconic interpretations of these women and
what influences from that specific era played a role in the
depiction. In the end, the practice of history itself is fallible,
meaning that the real identities of the six wives of Henry VIII
have been lost to us. However, the act of analyzing them, no
matter how imperfect, ensures that their memories live on.

2025

This simplified diagram aims to make it easier for students to understand the basic structure of lay government in the sixteenth century, including Chancery, the council and the Exchequer.

2025, The Hunt for Human Consciousness: Petrarch and Wyatt

England's most distinct characteristic is that of its location. Separate from the rest of the European continent, the island culture of, what some would say, compulsory travelling sailors was of critical importance to keep England in touch with the rest of Europe. This did not only include scientific discoveries or new developments in agriculture or education and law, but that of the arts too. It is therefore no surprise that Sir Thomas Wyatt, regarded as the renaissance era's first great English poet, was part of King Henry VIII's representatives in the Tudor court. Sir Thomas Wyatt spent some time in 1527 in Italy where it is assumed he was first exposed to Francesco di Petracco's work published in Canzoniere in 1525. The Italian Renaissance poet, born in 1307, is credited as the father of the Italian language as it exists in its modern form particularly after his rediscovery of Cicero's letters which initiated the Renaissance Humanism. His work formed the model for lyrical poetry, imitated and adapted throughout Europe, and he is acknowledged for developing the concept of the Dark Ages. Wyatt adapted Petrarch's sonnets into the English language, but faced the literary challenge of adapting the works in such a manner, including recontextualization and a change in purpose, as to suit the needs of the English society in the sixteenth century. Almost two hundred years after the humanist Petrarch wrote his sonnets, Wyatt revised the poems in diction, imagery, structure, tone, and voice, departing from the original Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, to what created the platform for the Shakespearean or English sonnet. The unique change and adaptation of Petrarch's work is particularly evident in Sir Thomas Wyatt's 'Whoso List to Hunt' written between 1530 and early 1540.

2025, Tudor Dinasty and the British Renaissance

History and protagonists of British Renaissance and the Tudor age. For foreign English students of the secondary school

2025, Quaderni grigionitaliani

2025, The Catholic Historical Review

2025

Tudor Dynasty: An Introduction is the perfect starter guide to exploring one of the most popular periods in English history - the Tudor Dynasty. Learn how the Wars of the Roses brought the Tudors to the throne and how iconic monarchs such as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I shaped England.
Richly illustrated with images and tables, this book offers an accessible look at the political, cultural and social dynamics of the Tudor period.
Explore now to step into the Tudor world!

2025, A History of France, 1460-1560: The Emergence of a Nation State

2025, Historical Research

This article analyses the role of the Marshal partition (1247) in political discourse and manuscript transmission in early modern Ireland. It is argued that the early modern interest in the Marshal partition reflects the vulnerability and the identity crisis of the English of Ireland due to British and Irish politics and changing European ideas of power and peerage. Overall, this article uses the Marshal partition as a key to open a broader discussion about noble, political, and manuscript cultures in early modern Britain and Ireland and to advocate for a greater permeation of the 'medieval' and 'early modern' historiographical divide.

2025, Future PLC Bookazines

Article from Future PLC's 'Bookazine' range detailing the Tudor dynasty's succession issues during 1485-1603.

2025, Irish Family History Society Journal

In 1625 Philip Bushin, described as an aged English planter from King's Ash in Devonshire, was resident at Grangemellon, which is situated about three miles south of Athy, County Kildare. He was tried in that year for the murder of his wife Grace at Lady's Wella swampy piece of ground nearby -the alleged offence having occurred on March 23 1623. The presiding judge in the jury trial was Dominic Sarsfield, Lord Kilmallock, who found the accused guilty. Philip Bushin was consequently executed. The trial had been deferred several times and Erasmus Burrows from Giltown, his father-in-law Walter Weldon, and Bushin's son, became sureties for the accused's appearances in court. Walter Weldon of Woodstock was High Sheriff of County Kildare at this time and subsequent to Bushin's execution he made an inventory of the latter's estate, which he valued at two thousand Guineas, and took possession of same by right of office. Lord Clanmalier, Sir Terence O'Dempsey, petitioned for the estate. The High Sheriff refused and thereupon, he (Weldon) was imprisoned, fined and constrained to give up the estate.

2025

Born on 10 th May 1920 to John and Margaret Robinson of Newberry Hall, Carbury, Co. Kildare, Dick was initially taught at home, before attending Clongowes Wood College in 1932. Amongst his classmates was Charles Mitchell, who later became the first RTE newsreader. It is of interest to note that Fr. John Sullivan S.J. taught him religious instruction. The object of such devotion by County Kildare people down through the generations, the canonisation of this saintly man is a real possibility by the Roman Catholic Church in the near future. Dick Robinson was one of the last people to have known this noted cleric. In 1938, Dick went to work in Handley Pages, the aeronautical manufacturing company in London. Whilst there, he attended the Islington Polytechnic for further studies in aeronautical engineering. With war looming, Dick returned to Ireland and joined the Irish Air Corps in Baldonnell, where he served from 1939 to 1945. While there, he continued his aviation education and was successful in his examinations, which he sat in Trinity College Dublin as an external student. Subsequent to this, Dick worked in Aer Lingus, thus continuing his aviation interest, which he maintained all his life. Indeed, the Flying Flea, the model aircraft which he, his brother Norman and his father flew, was a subject of local interest in the Carbury area at this time. During World War II, Dick Robinson was a member of the Local Defence Forces (L.D.F.) in Carbury and he often regaled me with stories of local patrols with his commander and cousin, Ned Robinson from Kilrainey.

2025

The Nine Years War (1593-1603), sometimes known as Tyrone’s Rebellion, was one of the most devastating and brutal conflicts to sweep the island. Never would the English Crown come so close to losing its grip on Ireland. It was brought on... more

2025, Apocalypse as Prophecy

After this I looked, and, behold, a door was opened in heaven: and the first voice which I heard was as it were of a trumpet talking with me; which said, Come up hither, and I will shew thee things which must be hereafter. And immediately I was in the spirit: and, behold, a throne was set in heaven, and one sat on the throne. And he that sat was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine stone: and there was a rainbow round about the throne, in sight like unto an emerald. And round about the throne were four and twenty seats: and upon the seats I saw four and twenty elders sitting, clothed in white raiment; and they had on their heads crowns of gold. And out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices: and there were seven lamps of fire burning before the throne, which are the seven Spirits of God. And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle. And the four beasts had each of them six wings about him; and they were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. And when those beasts give glory and honour and thanks to him that sat on the throne, who liveth for ever and ever, The four and twenty elders fall down before him that sat on the throne, and worship him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. (Rev 4:1-11) The following scene of the fourth and fifth chapters depicts Yehovah upon his heavenly "throne," with his Church encircled around him, to whom he reveals his secret counsel. 1 Durham explains that the scene is meant to impress upon the reader the majesty of God, as similar scenes do in Isaiah and Ezekiel. 2 More particularly, though, we may conjecture that the scene in chapter 5 corresponds to Daniel's "Son of man" going before the "Ancient of Days" in heaven. The support for this hypothesis is, firstly, that this scene makes regular allusion to the prophecy, and secondly, it is difficult to distinguish them since they theologically relate so much. We might say that this episode is outside of history and time, yet in relationship to both through the "seven seals," and referring back to the atonement of Christ. 3 His sacrificial death is recalled as the basis of redemption, throughout the Apocalypse. 4 10 Rev 10:4.

2025, The Apocalypse as Prophecy

These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks; I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars: And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name's sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted. Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love. Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent. But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate. To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God. (Rev 2:1-7) 16 Bishop Newton, p.451; Smith, p.35; See also Hemer (pp.52-53) for a discussion on the threat of shore silting in Ephesus which may have made Christ's threat ring forcefully to the city's church; Osborne, p.104.

2025, SpoilHeap Publications

Between 2015 and 2018 Archaeology South-East conducted archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations at Dover Western Docks on behalf of Dover Harbour Board. This monograph marks the culmination of over seven years of post-excavation work and details the evolution of Dover’s inner harbour during the post-medieval and modern periods. Remains encountered at the site included two woolly mammoth teeth, deposits probably dating to the early to late medieval periods, high medieval to post-medieval mudflats and part of the nationally important Elizabethan harbour works attributed to Thomas Digges. Later remains at the site included piling works designed by the famous military engineer Bernard de Gomme, an 18th-century timber groyne, evidence of the 19th- and 20th-century promenade with housing and dockyards as well as features related to World War II.

2025, SpoilHeap Publications

The fortunes of Sandwich and its environs have been inextricably linked to the river throughout the town’s history. During the medieval and post-medieval periods there were remarkable changes within the landscape. This was influenced by the evolution of coastal shingle barriers and lead to the decline of Sandwich as a port. By the 15th century the River Stour, and consequently Sandwich itself, was deteriorating rapidly. Archaeology South-East was commissioned by the Environment Agency to undertake an archaeological watching brief, targeted investigations and historic building recording during the Sandwich Town Tidal Defence Scheme, both in and around the town. The scheme involved the construction off 14km of floodwalls and embankments along the Stour, from Richborough to Broad Salts. This volume details the findings of the investigations, which revealed evidence for the management of the river both within and outside the town. Evidence for the progression of the town’s waterfront further into the river corroborates earlier archaeological findings, and palaeoenvironmental data contributes to the wider body of evidence for the evolution of the Stour, which is currently sparse for the medieval and post-medieval periods. Finds included artefacts of Dutch origins, which might hint at trade with Low Countries or Dutch people within the settled population, and evidence giving insights into Sandwich’s local fishing economy. The results demonstrate that, while the new flood barriers comprise the most recent attempt at flood defence, they are part of a long history of human management of the Rover Stour, stretching back at last as far as the 12th century.

2024, Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region

Safavid-English relations were an important part of the international relations, an integral part of the “West — East” and “Christian world — Muslim world” systems. Safavid-English trade and economic relations became an integral part of the global economy. Although there is a significant body of works on Safavid-English relations, this article represents the first attempt to study the historical significance of the first trade privileges granted by the Safavids to the English merchants. Unlike the prevailing in historiography misconception that the Safavid Empire was interesting for Tudor England only as an object of England’s colonial expansion, i.e. as a source of cheap raw materials and profitable markets for English goods, and most importantly, as a transit route to the markets of India and other states of the Far East, the conducted research revealed that England’s interaction with the Safavid Empire wasn’t a manifestation of English colonial policy, as most Western and Soviet historians used to present mistakenly; on the contrary, economic and political significance of the Safavid Empire in the region and beyond allowed her to conduct an independent external policy. It was determined that the penetration of English trading capital into the Safavid Empire depended neither on the Principality of Moscow, nor even on the desire of the English crown, but directly on the will of the Safavid Shah himself. Gaining trade privileges on the territory of the Safavid Empire was of strategic importance for the British, because the possibility of further advancement to East Asian markets directly depended on the success or failure of obtaining them from the Shah. For the first time in historiography, based on the information of Jenkinson himself, it was found that the first
attempt by the British to establish trade relations with the Safavids was made back in 1553. As the first Eastern/Muslim country that Elizabethan England sought to ally with, Safavid Empire’s trade privileges had a significant historical importance for the British, because they predated other such treaty agreements, like those with the Ottoman authorities and the Russian Tsar. The journeys of the agents of Moscow trading company to the
Safavid Empire opened a new chapter in the history of both Anglo-Islamic and East-West relations, in addition to trade relations they led to a cultural exchange on the basis of “East — West” and “Islam — Christianity” dialogue.

2024, De Beeldenaar

A small essay about François Salneuve, who - amidst other - created new machines for coin production for the Dutch Mint at Utrecht, during the French period in the Netherlands

2024

the son of one-time lord deputy Anthony St Leger, proposed to a relative by marriage, Sir Richard Grenville, a plantation settlement in late 1568 between Cork and Kinsale. He had recently acquired some property near Cork, and in his proposal, he invited several potential undertakers including, most notably Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Peter Carew, the former who was to become a notoriously brutal governor of the Munster province, to join him in devising a scheme for the plantation. The goal was to confiscate all of the lands which were under the control of Gaelic and Norman lords, most notably the lands as well as the territories of the O'Driscoll, O'Donoghue and Clancarty septs, and create a private corporation which would control the revenue of the entire province and also be responsible with the escheatments, confiscations, and plantations of English settlers. The plan was to have the plantation span from the mouth of the River Shannon to the Cork harbour ("Plantation" 25). Although the idea was temporarily dropped, St Leger proposed it again and, with some modifications imposed on the plan by the Privy Council, the plantation was approved on 30 June 1569. The final plantation scheme, while not encompassing the entire province, was enough for James Fitzmaurice, who was in the Tower of London at the time, to launch was to become the first of two rebellions by the Desmond Geraldines. Although the rebellion was short-lived, it was enough for the entire enterprise to be abandoned, and for St Leger to be forced to return to England nearly bankrupt ("Organizer" 81).

2024

Order of Battle and engagements

2024, Dictionary of Literary Biography

A biography of the chronicler Elis Gruffydd