Urban Spatial Structure Research Papers (original) (raw)

High-rise buildings are an inevitable development trend of all cities with highdensity population. Ha Noi is a developing city with strong urbanization rate. High-rise buildings have appeared since the late 20th century and are increasingly being built at a rapid speed. The article is based on aggregated data on high-rise buildings to analyze the distribution of high-rise buildings in Hanoi, thereby assessing the trend and development orientation for high-rise buildings in Hanoi.

- by
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- Land Use Planning, Urban Spatial Structure, Hanoi, High density development

There is a long lineage in neighbourhood research that has underpinned sustained academic and policy interest in the UK centred on understanding how spatial ‘clusters’ of neighbourhood-based deprivation might be destabilised. This has seen the privileging of composite indices in the analysis of deprivation which have been criticised for fostering a common perception that deprived neighbourhoods are homogeneous in terms of their compositions and underlying structures. Such indices have also been criticised for being ineffective at capturing temporal change, providing only static snapshots of deprivation at particular points in time. This paper focuses on patterns of deprived neighbourhood change in the Greater Manchester city-region between 2001 and 2007. It develops a typology of neighbourhood change that is triangulated with three complementary typologies capturing the socioeconomic and demographic compositions of deprived neighbourhoods; the functional roles played by deprived neighbourhoods in redistributing population through migration; and the spatial contexts in which deprived neighbourhoods are located. The analysis reveals that an over reliance on static indices to measure deprivation has long-served to conceal complexities in the way that deprived neighbourhoods change, owing to their variable structures and contexts. It illustrates the danger that lies in treating all deprived neighbourhoods in the same way.

- by Stephen Hincks
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- Human Geography, Urban Geography, Spatial Analysis, Public PolicyStudies

High-rise buildings are an inevitable development trend of all cities with high- density population. Ha Noi is a developing city with strong urbanization rate. High-rise buildings have appeared since the late 20th century and are increasingly being built at a rapid speed. The article is based on aggregated data on high-rise buildings to analyze the distribution of high-rise buildings in Hanoi, thereby assessing the trend and development orientation for high-rise buildings in Hanoi

- by IAEME Publication
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- Land Use Planning, Urban Spatial Structure, Hanoi, High density development

Each day, Planet Earth's motorists drive their 737 million personal motor vehicles (PMVs) a total of 30 billion kilometers (18 billion miles), creating 60 billion passenger kilometers travelled, and by the end of the year a total of 10 trillion kilometers (6 trillion miles) and 20 trillion passenger kilometers of travel have been recorded on their odometers. [1] The challenge facing urban planners and politicians in many European towns and cities is that of balancing the demand for increasing personal mobility and economic growth, with the need to respect the environment and provide an acceptable quality of life for all citizens. This paper presents a study case on Bucharest, the capital of Romania, with its particularities regarding transportation issues in the center of the city (traffic flows, congestions, noise, pollution, traffic accidents) and solutions to improve the current state. Linking to the historical evolution of the area and to the built environment and urban tissue characteristics, a strategic vision for local development is further presented. The purpose of this strategic vision for local development is to reunite the socioeconomic objectives formulated in the urban action zones, with city wide and country wide priorities and with the changes that are currently taking place in the dynamics of spatial, economic and social Bucharest. This strategy for the central area of Bucharest is based on the needs and potential analysis, but has also integrated approach principles learned from programs, policies and documents proposed and adopted in the European Union or in the member states, with key issues like places with character, enrichment of the existent place, re-connection, working with the landscape, management investment and design for change.

- by Florentina-Alina Burlacu
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- Road safety, Urbanism, Urban Design (Urban Studies), Urban Development

Local Moran's I calculation procedure

- by Tawhid Monzur
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- Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Urban And Regional Planning, Urban Spatial Structure

This paper explains the calculation procedure of Global spatial Auto-correlation

Celem pracy doktorskiej jest oryginalna odpowiedź na postawione pytania badawcze. Wielu pytań, na które nie ma jeszcze odpowiedzi, dostarczają nam bieżące innowacje i wynalazki w dziedzinie techniki i technologii. Precyzyjnie sformułowany tytuł pracy naukowej stanowi esencję jej tematyki. Tematem proponowanej pracy doktorskiej jest zbadanie relacji po-między nowoczesnymi technologiami a strukturami przestrzennymi,6 czyli w jaki sposób oddziałują na siebie wzajemnie. W pracy używa się pojęć przestrzennych struktur: społecznych, ekonomicznych, fizycznych (przyroda ożywiona i nieożywiona oraz zagospodarowanie, czyli środowisko zbudowane) i użytkowych (tzw. funkcjonalnych – użytkowanie terenu). Opis tego oddziaływania jest wynikiem interdyscyplinarnego podejścia do tematu, łącząc ze sobą aspekty przestrzenne, społeczno-ekonomiczne oraz przyrodnicze. Nowoczesne technologie w kontekście pracy rozumiane są, jako wszechobecne technologie obsługiwane przez użytkownika końcowego systemu infrastruktury komunikacyjnej i transportowej. Elementy te można podzielić wg aktorów poszczególnych etapów, od producenta przez dostawcę po użytkownika końcowe-go danej technologii lub usługi technicznej. Badane w pracy technologie najbliższe są właśnie użytkownikowi końcowemu. Podstawowym aspektem dla poruszanego tematu pracy badawczej jest środowisko zbudowane w kontekście tzw. społecznego wytwarzania przestrzeni (Lefebvre, 1974). W związku z powyższym celem pracy doktorskiej jest wykrycie istotnych obustronnych relacji pomiędzy ujawniającymi się wszechobecnymi nowoczesnymi technologiami a społecznym kreowaniem środowiska zbudowanego.

- by winda hanifah
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- Urban Planning, Urban Spatial Structure, Semarang

Mengetahui garis besar gambaran sejarah perkotaan di Pulau Jawa dari
pernyataan diatas, maka Kota Surakarta menjadi suatu kota yang layak dan
menarik untuk dikaji lebih dalam. Hal ini dikarenakan Kota Surakarta mengalami
semua tahapan periodisasi kota sejak masih kota pra-kolonial hingga modern.
Kota Surakarta terbentuk karena adanya pemindahan pusat pemerintahan
Kerajaan Mataram Islam dari Keraton Kartasura pada tahun 1745 (Budi Prayitno,
2007:81). Perpindahan dilakukan oleh Paku Buwono II karena Keraton Kartasura
hancur akibat peperangan dan pemberontakan yang dikenal sebagai peristiwa
“Geger Pecinan” pada tahun 1742. Secara geografis, Kota Surakarta terletak pada
cekungan di antara dua gunung berapi yaitu Gunung Lawu(±3.265 mdpl) di
sebelah timur dan Gunung Merapi (±2.914 mdpl) di sebelah barat, mengakibatkan
topografis relatif rendah dengan ketinggian di pusat kota ±95 meter di atas
permukaan laut dan berada pada pertemuan Sungai Pepe, Jenes dan Bengawan
Solo. Kawasan inilah yang sering dikenal dengan dataran rendah di antara vulkanvulkan
(intermountain-plain), sehingga mudah sekali terjadi banjir (Budi
Prayitno, 2007: 83).
Untuk mengetahui perkembangan struktur internal Kota Surakarta, setidaknya
kita harus memahami definisi struktur kota. Menurut (Iwan K,2008) dalam
konteks spasial kota dapat ditinjau sebagai nodal dan area. Dalam wujud
struktural dan pola pemanfaatan ruang secara internal maka kota ditinjau sebagai
area. Fokus kajian dalam hal ini tentunya adalah unsur-unsur pembentuk struktur
tata ruang kota atau kawasan kota yang terdiri dari pusat kegiatan, kawasan
fungsional perkotaan dan jaringan jalan. Struktur dan pola ruang kota merupakan
suatu produk sekaligus proses yang dimana berbagai unsur di dalamnya saling
terkait sehingga dapat dikatakan sebagai sebuah sistem yang kompleks. Dalam
meninjau struktur internal kota dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai pendekatan
antara lain adalah pendekatan ekologikal, ekonomi, morfologi kota, dan sistem
kegiatan.
Dalam artikel ini, penulis memutuskan untuk melihat perkembangan struktur
internal Kota Surakarta melalui pendekatan morfologi kota. Pendekatan tersebut
pada dasarnya memfokuskan perhatian pada bentuk-bentuk fisikal kawasan
perkotaan yang tercermin dari jenis penggunaan lahan, sistem jaringan jalan, dan
blok-blok bangunan, townscape, urban sprawl, dan pola jaringan jalan sebagai
indikator morfologi kota. Menurut Hebert (1976 dalam Yunus 2000)
mengemukakan bahwa pengaruh perkembangan sarana transportasi sangat kuat
terhadap morfologi kota, sehingga perubahan morfologi kota dan kondisi
transportasi yang berkembang mengakibatkan kota semakin luas.

Az alföldi mezővárosok kialakulására legnagyobb hatással a gazdasági változások és a településeken belül elkülönülő funkciók voltak. Figyelembe véve a hasonló topográfiai és vízrajzi jellemzőket, felfedezhetők azok a karakterisztikák, amelyek az idősík és a szerkezet szempontjából fellelhető különbségeket generálták. Az utak helyzete, irányainak és szerkezetének változásai utalnak az adott időszak (a XVIII. századtól a XX. század végéig)
településteremtő erőire és meghatározó viselkedési formáira. A jellemző szerkezet-megváltoztató tényezők között a természeti katasztrófák mellett a gazdaságot, a domináns vezetők hatását és a városon belüli aktualizált problémákat (egészségügyi szempontok, lakáshelyzet, új igények, motoros forgalom megjelenése, lakáshiány) azonosíthatjuk a teljesség igénye
nélkül. Ezen tényezők, valamint a vizuális ismeretanyag tanulmányozásával lehetségessé válik az utak és a városon belüli utcasávok változásainak követése a szerkezet és funkciók szempontjából. A különböző vetületű térképek egy rendszerbe való integrálásával a megvalósuló fejlesztések és a létre nem hozott változások ok-okozati tényezői csak a háttérdokumentumok ismeretében elemezhetőek. A különböző időszakok azonos tematika szerinti vizsgálata alapján – amelyek a települést kialakító erőket az utca és a terek tipológiáját is alapul veszi –, beazonosítható az a strukturális változás, amely az adott város jelenlegi képét kialakította. Az infrastruktúra rendszerének történelmi változásaival, annak értékítéletével létrehozható egy olyan rendszer, amely irányvonalakat adhat a jövőbeli fejlesztések terén. A tanulmány célja a rendszer megalapozó vizsgálatainak, a mezővárosok településstruktúraváltozásának bemutatása, különös tekintettel az utcasávokra és teresedésekre. A hosszabb távú és megalapozottabb végső, irányadó következtetések levonása több települést felölelő rendszer tanulmányozása után lehetséges.

- by Éva Lovra
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- Urban Spatial Structure

This thesis is written after a thorough structural analysis of urban structure of the cities and towns of the region of ex - Yugoslavia. A comparison of the urban fabric showed that the cities have similar development steps, similar structural units, but different development modes due to historical remains. The cities of the western, former Austro - Hungarian development history are treated differently than the cities of former Ottoman development history - significantly in the socialist development period. The understanding of the core structures and the city development treatments remain active until present day.

- by Andrej Smid
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- Urban Planning, Urban Development, Urban Sprawl, Former Yugoslavia

Commuting patterns in Sub-Saharan African cities are evolving in tandem with rapid levels of historical urbanization. Yet, our understanding of how the prevailing urban spatial structures shape travel patterns is limited. This study explores the land-use-travel nexus in the Kumasi metropolis in Ghana, by focusing on work commuting. It uses newly available land-use datasets to present TAZ-level analysis of the distribution of land-use activity types. From a survey of a representative sample of 1,158 workers, the characteristics of commuters and their travel patterns are examined. The analyses reveal a unique structure for the urban system, that is polycentric in both morphological and functional dimensions, but with a relatively stronger centre (i.e. CBD). Overall, homework commute flows strongly reflect the prevailing spatial structure. Residence in suburban neighbourhoods; non-home-based employment locations; homework distance exceeding 0.3km; and relatively higher-incomes influence motorized transport choice and car-use for work journeys. Walking to work is strongly associated with lower-income levels, residence in historical-core neighbourhoods and home-based employment. The paper contributes to conceptualizing, theorising and understanding the spatial structure-travel nexus at the intra-urban scale by focusing on a previously unexplored urban context. The implications of the findings for integrated urban development and transportation planning are highlighted.

- by Ransford Acheampong
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- Transportation Studies, Urban Planning, Transport Planning, Travel Behaviour

Today it's hard to imagine a modern large city without a shopping mall. Actually mall emerged as kind of a city center for periphery residents. However, in today's fast paced life the concept of "everything under one roof" has become an integral part of the urban structure. Mall makes it possible to meet not one but a number of needs at once.
The fact that mall is analogous to city centre is confirmed not only by their functional content similarity, but also by structure. Like urban web is anchored at nodes of human activity, “shopping mall web” is anchored on nodes of retail and entertainment spaces. Like urban structures have a hierarchy of connections (from footpaths to roads), shopping mall structure has a hierarchy of social spaces (from side malls to the centre court). Despite this similarity, the socialization and communication problems in shopping malls remain unsolved.
In this study the comparative analysis of urban and shopping mall structures was performed. We defined the key urban structure principles suitable for effective formation of social and public spaces of malls.

- by Olena Berezko
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- Urban Spatial Structure, Shopping Malls, Architecture and Urban Planning, Layout

Egypt is well known for establishing new cities in the desert to extend urban areas out of its congested valleys, mostly in the Greater Cairo region. Some of these new cities face strong challenges when potential flooding is not considered as a vital aspect in the master planning development phases. A new administrative capital (NAC) city is currently under construction in the eastern desert region of Greater Cairo. Topographically a slope runs from east (the Suez and Red Sea governorates) to west (the Nile valley, Greater Cairo). Between the NAC and Cairo is another recent city development, named New Cairo city, which faced flooding in 2018. The cause of this problem was not disregard for potential floods in the initial masterplan, but rather it was the construction of buildings within the flood area resulting from the Minister of Housing selling off building plots between 2003 and 2009. This caused a massive flooding impact on buildings, interruptions to the street network and traffic flow, and splits in the urban structure to create various isolated entities. This paper proposes a methodological approach that combines different layers of analysis to investigate the impact of flood risks on the urban structure of new cities and highlight the importance of considering that risk while the masterplan is in the development process. It overlays flood simulation models, syntactic analysis, topographical and flood studies and compares the results in two different scenarios: under average rainfall versus full flooding. The case study is based on the NAC. Combining different analytical methods helps to identify urban zones under flood risk precisely and to propose solutions. The resulting remedy to solve the problem in the NAC would be to: (1) identify the essential locations for placing necessary reservoirs and catchments, and (2) widen the green valley (green belt). These proposed solutions can be directed to the municipalities and planners to consider flood risks while developing the masterplan in its initial phases or during ongoing construction phases when remedies can still be included in the project's phasing. Hence there are two targets for further research: (1) how feasible amendments to the masterplan may be made during the construction phases, and (2) how regulations can be developed for flood risk zones to protect buildings from massive loss.

- by Tamir El-Khouly
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- Space Syntax, Water Management, Urban Spatial Structure, Flood Simulation

RESUMEN: La ciudad ha pasado a crecer de manera muy expansiva y de forma difusa impulsada por la especulación y el beneficio capitalista. Este hecho da lugar a un proceso de desestructuración urbana. Las estructuras urbanas resultantes son fragmentadas y dispersas. Es la consecuencia de una intensa urbanización capitalista. En este artículo se analiza el caso de Toledo, ciudad de origen histórico y hoy capital de la comunidad autónoma española de Castilla-La Mancha. A través de un método deductivo, basado en el trabajo bibliográfico, la observación y el uso del catastro inmobiliario urbano, se analiza el proceso de urbanización que ha originado una intensa fragmentación de la estructura urbana toledana. Ha sido a causa de un reciente urbanismo comercial y especulativo capitalista. La planificación urbanística de la ciudad ha facilitado este impulso constructivo. Entre 1990 y 2010 se edificaron el 55,5% de los bienes inmuebles de la ciudad. El resultado es una ciudad muy difusa y desarticulada y con grandes espacios intersticiales. El entendimiento del proceso debe servir para evitar en el futuro cometer los mismos errores y partir hacia otro modelo de ciudad.
ABSTRACT: The city has grown in a very expansive and diffuse way driven by speculation and capitalist profit. This fact gives rise to a process of urban disintegration. Capitalist urbanization, construction and property speculation, generate a model of diffuse intense urban expansion. The resulting urban structures are fragmented and scattered. This essay discusses the case of Toledo, city of historical origin and capital of the Spanish autonomous community of Castilla-La Mancha nowadays. Toledo is analyzed using a deductive method, based on bibliographic work, observation and the use of urban real estate cadastre, the urbanization process that has given rise to an intense fragmentation of the urban structure of the city. Due to recent commercial and speculative urbanism, the urban planning of the city has facilitated this constructive impulse. 55.5% of the city properties were built between 1990 and 2010. The result is a very diffuse and disjointed city with big interstitial spaces. Understanding this process should serve to avoid making the same mistakes in the future and look for another city model.

- by Salomon Gonzalez Arellano
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- Urban Studies, Time geography, Urban Spatial Structure

Egypt is characterized by an abundance of cities built along the narrow valley of the Nile river and into the delta since ancient times, accounting for nearly 90% of the total population. This has led to a need to find alternatives to urban development and expansion beyond the borders of the narrow valley. One of these alternatives is the establishment of new urban communities extending deep into the Sahara, characterized by a wide horizontal extension, highways and arterial roads, entirely vehicle-oriented as a means for movement throughout the city because of a lack of public transportation. This paper evaluates this trend by analysing one of the newly established cities outside Greater Cairo, known as New Cairo city, which requires changes to its physical structure to increase the pedestrian crossing routes because of the high number of accidents involving pedestrians crossing main roads.
Using space syntax as an informative theory, utilizing syntactic analysis of the impact of highways and arterial roads on integration and connectivity in the spatial structure shows isolated islands of districts with no pedestrian routes to connect them. This methodology allows us to determine the main points in the structure of the city where pedestrian accessibility can be added to provide a remedy to overcome the shortage of access points in the city’s network system. The study provides further value by discussing the impacts at pedestrian level, human dimensions in the living community, diversity of land uses and real estate financial classification.

- by Tamir El-Khouly
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- Space Syntax, Urban Spatial Structure, New Cities

his research focused on analyzing the urban spatial structure of the Tokyo metropolitan area by using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) techniques and aimed to observe the effectiveness and acceptability of ESDA in identifying the Spatial Clustering. The ESDA techniques that have been selected for this research are Global Moran’s I; Local Moran’s I and Local G Statistic. The local statistics are called Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA).

- by Tawhid Monzur
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- Urban Studies, Urban Spatial Structure

This study introduces a new measure of urban centrality. The proposed urban centrality index (UCI) constitutes an extension to the spatial separation index. Urban structure should be more accurately analyzed when considering a centrality scale (varying from extreme monocentricity to extreme polycentricity) than when considering a binary variable (monocentric or polycentric). The proposed index controls for differences in size and shape of the geographic areas for which data are available, and can be calculated using different variables such as employment and population densities, or trip generation rates. The properties of the index are illustrated with simulated artificial data sets and are compared with other similar measures proposed in the existing literature. The index is then applied to the urban structure of four metropolitan areas: Pittsburgh and Los Angeles in the United States; São Paulo, Brazil; and Paris, France. The index is compared with other traditional spatial agglomeration measures, such as global and local Moran's I, and density gradient estimations.

- by Piotr M SMOLNICKI
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- Urban Spatial Structure, Spatial Structures
- by David Kaplan
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- Welfare Reform, Job Opportunities, Urban Spatial Structure

This article contextualizes the recent social uprisings in Maribor as a political articulation of the periphery in both the local Slovenian and the more general European context. The case of Maribor is of particular interest to anyone who wants to excavate different temporalities within “transition”: Maribor is not only the name of a failed capitalist de-industrialization, but was, 25 years ago, also the site of a failed socialist industrialization. My thesis explores the continuity and discontinuity of Maribor as a privileged site of popular resistance, while on a more theoretical level, it presents the unfolding of politics of dissensus. The author uses Rancière’s concept of “the people” as the most adequate figure for addressing the specificity of the most recent struggles. Also, the question of “periphery” as the site of utmost importance for contemporary political imagination and experimentation is brought to the reader’s attention

- by Gal Kirn
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- Marxism, Social movements and revolution, Radical Political Theory, Public Uprising

The Poznań wedge-ring green system, developed by Czarnecki and Wodziczko, is one of the most permanent elements in the spatial structure of the city. However, the present development processes and investment pressure pose a serious threat to the stability of the system, while stipulations in binding planning documents, postulating its protection and enforcement, are superficial. In view of the contemporary concepts of the sustainable city, green infrastructure or ecosystem services, and the need to implement European legal solutions it is necessary to re-interpret the “classical” concept of the Poznań urban green system. This pertains both to its internal structures and ties with the supporting external ecosystems.

- by Studia Miejskie and +1
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- Green Infrastructure, Urban Spatial Structure, Sustainable City, Poznań
- by Weng Kin Chan
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- Urban Geography, Urban Social Geography, Urban Renewal, Urban Spatial Structure

The aim of the paper is to analyze and compare the form and land use structure of Euro-Mediterranean cities by estimating spatial metrics and to present a way of using these metrics to examine whether there is a common typology of urban sprawl. Based on Urban Atlas data (2006), the land use composition in six large urban agglomerations (Madrid, Barcelona, Rome, Milan, Athens and Marseille) is analyzed, and the degree of low density development is identified. Certain modifications are applied to the original Urban Atlas data, and spatial metrics are estimated using the FRAGSTATS software. A methodology for evaluating urban sprawl patterns based on five types of spatial metrics, characterizing patch density, size/aggregation, shape, dispersion/contiguity, and mixing, is presented. Moreover, land use change dynamics in the period 2006-2012 are analyzed in order to identify the most recent trends in urban growth. Results are evaluated and a comparison between the cities is presented. The discussion tries to characterize the patterns of urban sprawl, recognizing that, although there are certain similarities, a common typology of urban sprawl is not evident. JEL Classification R110, R140

- by Αποστολος Λαγαρίας and +1
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- Spatial Analysis, Urban Studies, Transportation and Land Use, Land Evaluation/Land Use Planning

Technologies may appear faster than spatial planning can afford it. Although applying new technologies solve particular problems, it may also create new ones. Many negative consequences of implementing new technologies are visible after years or decades – they accumulate until the need of solving them. According to The Hannover Principles (McDonough & Braungart 2013) one should, by example not think about reducing but about eliminating negative impacts. Did we learn life-cycle management from this since 1992, and implement it correctly? Can we predict and eliminate negative side effects? Could we add a positive value to the neighbourhood?
In this paper author will scrutinize selected applications of modern and contemporary techniques and technologies influencing shaping of spatial structures and will emphasize their side effects in terms of urban, regional and global “health”.
Author will propose contemporary local intervention and investment possibilities on creating self-sustaining neighbourhoods and buildings. Its background will be a new vision of architecture and spatial structures that include ideas inspired from biosphere, e.g.: retrieving and capturing or circulation of CO2 and nutrients. Author will present a concept based on aquaponics gardening that could be adapted to existing buildings and new designs. The concept design will not only reduce and eliminate emissions but also could have a positive impact on citizens’ health and the whole city and its surrounding.

Bandung got the 4th rank as a populated city in Indonesia, and similar with many Indonesian big cities, especially in Java Island face the complex of demography’s problem on an urban spatial structure associated with the population growth, such as land use, water supply, equipping settlement and its facilities. Bandung is clustered of urban village, which is spread across the city, formed in the strategic point of downtown. Tamansari is one of many urban villages in Bandung, that have a strong historical correlation with Bandung development, even to the present. This phenomena was made the environmental chaos of the central city became linked to the social problem of urban life. In addition, claims about higher densities suggest benefits in energy savings through combined heat and power (CHP) provision, but that benefits might be outweighed by the loss of open space. (Moughtin, et al. 2005). This provision of open an especially green space is included: reduced surface and air temperature, due to daylighting, high humidity, effect of the wind tunnel. Physically, these villages even look like a slum area, and somehow this area is an easy target to be displaced, mostly changed into commercial function, because its land value. However, it's just like changing a mask without solving the problems of a settlement area, kind a move the slum area to another place. The uncontrolled urban structure of high density urban villages due to the population growth make the writer wanted to know about the environmental implications of urban form for particular combinations of building types, urban forms and open spaces.

- by Beta Paramita
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- Urban form, Urban Spatial Structure, Bandung, Dense Area

Metropolitan areas in the U.S. have become increasingly polycentric. Large employment subcenters have emerged outside of central cities, competing against the traditional city center for labor and businesses. The existing literature on land use and transportation focuses on passenger travel, providing little insight into the impact of polycentric metropolitan development patterns on freight activity. In this study, we use the Los Angeles region as a case study to examine the relationship between urban spatial development patterns and freight travel. Using the National Employment Time Series (NETS) data, we identify employment subcenters in metropolitan Los Angeles. We characterize freight activities associated with the subcenters using data from the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). We develop a regression model that estimates freight activity as a function of geographic characteristics, such as whether a location is in an employment subcenter, measures of nearby employment, access to the highway network, and proximity to intermodal freight facilities. The results indicate that employment is an important driver of freight activity; however, employment subcenters have an independent effect on freight activity. The results of this study suggest that further research on urban spatial structure and freight activity should assess the effects of employment subcenters and how their particular employment composition and characteristics are associated with freight activities at the metropolitan level. Such an approach would lead to more precise policy recommendations for urban goods movement.

- by Andy Hong and +1
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- Transportation, Urban Spatial Structure, Freight transportation
- by Salomon Gonzalez Arellano
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- Time geography, Urban form, Mexico City, Urban Spatial Structure

As a collection of lively phenomenon city, life is dependent on series of factors which define the urban spatial structure also. Conventional urban planning typically takes the view that the classification of city activities as commercial, institutional, residential, public, etc. But understanding the urban space in the category of third spaces, gives that real meaning of the urban space. According to that classification there are three spaces as first (home), second (Work place) and third (Other) spaces in the urban environment. In urban planning the second space is the mostly concerned space. There are many different activity based locations and those can be identified within the category of 'third spaces', but the ones such as pubs, bars, cafes, special restaurants, brothel houses, illegal drug spots etc. are a special category that is generally regarded as 'not-so-desired' activities in a city but more functioning locations of the city. But this category of third spaces is not getting the attention of the urban planning activities. Accordingly this paper examines the influence of the third spaces (bars, pubs, and specific restaurants etc.) distribution pattern on the urban spatial structure of Colombo Municipal Council area. In further it describes how these third spaces impact to the urban spatial structure and explores the relationships between the Third spaces location patterns and the spatial structure element of the City of Colombo using Correlation analysis. Through the understanding derived from the analysis, this paper calls for the due attention of the planners and urban designers for planning and designing the city environments to identify the hidden third spaces. And also to identify the vital role of locations of this category of third spaces and the distribution pattern that makes the cities more active and vibrant.

- by Namal Anuradha
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- Urban Planning, Computer Aided Design, Urban Morphology, Third Space
- by Piotr M SMOLNICKI
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- Urban Spatial Structure, Spatial Structures
- by Alejandra Trejo Nieto
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- Labor Markets, Urban Spatial Structure
- by Ruben Monroy
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- Cities, Urban Spatial Structure, Accesibility, Bottom Up

Urban geographers (and urban economic geographers in particular) have, at least since the early twentieth century, examined the way in which cities spread out across space, occupy it and transform it: the resulting patterns and... more

- by Richard Shearmur
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- Urban Geography, Urban Spatial Structure

- by beta paramita
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- Urban form, Urban Spatial Structure, Bandung, Dense Area

Ever since their first establishment in Britain in 1946, new towns have become commonplace globally as a means to accommodate spillover populations from urban areas. Many of the planned new towns have a goal of creating self-contained communities with sufficient local jobs. However, despite over seventy years of new town development, few studies have examined whether and to what extent an intra-urban agglomeration economy has formed within these towns. This paper adds to the literature on new towns’ spatial planning and performance by investigating the local agglomeration economy in new towns through employment sub-centres, with Hong Kong as the study area. We identify employment centres from 2000 to 2015 to map changes in the spatio-economic structure. Our results reveal that only a few of these primary employment centres exhibit strong location agglomeration: the proportion of jobs in the long-established urban core remained stable, while the agglomeration economies in new towns have not gained much momentum in attracting a larger proportion of the city’s total employment. The new towns’ sub-centres also indicate a similar industrial composition, and seemingly fail to foster local specialisation-based economies.

- by Sylvia He
- •
- Urban Planning, Employment, Hong Kong, Decentralization

When philosophers talk about perfectionism, it is usually as a view of well-being, of developing characteristically human capacities. Yet perfectionism can also be a normative account of what we owe to each other. This article argues that perfectionists have reason to endorse a perfectionist basic structure such that enables persons to develop and exercise their human capacities in meaningful ways. This basic structure has two complementary features: First, it enables a diversity of life experiences. Second, it provides a spatial opportunity structure that creates open-minded environments. Absent these features, rich or lucky individuals gain an unfair advantage in the sphere of opportunities for developing their capacities in meaningful ways.

- by Avigail Ferdman
- •
- Distributive Justice, Moral Perfectionism, Perfectionism, Equal Opportunities

Storage facilities are exhibiting an unparalleled growth in recent years: according to the Self Storage Association, the self-storage industry has been the fastest growing segment of the commercial real estate industry over the last 40 years. It has been considered by Wall Street Analysts to be “recession-resistant”. As of yearend 2013, there are more than 48,500 storage facilities in the U.S, occupying a total rentable space of 2.3 billion square feet. This is an area three times the size of Manhattan, New York, and in continuous growth. From the economic standpoint, self-storage units are extremely lucrative: a non-climate controlled 10’X10’ area of empty space has an asking rent of an average of $115/month . As of 2013, close to 9% of U.S households currently rent a self storage unit.
In The New Urban Sociology, Mark Gottdiener and Ray Hutchinson write that the contemporary metropolis is the consequence of the complicated and continuing interaction of economic, political, and cultural forces. This paper examines the phenomenon of storage facilities on a macro-level, as urban/exurban enclaves. It aims to confront storage cities both as “cities of stuff” and “housing for stuff” within North American urban ecology. In the periphery, arrays of storage facilities are part of the shipping/manufacturing landscape and assume an identity that goes beyond the sprawl model and anti-urban zoning laws. Within the urban fabric, storage buildings represent both container and camouflage architecture, and are perfect examples of what Professor Crawford calls “background buildings”.
From the socio-economic point of view, storage facilities are fascinating: they embody currently popular issues of surplus, hoarding, and are a physical reminder of the consequence of conspicuous consumerism and planned obsolescence. The issue of "material excess" becomes an exurban pathology, endemic to a culture of wholesale commerce and warehouse buying experiences. The clutter culture can be mapped and becomes tangible in the form of the 'country of storage facilities', a veritable document to "stuff/ material obesity".
How do we, as architects and urban designers, confront and negotiate with the typology of the self storage facility and the new urban/exurban enclaves that these commercial containers of spaces , clustered at the periphery of cities, have created? How can we better understand the nature of the singularly camouflaged “housing of stuff” often found in the downtowns of second-tier U.S cities? The content of these buildings, the “user” if you wish, is constituted entirely of stuff we cannot or do not wish to fit in our homes. What is it that we store, and why?
The enclaves created by self storage cities demand a new terminology within the vocabulary of suburban sprawl, being often part of “light industrial “ parks, finding their natural habitats in the no-man land left behind by city planners, shared by unwanted space of fenced lots, warehouses of dubious nature and non-descript sheds. These sanitized, privatized “secure cities” embody a new type of sprawl within the continuously shifting suburban reality.

- by Miti Aiello
- •
- Urban Geography, Urban History, Urban Studies, Urbanism

After a morphological study, conducted on various cities of the size 80.000 to 2.000.000 inhabitants
in the area of the former Yugoslavia, the ex Yugoslav cities appear to reveal four distinctive and
readable urban development faces: they show four different structural entities in four periods: they
were named the „core period“, the „gründerzeit“ period, the „socialist“ period and the
„turbourban“ city development period. All of them can be seen as results of the city management
streams and the power relationships throughout history and in the carefully constructed
appearance of the »socialist urban planning« which established the „respect to the historical urban
tradition“ on one side and the „brave new development“ on the other. The city structure
comparison of the finally targeted five ex Yugoslav cities - Belgrade, Sarajevo, Split, Priština and
Maribor - shows similarities that reveal the phenomena that is unique for all ex Yugoslav cities, be
it in the socialist period or in the planning period of the last 20 years of urban management and
planning. My paper for the occasion includes my latest research results of the city structure studies
I am conducting during my dissertation preparation.

- by Andrej Smid
- •
- Urban Planning, Urban Spatial Structure

All post-Soviet cities look similar. They also demonstrate similar development trends, have similar issues and like no other illustrate the concept of 'path-dependency'. As a consequence of very specific political and economic conditions for their development, these cities have acquired distinctive features and elements of urban structure, and today's planners have to deal with the imprint left by the Soviet era. Due to the longest history of 'socialist experiment' Russia became the main ground for the implementation of the Soviet urban-planning model and today its cities present a rich empirical base for studying the consequences of the systemic impact of the administrative-command system as a substitute to the market one. The study draws attention to the Russian cities with a population of over 1 million people since the typical problems and the need for the effective urban form are more pronounced there. The author consistently discusses a range of the urban form characteristics of the major Russian cities looking for the similar traits in their morphology. The aspects considered include settlement size and general density along with the spatial distribution of population evaluated by means of three indicators: density profile, density gradient and dispersion index, and also the structural form and the network configuration.

Już 20 marca o godz. 18:00 kolejne spotkanie Civic Hub. Tematyką spotkania będą pojazdy autonomiczne, czyli samochody, które docelowo nie będą wymagały kierowcy. Postaramy się odpowiedzieć na pytania o to jak realna jest to wizja, jak odległa w czasie i co najważniejsze jaki wpływ na nasze miasta będzie miała tak radykalna zmiana w transporcie i codziennej mobilności. „Jaki wpływ na metropolie będą miały autonomiczne pojazdy” opowie Piotr M. Smolnicki – architekt-urbanista, doktorant na Politechnice Gdańskiej w temacie nowoczesnej zautomatyzowanej i współdzielonej mobilności metropolitalnej, ekspert doradzający miastom nt. prowadzenia procesów partycypacji społecznej przy planowaniu przestrzennym. O projekcie SOHJOA Baltic, w ramach którego w Gdańsku opracowany zostanie plan obsługi autonomicznego transportu tzw. „ostatniej mili” dla obszaru Morza Bałtyckiego opowie Magdalena Szymańska, która na co dzień pracuje w Referacie Mobilności Aktywnej Urzędu Miejskiego w Gdańsku, gdzie realizuje projekty z obszaru mobilności. Ukończyła socjologię na Uniwersytecie Gdańskim. Jest doktorem nauk ekonomicznych w zakresie nauk o zarządzaniu. Z kolei Andrzej Wójcicki i Darek Kowalczyk z ADAVIO wprowadzą Was w zagadnienia związane z działaniem pojazdów autonomicznych. Opowiedzą kiedy firmy technologicznie będą gotowe na wprowadzenie autonomicznych samochodów do powszechnego użycia, w jaki sposób auta widzą świat i jak podejmują decyzje. Następnie przewidujemy czas na dyskusję z udziałem wszystkich obecnych na spotkaniu. Tradycyjnie na uczestników spotkania czekać będzie poczęstunek, który sponosoruje diler aut, jeszcze nie autonomicznych ale Mercedes-Benz, Mazda, Smart – BMG Goworowski z Gdańska, Gdyni i Słupska http://bmg.auto.pl . Spotkanie odbędzie się po raz drugi w Strefie Inspiracji w City Meble. Blisko przystanek SKM, autobus, tramwaj. Jest również spory parking, zapewniający darmowy postój do 2h (jednak należy pamiętać o potrzebie pobrania biletu). Więcej na naszej grupie na Facebooku: https://www.facebook.com/groups/civichub/ oraz na Meetup: https://www.meetup.com/pl-PL/Civic-Hub/events/248294414/

Density is a fundamental, defining characteristic of urban areas that has important implications for many other aspects of urban life. Using census tract data for 1950 to 2010, the extent of the built-up urban areas is delineated in a consistent manner for 59 of the largest metropolitan regions in the United States. Contrary to common expectations of nearly universal decline in urban densities, many areas showed relatively stable densities or even significant increases over the period. The areas with stable or increasing densities were located in the South and, especially for increases in density, in the West. The larger declines in densities occurred in areas in the Northeast and Midwest. Density levels and changes in density were associated with the sizes of areas, prior densities, rates of growth, and the presence of barriers to urban expansion.

- by John Ottensmann
- •
- Urban Spatial Structure

A real challenge for the values of public spaces is modernistic urban planning characterized by districts filled with blocks of flats and streets on which cars oust pedestrians. The article addresses elementary but so important issues such as urban planning, spatial structure and also aspects of public spaces – their quality and identity. The author brings up the example of Tychy, a modernistic city which downtown was based on axial plan. The aim of the article is to present the ideas that guided the general designers of the city and the current spatial planning situation of the concept. The author describes the state of development, ownership and socio-economic situations of the area based on the analysis of the planning documents, the current spatial structure of the city, GIS tools and visual inventory.

- by Michał Lorbiecki
- •
- Urban Planning, Public Space, Urban Spatial Structure, Modernistic architecture

Almost thirty years ago, United Nations
alerted about future human development
explaining the concept of sustainable
development. In the report “Our common
future”, known as Brundtland report, it is said:
„Humanity has the ability to make
development sustainable to ensure
that it meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their
own needs. The concept of sustainable
development does imply limits – not
absolute limits but limitations imposed
by the present state of technology and
social organization on environmental
resources and by the ability of the
biosphere to absorb the effects
of human activities. But technology
and social organization can be both
managed and improved to make way
for a new era of economic growth. The
Commission believes that widespread
poverty is no longer inevitable. Poverty is
not only an evil in itself, but sustainable
development requires meeting the basic
needs of all and extending to all the
opportunity to fulfill their aspirations
for a better life. A world in which
poverty is endemic will always be prone
to ecological and other catastrophes.”1
Limitations and social conditions of development
are ones of the main ideas of the concept
of sustainability. Even they have been presented
many years ago, they still prevails. During the
last years of XX Century, urban development
and sustainability were in discussion.
The advantages and disadvantages of two
models, the dispersed city and the compact city,
were in the center of the debate. Javier Monclús,
Francesco Indovina and other recognized town
planners and urban researchers pointed out the
main effects of a scattered urban development:
1. Dispersion of urban areas in the region;
2. Social and functional segregation;
3. High consume of resource land;
4. High consume of energy;
5. High emission of pollutants;
6. High cost of maintenance and operation.
Closer to present days, Bernardo Secchi,
another renowned urban planner, noted that
the challenges for city management are
sustainability, social inclusion and mobility.
And these are the questions that are present
in the research carried out during these
summer months. Therefore, this research
proposes to analyze three recent urban
developments in metropolitan areas (ryc. 2)
that correspond to three different contexts
of social and economic development.
The research tries to focus on sustainable urban
development. For this study, it is assumed
that sustainable urban development means:
4. an efficient use of resource land and of
energy;
5. the development of public transport;
6. an effective and a correct urban growth
management.
The three cases show three different ways
of answering the demands involving the
extension of the built-up areas. Some of them
are closer to a sustainable urban development,
other more distant, significantly further away.
And in all three cases we will find the articulation
(and the lack of articulation) between
political, design and technical definitions. In
all three cases, by action or omission, it is
put in value the need to program the growth
of the city in accordance with a project
and not only with generic urban regulations.
The analysis of the three cases allows us
to see what kind of city is being built and, also,
to draw some lessons that allow us to specify
what type of city we can / want to live in and build.

- by Piotr M SMOLNICKI and +1
- •
- Urban Spatial Structure, Spatial Structures