Underwater Cultural Heritage Management Research Papers (original) (raw)

Langelands Museum har det marinarkæologiske ansvar for farvandene rundt om Fyn og den jyske
østkyst fra grænsen til Vejle Fjord. Her er Det Sydfynske Øhav et af de bedst bevarede stenalderlandskaber
i verden. I dag ligger det ganske vist under vand, men netop derfor kan man her finde hundredvis af
velbevarede bopladser, og gennem årene har Langelands Museum på sine togter med det gamle skib
”Mjølner” gjort mange spændende fund og opdagelser. Et af dem er bopladsen Falden i Helnæsbugten
– og herom fortæller museets ansvarlige for marinarkæologien, Otto Uldum.

The proces of underwater cultural heritage management in Europe. A result from the EU-project SASMAP

The US steamship Monumental City was declared a historic shipwreck under the provisions of the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act (1976) on 11 March 1982. At the time it was the only steamship wreck declared under the Commonwealth Act in Victoria and the only declared Historic Shipwreck on the 500 kilometres of Victorian coastline east of Melbourne. During August 1982 the site was inspected by the Officer-in-charge of the newly formed Historic Shipwrecks Unit of the Victoria Archaeological Survey (VAS). In October 1984 the (renamed) Maritime Archaeological Unit carried out a three day preliminary site survey during a two week wreck inspection trip to Mallacoota. This report presents the results of this work together with a historical background of the vessel and her place in Victoria's maritime heritage.

Il turismo archeologico subacqueo in Italia: opportunità e rischi
1. Una straordinaria opportunità
2. Elitismo gentrificato e slow diving
3. Una pratica virtuale ed educativa
4. Mondo blu e mondo grigio: l’alterità del turismo subacqueo
5. Una cura per un sistema cancerizzato? Il caso di Siracusa
6. La chimera del turismo sostenibile: le Cinque Terre e Capri
7. I percorsi subacquei di Ustica: turismo e archeologia
8. Autenticità e spazi marini: Ustica e Corfu
9. Turisti, archeologi o pirati? Spot e archeologia subacquea
10. Atlantide e il turismo subacqueo pseudo-archeologico
11. Ustica: il museo delle anfore tra voyeurismo e necrofilia
12. Dal mito alla realtà: i percorsi fantasma di Ustica
13. Il sontuoso mondo di Baia e la nascita del turismo
14. Il parco sommerso di Baia e il Ninfeo di Punta Epitaffio
15. La vendetta del Ciclope: un percorso difficile

- by Marxiano Melotti
- •
- Cultural Studies, Archaeology, Tourism Studies, Media and Cultural Studies

Cet article analyse les règles que le droit international consacre à la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique. À cet effet, dans une première partie, il entreprend un survol général de la matière. Après une brève analyse de la notion de patrimoine culturel subaquatique et des menaces qui pèsent sur ce dernier, il examine les divers instruments internationaux qui portent sur cette question. Une attention particulière sera consacrée au droit de la mer et plus spécialement à l’analyse de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982. La deuxième partie est en revanche consacrée à la Convention de l'UNESCO de 2001 sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique.

The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is the international community’s response to the destruction of submerged archaeological sites by treasure-hunters and industrial activities. It recognizes the need to ensure the same protection to underwater heritage as that already accorded to land-based heritage. The Convention is the foremost international treaty concerning submerged heritage and has been ratified by 48 States. Over time, it can be expected that the Convention will be ratified universally and that it will put an end to the brutal treasure hunting currently menacing major submerged archaeological sites. It will also have a considerable influence on the development of the discipline of underwater archaeology, for which it sets ethic and scientific guidelines. The paper illustrates the legal content and practical impact of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. It also shows which opportunities the Convention opens in terms of protection, State cooperation and the cohesion of the discipline of underwater archaeology on an international level. The exchange and cooperation between authorities as well as the community of underwater archaeologists with UNESCO is encouraged.

Study of the marine archaeological resources of metropolitan Fort Lauderdale along its Atlantic coastal barrier islands, Port Everglades, New River, New River Sound, Stranahan River, Intracoastal Waterway and related area waters. Grant assistance provided by the Florida Division of Historic Preservation, Historic Preservation Small Matching Grant No. S0746.

- by Christopher Eck and +1
- •
- Maritime Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Coastal Management, Maritime History

Development of Tools and Techniques to Survey, Assess, Stabilise, Monitor and Preserve Underwater Archaeological Sites (SASMAP) is an EC funded project, with the purpose to develop new technologies and best practices in order to locate, assess and manage Europe's underwater cultural heritage in a more effective way than is possible today. SASMAP takes an holistic-and process-based approach to investigate underwater environments and the archaeological sites contained therein. This is necessary regardless of whether or not investigations are research driven or in connection with sub-sea development. Investigations of underwater heritage that are associated with subsea developments in Europe often require pre-disturbance studies to comply with the Treaty of Valletta (1992).

- by Barbara Davidde and +1
- •
- Underwater Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management
- by Justin Leidwanger and +1
- •
- Maritime Archaeology, Late Antiquity, Underwater Archaeology, Ancient Trade & Commerce (Archaeology)

Chapter in the Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific from 2012. It is describing the use of in situ preservation as a tool in... more

The construction of dams provides many benefits, including the
production of electricity, expansion of farmland, increased land value, and the development of fisheries and water-related industries (Marcheeti, et.al., 2020). However, the presence of cultural heritage in the region of construction of a dam has remained a neglected issue. The construction of large dams has caused an adverse impact on cultural heritage. The heritage structures in the vicinity of the dam projects are thus prone to threats. Many of them get submerged into the backwaters of the dam with the passage of time. The construction of Ujani dam in the state of Maharashtra submerged the heritage structures of Palasnath Temple at Palasdeo, Ram Temple at Wangi, temples of Khandoba, Lakshmi, Nagnath and Tuljabhavani in its backwaters. This paper attempts to provide a heritage management plan for the submerged site of Palasnath Temple at Palasdeo.

- by Devyani Doshi
- •
- Archaeology, Public Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Conservation

This book is the result of a project implemented by a small group of Hong Kong residents interested in revealing underwater cultural heritage sites and histories. It is the first time Hong Kong’s underwater cultural heritage has been written up in a manner that is aimed at informing the Hong Kong community. The book provides information on Hong Kong’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Database (HKUCHD); different perspectives of Hong Kong’s maritime connections; details about two underwater cultural heritage surveys; and future plans. We hope it generates an interest in this exciting and emerging topic. There is much to discover.

- by Bill Jeffery and +3
- •
- Maritime Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Chinese Studies, Maritime History

Since 2008 an international research team working with archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology (IA) has employed collaborative, multi-disciplinary approaches to community engagement, awareness raising, cooperative training and capacity building activities associated with underwater cultural heritage in Vietnam. This helps Vietnam to preserve, protect and valorize underwater cultural heritage by capitalizing on the annual presence of experienced maritime archaeologists, and other researchers, conducting the Bach Dang river and Van Don Battlefield Research Project.

Best practices for underwater cultural heritage management. Examples as addition to the guideline 1 of the EU-SASMAP project.
Examples collected within SASMAP

This paper outlines the role played by ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), which is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the conservation of the world's cultural monuments and sites and specifically in awareness raising and training related to underwater cultural heritage protection. ICOMOS membership requires an individual to be a practicing cultural heritage professional or have professional qualifications in the fields of conservation or preservation such as architect, archaeologist, town planner, and engineer, administrator of heritage, art historian or archivist. ICOMOS International Scientific Committees (ISCs) (such as ICUCH) are the vehicles through which ICOMOS brings together, develops and serves its worldwide membership according to their fields of specialized interest. ICOMOS expects the ISCs to be at the heart of scientific inquiry and exchange in their domains and to share knowledge among them to foster multi-disciplinary approaches to heritage protection and management. ICUCH (International Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage) was founded in 1991 by ICOMOS Australia to promote international cooperation in the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage and to advise ICOMOS on issues related to underwater cultural heritage around the world. ICUCH currently has ten members from the Asia and the Pacific region and this paper will discuss the role of ICUCH in the region. Furthermore ICUCH’s mission will only be achieved in conjunction with other stakeholders, such as the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS). NAS training aims to increase public awareness at local, provincial and national levels about the extent and nature of underwater and maritime cultural heritage as well as about underwater and maritime archaeology.

- by Salvatore Medaglia
- •
- Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Cultural Heritage

In Pozzuoli and Baiae, in the Gulf of Naples, villas, mosaics, baths, streets, houses and harbour structures of the Roman period were submerged by the sea, as a result of the volcanism. This unique environment, severely looted over the years, has been included in a Marine Protected Area since 2001. Since then, the Soprintendenza Archeologica has carried on some research and documentation works, while the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro has experimented with new techniques for the conservation of the underwater structures. The public access has been made possible with the opening of underwater archaeological trails, and through the involvement of the diving instructors active in the area, appropriately trained. Here we would like to analyse the effects of this strategy also through the lens of the tourism and diving industry, considering their needs and their expectations, together with the primary need to preserve the sites for the future generations.

This article examines the heritage destruction undertaken by the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria. To date, their iconoclasm has been mostly characterised either as acts of wanton barbarism devoid of religious or political justification, or as a cynical performance designed as a mass media spectacle. Drawing on a systematic analysis of two key IS propaganda outlets – their on-line magazine, Dabiq, and the various slick films released by Al-Hayat – this article argues that the heritage destruction perpetrated by the IS are not only situated within a carefully articulated theological framework and key to the creation of a new and ideologically pure ‘Islamic State’, but that they are also constituted by several complex layers of religious and political iconoclasm. To demonstrate, this article documents the iconoclasm undertaken by the IS along two key axes: Symbolic Sectarianism (Shia and Sufi mosques and shrines); and Pre-Monotheistic Iconoclasm (ancient polytheistic sites). Attacks on key sites within these categories, such as the Sayyida Zaynab shrine in Damascus or the Mosul Museum, not only adhere to their religious and political framework but also serve broader geo-political agendas and are attacked as proxy targets for their physical and ideological opponents.

- by Benjamin Isakhan and +1
- •
- Religion, Comparative Religion, History, Ancient History

Este es un libro para todos aquellos que estén interesados en conocer más acerca de las historias que yacen sumergidas bajo los mares, ríos y lagunas. Un libro para acercarse al trabajo de los arqueólogos subacuáticos, y comprender la importancia de proteger los bienes que hacen parte de nuestro patrimonio, no como naufragios llenos de tesoros sino como conjuntos de evidencias que hacen parte del pasado y de la cultura. Los artículos que se presentan son el resultado de los avances realizados en Colombia, y en otros países latinoamericanos. Con ellos se ilustra el panorama general de la región, orientado siempre hacia la investigación académica, la valoración y el cuidado del patrimonio cultural subacuático, basados en la conformación de grupos interdisciplinarios, en la búsqueda de aliados internacionales y en una legislación fundamentada en la protección de sus riquezas historias sumergidas.

Most, if not all, Australian states have limited human and financial resources to protect, document or practically manage UCH on a day-by day basis. Recognizing these constraints in Australia, early UCH management activities focused on developing community groups within each jurisdiction as one of a series of public engagement mechanisms to protect UCH sites. In many jurisdictions, successful site management and protection is directly related to local community groups' active engagement and knowledge. Recognizing that facilitating safe public access is best practice in UCH management, a focus of management activity should be on fostering the development of community-based advocacy groups who become knowledgable 'archaeologists' capable of supporting heritage management agencies in their activities. With the availability of the open source UNESCO or proprietary NAS-based UCH training courses, the capacity exists for SIDS to foster appropriate community engagement within an established international framework and standard.

Assessment of the potential effects of oceanic climate change on the management of underwater cultural heritage, presented at the World Water Forum in Daegu, Korea, and supported by the Directorate General of UNESCO, the International... more

Draft chapter prepared for Historic England monograph on the archaeological legacy of the First World War in England.

People and the sea: A values perspective in the conservation management of maritime heritage in the Philippines
As demonstrated in archaeology, underwater cultural heritage (UCH) has provided significant contributions towards the understanding of heritage connections across the globe. However, the development of the discipline in the Philippines has also been hampered by confusing legalities, treasure hunting activities, and financial constraints that diminish the influence of its impact and potential reach. More so, the effects of natural hazards, climate change, and other human activities on UCH have not yet been fully documented, making it more susceptible to potential threats and destruction. The COVID-19 pandemic makes archaeological campaigns and monitoring even more difficult. These considerations make Philippine UCH vulnerable and raise questions whether its contribution will still be relevant for the present and future generations. This article provides a status update of underwater archaeological activities and synthesises the challenges of managing UCH in the Philippines in the past 40 years. It outlines the practices, partnerships, and transitions made by various stakeholders in response to the growing discipline and community interest. This article problematises the value ascription of these stakeholders to UCH as seen in conventional arrangements, development of policies, and bureaucratic set-ups. The applicability of the values-led theory and the people-centred management model is examined given the traditional valuing of UCH that is material or fabric-based. The gaps pointed here are opportunities to build a shared stewardship view that connects UCH in the entirety of people and the sea wellbeing.

- by Bobby Orillaneda and +1
- •
- Philippines, Shipwrecks, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology

An inspection of the SMS Emden (1914) site was undertaken on 10 March 2016. The objectives
of the site inspection were to:
1. produce a site sketch indicating the position of key underwater elements;
2. photo document features and make observations about the site’s condition to inform the development of a management plan for the shipwreck; and
3. propose recommendations to Parks Australia for the site’s management in
line with the Historic Shipwrecks Program (now the Australian Underwater
Cultural Heritage Program).

- by Andrew Viduka and +1
- •
- World War I, Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management

The submerged Roman districts of the ripa Puteolana, lying on the seabed along a coastline of almost 2 km between the center of the port of Puteoli and the Portus Julius, constitute an underwater archaeological area of extraordinary importance.
The headquarters of merchants and pilgrims from every corner of the Mediterranean in the vicus Lartidianus, the endless rows of horrea at the service of the fleets of Rome in the vicus Annianus have been only scarcely explored, due to the heavy and impactful presence of the industries that for most of the twentieth century characterized the west coast of modern Pozzuoli.
With the post-industrial phase following the closure of almost all production plants, the great challenges of the regeneration and reconversion of this complex waterfront, with the abandoned factories just above the ancient walls, have begun.
With the project Tra terra e mare. Studi e ricerche nelle aree costiere dei Campi Flegrei / Between land and sea. Studies and research in the coastal areas of the Campi Flegrei, born in 2021 from an agreement between the SABAP for the metropolitan area of Naples and the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, with the collaboration, for the submerged areas, of the Scuola Superiore Meridionale, a systematic documentation program of the ripa Puteolana has finally been launched: only a modern scientific knowledge could offer to the politicians and to the decision-makers the tools for a regeneration of the coast that concretely takes into account the very high density and uniqueness of submerged archaeological remains of the ancient port; only the scientific knowledge, at the same time, will made the involvement of local communities in the protection of the common heritage and in situ accessibility a real possibility.

- by Michele Stefanile and +2
- •
- Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Underwater Archaeology

Protecting cultural heritage and disseminating archaeological research are two of the primary tenets of archaeology. Protocols, such as the 2001 UNESCO Convention, emphasize monitoring sites over excavation and post-conservation because of the financial constraints and labor involved, as well as the physical space needed to treat, store, and display collections. No concise field standards exist however, few clear directives are offered, and as a result, the application of appropriate conservation in situ practices is minimal. In response to these issues, a standardized approach is presented here that includes affordable and efficient directives for monitoring and documenting sites, along with recommended techniques that can help preserve and disseminate archaeology. This paper also explores standard methodology that can provide an assessment of risks posed to a cultural heritage site, establish an acceptable limit of site degradation before a rescue excavation, and incorporate public stewardship as a means of site protection.

- by Charles D Bendig and +1
- •
- Maritime Archaeology, Cultural Heritage Conservation, Underwater Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management

Cartagena de Indias was an important colonial port in the “New World” that constituted a war and defense landscape during 17th and 18th centuries. As a part of this phenomenon, the English invasion to Cartagena in 1741 is a remarkable example for the study of both coastal and naval defensive and offensive strategies and tactics, where natural and cultural elements were involved. The battle started with more than 180 ships and thousands of English armies against the Spanish defensive system made of a small number of troops, some fortifications of a badly worn artillery and a few vessels. Yet, despite the differences in forces, the English lost the battle and retreated with a huge material loss and thousands of casualties. Archaeological excavations carried out between 2015 and 2019 in shipwrecks and fort remains in Bocachica zone have made it possible to identify and correlate a rich variety of land and underwater evidences that compose this maritime and naval battlefield of 1741. By applying Actor-Network Theory, we intend to demonstrate that the vessels’ tactical moves, the troops and the arrangement of defensive and offensive systems are directly related to the winds, the sea currents, the presence of mangroves, the mosquitos and the geomorphology. Moreover, KOCOA methodology is used to analyze the active relationship between the different human and non-human actors that came into play in the anatomy of this battle.

- by Carlos Del Cairo Hurtado and +1
- •
- Military History, Maritime Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Maritime History

How can natural and cultural values be a resource for sustainable development in the Nordic countries? That is the question the Nordic Blue Parks project has tried to answer by providing case-studies of regional and local success stories, thereby assessing the possible synergistic effects of cross-sectoral working with both nature- and cultural heritage bodies. The project therefore highlights examples where a combination of natural and cultural heritage has been the foundation of social, economic and environmentally sound development. The project concentrates on three themes: nature and cultural heritage tourism, business development and a good living environment.
The Nordic Blue Parks project provides guidelines for national and re-gional authorities for setting up underwater natural and cultural underwater trails, according to the principles of sustainable development. This project, in encouraging people to be active outdoors, promotes an enriched outdoor life, while facilitating access to Nordic natural and cultural heritage through nature tourism and increases understanding of the efforts and behavioural changes required for this development to be sustainable.
The environmental sector in the Nordic Council of Ministers has expressed its priorities in a new Environmental Action Plan for 2009–2012. One of these priorities involves cooperation to help implement the European Landscape Convention. Another priority is to increase the knowledge of and make visible the significance of landscapes and cultural heritage for a good quality of life. It is the task of the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Working group on Terrestrial Ecosystems to follow up these priorities.
Furthermore, the Working Group has initiated or contributed to several projects dealing with landscape, cultural heritage and the inter-linkages be-tween them. This project aims to provide guidelines for national and regional authorities for setting up underwater natural and cultural trails according to the principles of sustainable development, i.e. by integrating these guidelines into policy and decision-making as stated in the general advice in the Strategy (TemaNord 2004: 568).

- by Otto Uldum and +4
- •
- Cultural Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Nature-based tourism, Underwater Archaeology

Le site d'Aiguebelette-le-Lac/Beau-Phare se trouve dans la partie méridionale du lac, sur une avancée de la plateforme littorale formant une presqu'île étroite. À faible profondeur, la station est repérée dès 1863 et fait l'objet de ramassages jusqu'au début du xx e siècle. Dans le cadre de l'opération de suivi dirigée par Y. Billaud (2015-2018) suite à l'inscription de la station sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco (2011), un bilan sanitaire et documentaire du site a été réalisé en 2016. La synthèse des données issues des opérations de R. Laurent (1971) et d'A. Marguet (1983 et 1998), couplée à une courte mission de terrain a permis de progresser dans la connaissance du site. Afin de poursuivre l'exploration de ce site et documenter, pour la première fois en Savoie, le plan d'un village littoral du Néolithique final, une opération de prospection subaquatique s'est déroulée en 2018. L'objectif de cette campagne a été de réaliser un relevé du champ de pieux afin de disposer d'une vue générale de la structuration de l'habitat. L'originalité de ce site palafittique consiste en un chemin d'accès barré d'au moins trois palissades. Le plan villageois, très régulier, s'organise selon une orientation préférentielle à la perpendiculaire de l'axe du chemin, tout particulièrement pour le secteur est où quatre bâtiments de 5 × 10 m environ sont accolés par leurs murs gouttereaux. À l'ouest du chemin, au moins deux bâtiments se distinguent nettement : un premier, le long du chemin, fait face à l'entrée ; un second se situe entre deux palissades. En l'état actuel des recherches, près de douze pieux datés par dendrochronologie permettent une première esquisse de l'occupation du village avec une date en-2693 obtenue sur deux pieux en sapin disposés de part et d'autre de la palissade interne. Quatre bois de cette dernière ont été abattus en-2684. Enfin plusieurs dates obtenues sur les alignements de pieux au sud du site archéologique plaident pour une construction du chemin d'accès en-2672.

Shipwreck environments cannot be regarded as merely the passive resting place for material remains but rather as the active driving force that dictates the preservation and stability of these remains. The recent coming into force of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) emphasizes the need for in situ preservation as the primary method for the long-term preservation of underwater cultural heritage (Carducci 2006). The in situ preservation approach, however, is not new. For many years maritime archaeologists, underwater cultural heritage managers and conservators have been pushing in situ preservation as the best practice standard for submerged archaeological remains, whether for economic reasons, curatorial reasons, or simply because or advancements in the field. In addition to the application of various in situ methods, research on efficiently applying in situ preservation continues to progress. This paper will briefly review the range of in situ preservation methods followed by a discussion on current research pertaining to in situ preservation.

The paper describes the pilot activity conducted in the contest of BLUEMED project to create an interactive virtual scenario of the underwater site of the Peristera Shipwreck. The wreck lies just off the coast of Peristera, an uninhabited island located at about half nautical mile from Alonissos (Northern Sporades), at a depth of about 22-28 meters. The applied methodology, based on the combined use of optical and acoustic technologies, enables the chance to provide a high-quality digital 3D reconstruction of large-scale and complex underwater scenarios. This digital model represents the starting key element from which a Virtual Reality (VR) system has been developed. The VR system will be accessible to the general public, as well as researchers and archaeologists, inside a Knowledge Awareness Center located in the town of Alonissos

On the management of the Underiwater cultural heritage. Module for the UNESCO Foundation Courses in the Asia - Pacific region

New South Wales has an estimated 1800 historic shipwreck sites and an active Historic Shipwrecks Program, administered by the Heritage Branch, NSW Department of Planning. The Wreck Spotters program was established to help the community... more