Wage Gap Decompositions Research Papers (original) (raw)

This paper investigates the sensitivity of average wage gap decompositions to methods resting on different assumptions regarding endogeneity of observed characteristics, sample selection into employment, and estimators' functional form.
Applying five distinct decomposition techniques to estimate the gender wage gap in the U.S.\ using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that the magnitudes of the wage gap components are generally not stable across methods. Furthermore, the definition of the observed characteristics matters: merely including their levels (as frequently seen in wage decompositions) entails smaller explained and larger unexplained components than when including both their levels and histories in the analysis. Given the sensitivity of our results, we advise caution when using wage decompositions for policy recommendations.

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- Gender Wage Gap, Wage Gap Decompositions, Causal Mediation Analysis

Flexibility or rigidity of wage policies has been the main source of wage theories. In the USA, there has been interiorized a flexible wage system, where the liberalism actors in, on the whole upward flexible, resistant to crisis and providing permanent employment. It can be mentioned that the factors, which are like sectoral, social, employee composition, effective on wage differentials. Wages to be flexible generally have a content effect on the macro indicators. Wage regimes, which implemented in Turkey, induced recessive economy, under competition and unproductiveness on product. Rigid wages would be tempting if the social additional wages. The basic goal of that comparison is, to shape an optimum satisfaction in terms of the sides of wage.

: This article aims to measure the pay gap and the impact of discrimination based on gender and
color in the Brazilian labor market, from the National Household Survey microdata, 2013. Therefore, the
estimated Mincer equations and applied in the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The results show that the wage
gap is unfavorable to the working woman, being productive attributes and the occupations the most relevant
factors to reduce these differences. Overall, female discrimination is positively associated to productive
attributes and the type of civil union, and negatively to the area of residence and occupation exercised. Among
white workers, the wage gap and discrimination in women's wages are higher than in the group of individuals
(white and non-white). Among non-whites, gender discrimination was higher than among whites, however the
difference and the impact of wage discrimination was lower than among whites, and the occupation and the
urban area of residence influenced the reduction of this discrimination. The gender and color, together,
leverage wage differentials in Brazil. The traits of individuals explain one quarter of these differences and
gender discrimination and color the remaining three bedrooms. Based on the outstanding results it is concluded
that there is need for public policies to economic activities of women and nonwhites in Brazil. Given the
relevance of this contemporary theme, both for the country and for the world, this has recently been treated in
global economic conventions.

- by Flavio K Fiuza-Moura and +2
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- Economics, Labor Economics, Feminist Theory, Brazilian Studies

Defining education in Australian immigrant wage gap decomposition is not sufficient if we do not consider how immigrants’ wages differ once immigrants experience education in the host country. Using cross-sectional data extracted from 13 waves of HILDA, I examine immigrant wage gap by modifying education variable into levels of educations obtained in Australia and overseas. Results show that immigrants have wage advantages over natives due to their better labor market characteristics, while there is considerable wage discrimination against females among migrants. More importantly, educational experience in Australian’s institutions does not necessarily help migrants have better earnings advantages than overseas education.

- by Hoai Bui
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- Income inequality, Wage Gap Decompositions, Labour Market Outcomes

This paper focuses on estimating wage differences between males and
females in Tunisia by using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, a technical
that isolates wage gap due to characteristics, from wage gap due to
discrimination against women. The data used in the analysis is obtained
from the Tunisian Population and Employment Survey 2005. Results ascertain the 19% wage gap is mostly mostly attributed to discrimination, especially
to underestimation of female characteristics on the labor market.

- by Hela Jeddi and +1
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- Economics, Applied Statistics, Gender Discrimination, Wage Gap Decompositions

Turkey maintains one of the lowest female labour force participation rates in Europe, but also boasts an above average number of female professors. Turkey is well above the European average (15%) with approximately 28% of full professorships being occupied by women. Despite these seemingly positive indications, do men and women in Turkish academia earn the same wages? This study explores whether or not there exists a gendered pay gap in Turkish academia. Using data collected from a survey of more than 700 Turkish academics, we observed that there is a gendered wage gap that disadvantages women, but only at the highest pay levels found at private universities indicating the existence of intra-class inequality, where men and women despite occupying the same class position are compensated differently.

- by Mary Lou O'Neil and +1
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- Gender Studies, Women's Studies, Women's Rights, Anthropology of Gender
- by Rene Castro Vergara
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- Discrimination, Social Exclusion, Indigenous Peoples, Wage Gap Decompositions

- by Meltem Ucal
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- Gender Studies, Political Science, Anthropology of Gender, Gender

The paper examines the gender wage gap in Italy during the 2008-2012 economic crisis, using cross-sectional EU-SILC data. The gender wage gap increased from 4% in 2008 to 8% in 2012, while for most European countries the gap decreased over the
same period. After 2010 the growth of the Italian gender wage gap (and its unexplained component) was particularly high in the upper part of the wage distribution. In 2010-2011 a wage freeze in the public sector was introduced as an austerity measure, and the average public sector premium dropped from 15% to 11%. Using counterfactual
analyses, we show that the wage freeze has been one of the major causes of the growth of the gender wage gap, disproportionately aaffecting women, who are more likely to be employed in the public sector. This `policy effect' accounts for more than 100% of the increase between 2009 and 2011, while other changes, if anything, would have reduced the gender gap.

- by Daniela Piazzalunga
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- Economics, Public Administration, Decomposition, Discrimination

Since 2004, more than 80% of all high school graduates in Korea went on to university or at least junior college, although higher educated people suffer more seriously from unemployment. In human capital theory, reducing the unemployment rate when increasing the level of education was determined to be a stylized fact. But the current situation in Korea does not justify the theory. Using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study and the German Socio-Economic Panel three empirical essays aim to find the corresponding reasons and solutions. Koreans’ strong interest in university studies could be caused by lack of promising alternatives. An enhancement of the job training system along German lines seems to offer a reasonable solution to the oversupply of university graduates in Korea.

- by Mee-Kyung Jung
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- Labor Economics, Higher Education, Human Capital, Wage Gap Decompositions

The study examines the wage gap between bachelor’s and master’s degree graduates in the Hungarian labour market by NUTS2 regions. The databases used in the study have been gained from the Hungarian Graduate Career Tracking Survey conducted in 2012 as well as from public regional data sources of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Relying on these databases independent t-tests, variance and regression analyses are performed to 1) identify the starting wage premium of those graduated at master’s level compared to others owning only a bachelor’s degree in the regions of Hungary, and to 2) define the role of regional factors (economic development, labour market indicators, demographic variables) in the wage differences. Major conclusions of the study are that 1) obtaining a master’s degree forecasts a significantly higher starting wage in most of the observed geographical areas, but 2) the size of this positive contribution significantly differs region by region (partly depending on economic and labour market factors).

- by András István Kun
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- Higher Education, Earnings Management, Bologna Process, Human Capital

We analize the gender wage gap in Mexico using the Population Censuses from 1990 to 2010. The wage gap has decreased on average during this period. In 2010, the gender wage gap was about 6%. However, the average hides important aspects of the wage gap across the distribution of wages. We find a stable pattern of sticky floors and a decreasing pattern of glass ceilings over the period. We use a semiparametric method to decompose the wage gap on changes in characteristics and changes in prices, and we also correct for selection of women into the labor market. Most of the wage gap is due to differences in prices. After correcting for selection, we find that the wage gap would have been greater suggesting that there is positive selection of females into the labor market. This selection is more important for females with low education and in lower quantiles.

- by Raymundo Campos
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- Gender Studies, Nonparametric Statistics, Mexico, Wage Gap Decompositions

Este trabalho analisa a diferença salarial segundo a condição de migração e sexo da população dos estados do Sul do Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul), a partir dos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios – 2013. Para isso,
calculam-se as equações de rendimentos, o procedimento de Heckman e a decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder. Os resultados revelam que o estado do Paraná tem maior participação relativa de migrantes da Região Sul, seguido por Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. A Região apresenta um salário superior para migrantes, tanto para os homens como para as mulheres, compatível com a literatura sobre o tema. Os homens possuem um salário superior, tanto nos grupos de não migrantes como nos de migrantes, e a maior diferença salarial por sexo ocorre na população migrante. Há discriminação salarial por sexo entre
migrantes e não migrantes, sendo maior entre os migrantes. O efeito migratório sobre os salários das mulheres é de aproximadamente 15%, favorável às migrantes, e dos homens é de aproximadamente 38% favorável aos migrantes.

- by Marcelo Lufin
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- Spatial econometrics, Regional Economics, Wage Gap Decompositions, Propensity Score

This work aims to measure the wage differential by gender, color and technological intensity in Brazilian manufacturing industry, 2012, in each technological segment and measure the "technology effect" on wages. The database used is PIA 2011, PINTEC 2011, and PNAD 2012. Applied Heckman procedure for sample selection bias correction, Mincer equations for wage determination and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to estimate the wage differentials. The results indicate the domestic industry effort to adapt to the international R&D investment structure, but still had low technological expertise and low investment in technical progress. Positive wage returns were found to education, experience, urban regions and leadership jobs, increasing with the investment firm's technology. There was positive feedback for white skin and male, although decreasing in more tech-intensive segments. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition showed a high degree of wage discrimination, especially in relation to non-white women. Such discrimination had lesser magnitude as observed more tech-intensive segments. The "technology effects on wages" also was positive and growing along the sectors with the highest concentration of investment in R&D

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to analyze the wage gap caused by migration status and gender of the population residing in the state of Bahia. We estimated wage equations with the Heckman sample selection bias correction procedure and we deployed the Oaxaca-Blinder method for wage gap decomposition between workers according to gender and migration status. We used the microdata from PNAD-National Household Sample Survey-2013. The results show that migrant workers in the state of Bahia have higher wages for both men and women, consistent with the literature on the subject. We also found that men are more valued in the labor market regardless of their migration status, with the largest wage gap by gender occurs between migrants. The decomposition of the wage differential found that for men, a difference explained by the appropriations justifies the salary increase in migrants, but in the female case the migratory effect was positive and higher than the effect of differences in personal characteristics of workers.

- by Flavio K Fiuza-Moura
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- Gender Studies, Feminist Theory, Migration, Decomposition
- by Patricio Aroca
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- Wage Gap Decompositions, Wages