Warp Weighted Loom Research Papers (original) (raw)

The loom weights from the pottery workshops of Chersonesos, discovered by V.V. Borosova in 1955-1957.

- by Elizaveta Krasnodubets
- •
- Ceramic Stamps, Warp Weighted Loom, Weaving, Weaving/looms

In this paper, I present results of a series of weaving experiments on a warp-weighted loom. This project was motivated by a desire to develop a better first-hand understanding of the role of some technical aspects of the loom on the types and frequencies of weaving patterns. As a reflection of my personal interest and to keep the scope of this paper manageable, I focused on two main aspects. The first is the fact that extant textile remains show that all four-shed patterns woven on a warp-weighted loom share a common characteristic and that is that they are always broken, not symmetrical. The second is motivated by the finds of crescent shaped loom weights and considers methods to maintain uniform tension in the warp threads while weaving twill.

- by Rolf Verberg
- •
- Experimental Archaeology, Viking Age Archaeology, Warp Weighted Loom, Weaving

Textile crafts, and weaving in particular, have contributed much to the overall development of technology. Looms were invented in the Neolithic and represent the first ‘machines’ of human history. Essential goods for daily use, especially clothing, as well as utilitarian textiles, ostentatious objects for display and luxury items were produced with this craft.
Textiles were valuable, as can be inferred from the recycling of fabrics. Worn out garments were used as binders, packaging and even as a dressing material in prehistoric times. Clothing, however, not only offered protection against the elements – even in prehistoric times textiles and jewellery were more than just simply means to dress – they are an essential feature of every culture. In the past as well as today, clothing represents an important non-verbal means of communication and conveys aspects of identity about the wearer such as age, gender, social status and group memberships.
This book is dedicated to historians, costume designers, archaeologists, and anyone interested in handcraft and artisanship. The temporal and geographical scope of this investigation is the Neolithic to Late Iron Age of Central Europe, which is the period before the introduction of writing. The book ends with the Roman occupation in Central Europe. Austrian finds and sites as well as those of neighbouring countries are the primary focus.

- by Karina Grömer and +2
- •
- Semiotics, Sociology, Experimental Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology

The organisation of textile production in medieval England underwent a dramatic transition between roughly the 10th and 12th centuries. These changes, which include the formation of weaving guilds and the evolution of weaving as a male-dominated trade, are typically attributed to the adoption of a new, more efficient style of loom. In order to critically examine the role of technology during this transitional period, an experiment was designed to compare the relative efficiency of two different types of loom in use during the Middle Ages. The experiment yielded interesting timed results and experiential observations, which indicate a difference in the skill level required by each loom, suggesting a complicated relationship between gender, new technology, and the perception of skill in medieval England.

- by Gwendoline Pepper
- •
- Textile Technology, Warp Weighted Loom, Medieval Textiles, Medieval Technology

La presente tesi di laurea nasce da un interesse personale inerente un particolare argomento assai trascurato e poco dibattuto: la tessitura. La mia ricerca è iniziata grazie alla pratica della rievocazione storica ed alle prove d’archeologia sperimentale svolte con diverse associazioni. Nel processo spettacolare/didattico di rievocazione storica vi è la necessità basilare di ricostruire gli abiti e i tessuti che venivano utilizzati quotidianamente nel passato, questo mezzo dunque assume un’importanza fondamentale nel mostrare al pubblico quale fosse l’aspetto di quelle persone. Il materiale da cui provengono queste informazioni viene principalmente dalle fonti archeologiche ed iconografiche. Il mio interesse verso questo studio è nato principalmente per motivi pratici legati alla necessità di avere materiali filologici da utilizzare in rievocazione. Questa ricerca iniziale si è approfondita sempre di più per contestualizzare il tipo e la qualità dei tessuti utilizzati, le tipologie di telai che producevano questi tessuti e le tonalità di colori naturalmente ottenibili. L’obbiettivo di questa tesi è dunque comprendere le fasi cruciali della tessitura, partendo dalla storia di quest’attività, comprese le prime attestazioni di cucito antecedenti alla tessitura vera e propria. Il metodo utilizzato è basato su un’analisi della storia della tessitura e dei più famosi reperti tessili ritrovati, uno studio dei primi metodi pratici utilizzati per l’intreccio delle fibre e la comprensione del funzionamento delle “macchine” per la realizzazione dei tessuti. Il primo capitolo affronta la storia della tessitura dalle sue iniziali attestazioni. Nel secondo capitolo è descritto lo sviluppo di alcuni dei numerosi tipi di telai esistiti nei diversi millenni, per la comprensione del funzionamento di queste macchine. Il terzo capitolo entra in una fase più specifica, attinente la fabbricazione delle materie prime da cui produrre i diversi tipi di filati d’origine vegetale e animale, poiché dal tipo di materia naturale utilizzata si ottengono importanti informazioni di carattere societario, quali le tipologie d’allevamento e le coltivazioni presenti. Di notevole importanza è la tintura dei tessuti, tema affrontato nel quarto capitolo, in particolare il tipo di pigmenti naturali ricavati dalle piante, dagli animali o dai minerali, che danno le varie gradazioni di colore, al fine di comprendere la minore o maggiore difficoltà nella realizzazione di questi e conseguentemente per capire l’importanza che assumevano determinati colori rispetto ad altri. Il quinto ed ultimo capitolo è la parte fondamentale di questa ricerca: l’applicazione dell’archeologia all’attività tessile. Sono affrontate le problematiche inerenti la rarità dei reperti tessili (dovuta al loro rapido deterioramento naturale), l’importanza assunta dal ritrovamento degli strumenti da lavoro, nonché le prove lasciate sul campo da questi manufatti; da questi elementi si possono ricavare informazioni pratiche sulla base delle loro caratteristiche fisiche (forma, materiale, resistenza) e delle loro finalità, determinate dalla funzione pratica. In questo campo l’archeologia ha la massima importanza, essendo il metodo diretto da cui otteniamo le informazioni in fase di scavo. Applicando i ritrovamenti alle numerose rappresentazioni grafiche ed alle fonti letterarie antiche, è possibile ottenere i dati con cui poter ricostruire buona parte del processo manifatturiero.

- by Valentina Cutaia
- •
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Archeologia
- by Rolf Verberg
- •
- Experimental Archaeology, Viking Age Archaeology, Warp Weighted Loom, Weaving

Textiles are rarely found in archaeology because they decay due to climate and soil conditions. Objects that were used to make thread and fabric and that are found in excavations do, however, enable reconstructions of textile production. In this study the data from 1480 loom weights and a number of textile fragments from four Iron Age sites in Transjordan – dated between 800 and 332 BC – were used as a starting point to reconstruct the economic and cultic aspects of textile production. This opened up new insights into the availability and use of raw materials, production techniques, labour investment, producers, consumers and the market. The approach of this study, placing textile research in the context of text analysis, has enabled new interpretations of archaeological finds, unveiling aspects of the economic, social and religious fabric of Iron Age society, and simultaneously it sheds new light on texts from the southern Levant, resulting in a new kaleidoscopic approach to biblical archaeology.

In this introduction the main research
approaches applied to textile tools will be
outlined. The ways in which the different
groups of artefacts have been studied in the
past will be investigated, as well as how more
innovative approaches came into being in
recent decades and, finally, which research
potentials have not yet been fully explored.
This chapter aims to present the research
produced by scholars of textile tools and why
and how, if at all, this pool of knowledge
has influenced Aegean and Near Eastern
archaeological research in general.
First, the chapter will provide an overview of
the research approaches and key issues related
to textile tools in the Bronze Age Eastern
Mediterranean, also in comparison to central
and northern Europe. Second, it will discuss
the research on various textile tools. Finally,
the chapter will conclude by proposing a shared
framework to ameliorate the scholarly work on
textile tools in the future. Published in in E. Andersson Strand and M.-L. Nosch (eds.), Tools, Textiles and Contexts. Investigating textile production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age. Ancient Textiles Ser. Vol. 21. Oxford: Oxbow, 1–23.

Lacking the actual finds of textiles from the Hallstatt period in Slovakia one has to look for another type of evidence for textile production. Fortunately, there are to be found many spindle whorls and loom weights at settlement contexts, which can be studied more in details. In 2002 and 2005 a lowland settlement was uncovered in the vicinity of a rich necropolis belonging to the Kalenderberg Group in Dunajská Lužná, part Nové Košariská in south-west Slovakia. In partly destroyed house there were unearthed two groups of all together 170 pyramidal loom weights made of sun-dried clay, both set in lines next to the walls, one about 4 m long, another one about 2 m long. Based on this find, in 2010-2011, there has been made a reconstruction of the smaller warp-weighted loom with 79 loom weights. A type of weave and a quality of threads were estimated according to the weight, shape and spatial analysis of the loom weights. At the same time, a matching piece of textile from Hallstatt salt mines was taken as a model type of fabric for reconstruction of weaving on this loom. The experiment was held in cooperation with an archaeologist who excavated the loom weights, an ethnologist who is experienced in old textile techniques and a textile archaeologist. This interdisciplinary work brought together new insights to the construction of the warp-weighted loom, the process of preparation for weaving as well as the weaving itself. The aim of this paper is to answer the questions which came to light during the reconstruction: What kind of evidence give the loom weights situated in lines on a floor of a house? What kind of unit system of length and width can we think about in the Hallstatt period? In what way were threads distributed through the heddles to create a 2/2 twill? How do some of the construction elements of the loom influence the weaving process – e.g. how to attach weights on the warp or what is the slant of the supports of the heddle-rods? The results of this reconstruction will be presented in a broader context of textile production in the Hallstatt period in Central Europe.

- by Juraj Zajonc and +1
- •
- Experimental Archaeology, Warp Weighted Loom, Weaving, Warping
- by Ruth Shaffrey
- •
- Warp Weighted Loom

This study focuses on the textile implements, notably the loom weights and spindle whorls, found at fortified hilltop settlements - a specific type of hillfort in Sweden. The sites included in the study are Boberget (Östergötland), Gullborg (Östergötland), Darsgärde (Uppland) and Börsås kulle (Bohuslän). From quantitative analysis of the material, assessing the least possible production range, the study also discusses textile production and its social dimensions within the context of sites that deviate from the ordinary, primarily domestic, settlements during the Migration Period. It was possible for the sites to produce textiles of both simple and fine quality. The context of these sites as central places suggests a specialised textile craft which seems to be representative in nature.

- by Quaderni del LaPArS collana digitale
- •
- Textiles, Sardinia (Archaeology), Prehistory, Protohistory

The textile tools recovered at the Late Bronze Age levels of Tepecik Mound, which is located in Çine Town of Aydın Province, provide important information about the weaving history of Anatolia. In this study, several types of baked clay and unbaked clay loom weights were examined in terms of their typological and technological characteristics. In addition, the comparisons were made with the similar examples that were recovered in various findspots in Anatolia, in the Aegean and in the Near East with an aim to determine their distribution area. The loom weights were studied in terms of cultural relations, focusing on the reasons for the usage of different types loom weights at the same period. As a result, it is understood that they were represented in 4 different types and the existence of local Western Anatolian types together with the crescent loom weights known from Hittite cultural region and the unbaked spools which were widespread in a large geographical area as from the Aegean to the Eastern Mediterranean, proves that Çine-Tepecik mound was an important centre with active interregional cultural relations in Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. Given the number of loom weights, it is understood that textile production were not in industrial scale, rather had a local character that caters the needs of local people. The loom weights in various weights and shapes demonstrate that the different types of textiles were produced. It also shows that the residents of Çine-Tepecik Mound used traditional weaving technologies together with the new Technologies./ Aydın ili Çine ilçesinde bulunan Tepecik Höyüğü Geç Tunç Çağı tabakalarında ele geçirilen çeşitli dokuma aletleri Anadolu dokumacılık tarihi bakımından önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada pişmiş ve pişmemiş topraktan üretilmiş, çeşitli tiplerdeki tezgah ağırlıkları tipolojik ve teknolojik bakımdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca Anadolu, Ege Dünyası ve Önasya’dan çeşitli buluntu yerlerindeki benzer örneklerle karşılaştırmalar yapılarak dağılım alanları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Kültürel ilişkiler bakımından incelenen farklı tip tezgah ağırlıklarının aynı dönemde bir arada kullanılmasının nedenleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonuç olarak 4 farklı tip ile temsil edilen dokuma tezgah ağırlıkları, yerli Batı Anadolulu tiplerin yanında, bir taraftan Hitit kültür bölgesinden tanınan hilal biçimli tezgah ağırlıkları ve diğer taraftan Ege Dünyası’ndan Doğu Akdeniz’e kadar çok geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılan pişmemiş topraktan yapılmış silindir biçimli tezgah ağırlıkları; Çine-Tepecik Höyüğü’nün Geç Tunç Çağı Anadolu’sunda bölgeler arası ilişkileri etkin olan önemli bir merkez olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Tezgah ağırlıklarının sayısı göz önüne alındığında tekstil üretiminin endüstriyel boyutlarda olmadığı, daha çok halkın ihtiyacına yönelik yerel karakterde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çeşitli ağırlık ve şekillere sahip tezgah ağırlıkları, farklı türde kumaşların üretildiğini kanıtlamaktadır. Bu durum Çine Tepecik Höyüğü sakinlerinin, dokumacılıkta geleneksel teknolojiyle beraber yeni teknolojileri de kullandığını göstermektedir.

In the course of the excavations at Maresha Subterranean Complex 169, 112 loomweights (Table 1) and 29 whorls (Table 2) were found. The chronological mixture of the finds ranges from the Iron Age II to the late second century BCE. Most of the specimens are dated to the Hellenistic period; some (29 whorls and 33 loomweights) are dated to the Persian period, and three are dated to the Iron Age. The connection between textile production and sanctuaries, while remote, may be relevant as many of the finds in SC169 are cultic in nature and the cave complex is near a temple. Small loomweights can be identified as miniature votives (Landenius Enegren 2014: 141, 143). Another possiblity is that they could be attributted to sanctuary production (Gleba 2008: 178; Meyers 2013: 248–249). The discovery of large numbers of loomweights at sacred sites can be attributed to sacred weaving for a diety or festival as well as possibly for garments of priests or priestesses. This activity of weaving garments for dieties is mentioned by Pausanias vis a vis the production of cloth elsewhere in Greece. Evidence of such sanctuary weaving of the peplos for Athena took place at the Acropolis in Athens (Sofroniew 2011: 3–4). Another example is in the sanctuary of Hera near the
Sela river where weaving was performed (Ferrara and Meo 2017). The use of loomweights as votives is also clear. Franca Ferrandini Troisi points out that we have literary evidence describing the dedication by women of household objects including wool combs, shuttles, baskets and thread alongside spindle whorls and “loomweights” suggesting that the choice of loom weights as offerings is more a statement about the women themselves than their connection to a particular deity (Sofroniew 2011: 16). In other words, loomweights may symbolize a feminine parallel to male votives of soldiers, craftsmen and/or their tools of trade. Similar motifs are evident in some of the Maresha figurines like the kourotrophos depicting a mother carrying a child.

- by Orit Shamir and +1
- •
- Hellenistic History, Warp Weighted Loom, Weaving/looms

LUNA, Isabel, ENCARNAÇÃO, José d', BATALHA, Luísa e CARDOSO, Guilherme - «Pesos de tear romanos, com grafitos, provenientes de Torres Vedras». Antrope, 11. Tomar: Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, 2019, pp. 16-37.

- by Isabel Luna and +2
- •
- Warp Weighted Loom, Roman looms, Arqueología romana / Roman archeology, Arqueología romana

Archaeological classifications of clay loom weights are usually based on morphological criteria. In this article on the Iron Age loom weights excavated at Tell Deir ‘Alla in Jordan attention is paid to a technological approach of the study of these artefacts. Like in technological pottery studies, this approach focuses on the reconstruction of the manufacturing technique based on the interpretation of technical characteristics followed by a simulation experiment. It gives an explanation for the various morphological loom weight types.

II Konferencja Studenckiego Ruchu Naukowego Wydziału Historycznego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, 20-21 maja 2017

- by Eryk Maria Skolarski and +1
- •
- Archaeology, Early Medieval And Medieval Settlement (Archaeology), Warp Weighted Loom, Old Prussian

73 clay biconical loomweights were found at Khirbat Burin dating to the Persian period (5th-4th centuries BC). The loomweights were found near a wall and were scattered in two rows of c. 78 cm indicating the width of the loom. They were burnt in the fire with the wooden beams of the loom. The weights range from 23.9 to 41.7 g.
Keywords
Khirbat Burin, Persian period, loomweights, warp-weighted loom, biconical.

- by Orit Shamir and +1
- •
- History of Textiles, Persian Culture, Persian, Warp Weighted Loom

Spool-shaped objects and weights made of clay were unearthed on many sites all over Europe and the Mediterranean, being discovered in settlements, graves, and sanctuaries or recorded as passim during surveys undertaken in less excavated areas. Not only in the pioneering age of archaeology but also recently, these classes of artefacts arose serious problems of interpretation. The present paper investigates some hypothesis regarding the function of clay spools and clay weights of pyramidal and conical shape, associated by some archaeologists
with the craft of making pottery or with cooking and fireplaces. These hypotheses will be discussed in the context of the recent progress made in the field of archaeological textiles, taking into account the complex methodology of research of clay implements which was refined in the last decades based on extensive archaeological research,
including archaeological experiments.
This contribution aims to clarify some confusions regarding the function of clay spools and clay weights, by confronting the old interpretations, often ungrounded, with the current state of research, proving that the functional parameters of an implement together with the excavation context and with the information brought by iconographic representations are definitory in accurately establishing the function of these puzzling classes of artifacts.

- by Alina Iancu
- •
- Experimental Archaeology, Textile Archaeology, Greek Archaeology, Weaving Technology
- by David Garcia i Rubert and +1
- •
- Archaeology, Textile Archaeology, Iron Age Iberian Peninsula (Archaeology), Ancient Textiles

This file contains a better quality version that is word searchable.

- by Ezra Marcus and +1
- •
- Archaeology, Egyptology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Archaeology of Ancient Israel

Poster presented in Washington in 2007 at the 10th International Congress on the Heritage and Archaeology of Jordan (ICHAJ).

Kamstra, H. (2021). Of whorls and weights: examining archaeological contexts of textile-related ceramics. In S. Arnoldussen, M. T. C. Hendriksen, E. Norde, & N. de Vries (Eds.), Metaaltijden 8: Bijdragen in de studie van de metaaltijden... more

- by Hester Kamstra
- •
- Archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Iron Age (Archaeology), Warp Weighted Loom

Vorlage früh- und mittelneolithischer Siedlungsmaterialien und Beurteilung prähistorischer Besiedlung anhand der Geländebegebenheiten. Bekanntmachung mittelalterlicher und neuzeitlicher Begebenheiten anhand der lokalen mündlichen... more

Two spindle whorls and one loomweight were discovered in scattered fills during the excavation of H. ‘Avot. They probably represent evidence for household textile production at the site, rather than a textile industry, possibly in more... more

Two spindle whorls and one loomweight
were discovered in scattered fills during
the excavation of H. ‘Avot. They
probably represent evidence for household
textile production at the site, rather than a
textile industry, possibly in more than one period.

- by Orit Shamir
- •
- Warp Weighted Loom, Spindle Whorls

Khirbet al-Mudayna is a small, walled settlement, existing from the end of the ninth century till the end of the seventh or in the sixth century B.C.E. Mudayna may have functioned as a fortress guarding the eastern border of ancient Moab or as a centre for textile production, or both. To investigate whether textile production was one of the main reasons for the existence of Khirbet al-Mudayna I have studied the excavated material associated with textile production, particularly the loom weights and the actual textile remains from the settlement (Boertien 2014). Production of textiles for public use may indicate a religious connotation, because weaving for a temple and especially weaving clothes for a deity is a well-known phenomenon in the ancient Near East. In this article I will investigate whether traces of such activities can be found at Khirbet al-Mudayna.

- by Jeannette Boertien
- •
- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Levantine Archaeology, Hebrew Bible

this model the deterioration rate and demand rate considered as increasing function of time and the production rate depends directly on demand rate. The lotus petal fuzzy number is defined and its properties are given. The parameters involved in this model are represented by lotus petal fuzzy number. The average total cost is defuzzified by the regular weighted point technique. The analytical expressions for temporary warehouse inventory level, permanent warehouse inventory level at time t2, deterioration level, maximum inventory level and the average total cost are derived for

- by Journal ijmr.net.in(UGC Approved)
- •
- Warp Weighted Loom

Weavers used warp-weighted looms from the Neolithic to the twentieth
century C.E. and from the southern Levant to Greenland. The clay, stone,
and bone weights for which these looms are named create a uniquely rich archaeological record of weaving. It may be because warp-weighted looms leave a richer record than wooden varieties of looms that the hundreds or thousands of weights found in excavations are a challenge for archaeologists to interpret. Here, I suggest that archaeologists faced with large numbers of loom weights spread across their excavations need to deal with the same counting problem that other material specialists (e.g. ceramicists and lithicists) have tackled for their respective forms of material culture. In order to address this need,
I demonstrate an initial comparative measure of the number of loom weights that accounts for both the size and the number of these artifacts. Recognizing that this is a preliminary description with its own limitations, I will suggest further research that may strengthen this method of counting loom weights.

The function of loom weights was to stretch and space the warp threads on a vertical loom. The loom weight is often the only preserved remnant of a loom used in antiquity. Because of their ubiquity, loom weights are the main key to the study of textile production in the Iron Age in the Levant. During excavations loom weights are easy to recognize if they are made of metal, stone or ceramics. Within burnt layers, unfired clay loom weights can be accidentally fired and thus well preserved. But it is difficult to recognize and securely excavate unfired raw clay loom weights. The two main problems are:
1. Unfired loom weights disintegrate when they get wet.
2. When excavating a mudbrick site, the clay of the loom weights resembles the matrix they were found in.
Clay loom weights were sometimes fired, resulting in durable terracotta weights, but the majority were made of unfired clay. Unlike Staermose Nielsen (Staermose Nielsen, K.-H. In: Pritchard, F. and J.F. Wild (ed.). Northern Archaeological Textiles NESAT VII. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2005:130), who states: “Groups of unbaked clay weights are the more numerous of all, but as clay loom weights reveal themselves on excavations only as disintegrated lumps, their usefulness in a classification is minimal.” For many excavations Staermose Nielsen is right. But that is because of the way the weights are excavated rather than preserved in the ground. I will demonstrate that clay loom weights, when properly excavated and preserved, can be classified and studied in a meaningful way, enabling us to reconstruct textile production.

First comprehensive survey on the enigmatic clay spools or cylinders (also called bobbins or reels) of the transitional period form the Bronze to the Iron Age (mainly 12th century BC) after intials remarks by J. Carington-Smith, V. Karageorghis, L. Stager and others about their importance for the interrelations in the east Mediterranean during this period. The typology, chronology and functional dimensions of the objects are discussed with special reference to the contextual evidence from Late Mycenaean Tiryns. Clay spools are commly appearing in Late Bronze Age contexts (Ha B, hardly earlier) in southern Central Europe and Italy but the connection is still hard to demonstrate in typological and chronological terms.

Archaeological finds from different sites in Jordan demonstrate the role textile production played in the society of Ammon and Moab between 800-600 BC.
Tools and textile fragments from Deir 'Alla and Tell Mazar in the Jordan Valley indicate a local tradition in textile production. Tools, texts and archaeological features from both Deir 'Alla and Khirbet al-Mudayna will be discussed to find an answer to the question whether weaving for a temple or a shrine was practised in Iron Age Jordan. And finally an inscription will shed some new light on the role of women in public and religious life in Iron Age Moab.

Brühl/Vortrag: Dr. G. Schmidhuber-Aspöck, B. Köstner M.A., Rekonstruktionen aus Holz und Leinen: römische Schiffe und Segel im LVR-Archäologischen Park Xanten. Bericht zur textilarchäologischen Grundlage und der Rekonstruktion eines... more

This file contains a better quality version that is word searchable.

- by Michal Artzy
- •
- Ancient History, Archaeology, Egyptology, Near Eastern Archaeology

This this survey will describe the history of textiles and textile tools, mainly in the Nordic countries. The main objective of this study is to map the archaeological context in which spinning wheels and looms occur, as well as what material it is mainly made of. The last thing to be investigated is a limited research material from Trøndelag where I will investigate the spinning wheels and the distribution of looms in the region. In the section regarding the archaeological context, I will also look at how previous research has been done in textiles and textile tools. The last two parts of this thesis to be done are through a small study of a selected material from the NTNU Science Museum's Online Collections where I have investigated how many of the spinning wheels and looms are produced from specific materials and their location.

Tkaní látek a výroba textilu patří k nejstarším lidským výrobním činnostem, o jejichž všeobecném praktikování ve všech pravěkých obdobích počínaje (nejpozději) neolitem nelze pochybovat. Vlastní výrobní zařízení – tkalcovské stavy, se však daří archeologicky identifikovat jen zřídkakdy, navíc v mnoha případech se jedná jen o neprůkazné interpretace. Pouhá přítomnost většího množství hlině-ných závaží přitom nutně ještě nemusí dokládat interpretaci zjištěného objektu jako tkalcovského sta-vu. Naší pozornost zaměříme na specifický typ sídlištních objektů – žlaby (např. Metlička 2004; Chvojka – Šálková 2011) a v nich nacházená jehlancovitá závaží. Jedná se o lineární objekty, které nic nevyme-zují ani neohraničují a jsou téměř vždy orientovány ve směru sever-jih. Jejich délka převyšuje nejméně čtyřikrát jejich šířku, přičemž se pohybuje zpravidla kolem 5-7 m, zatímco šířka dosahuje většinou ně-kolika desítek centimetrů. Dna objektů bývají rovná či jen mírně mísovitě prohnutá, okraje jsou zaob-lené. V naprosté většině jsou pak tyto objekty naplněny velkým množství keramiky, která je zpravidla přepálená, dále hliněnými závažími, kamennými artefakty aj. Jedná se o prostorově i chronologicky omezený typ objektu, chronologicky na mladší a pozdní dobu bronzovou a prostorově pouze na jižní a západní Čechy, jižní Německo a Rakousko. Jednou z možných interpretací žlabovitých objektů je i je-jich využití v souvislosti s vertikálním tkalcovským stavem (srov. Trnka – Přemyslovská 2013). Argu-mentem zde bývá nejčastěji hojný výskyt hliněných závaží, která jsou v některých případech na dně žlabů záměrně vyskládaná. Pro tuto argumentaci nahrává také nálezová situace na některých bavor-ských sídlištích, na nichž se žlaby nalezly v interiérech domů. Hliněná závaží souvisela s výrobou látky z nití na vertikálním tkalcovském stavu (obr. 1), přičemž sloužila jako zátěže osnovy stavu (srov. V tomto případě jsme se zaměřili na závaží z deseti žlabů, které byly v letech 2005-2009 objeveny a prozkoumány na lokalitě Březnice na Táborsku (obr. 2), datované do stupně Ha A2 (Chvojka – Šálko-vá 2011). Kromě jediného žlabu byla závaží zastoupena ve všech devíti ostatních, ovšem v nestejném množství (graf 1). Kumulace tkalcovských závaží byly však objeveny pouze ve výplni žlabů 1/05 a 12/06, v ostatních byla závaží či jejich zlomky rozptýleny bez výraznějších koncentrací v různých úrov-ních jejich výplní. V prvním ze jmenovaných žlabů 1/05 se ve výplni dochovalo 29 celých kusů závaží nebo jejich větších fragmentů. Celý soubor byl přepálený, závaží mají totožnou podobu tvaru jehlanu s víceméně čtverco-vou podstavou z jemné až střední keramické hmoty. V horní třetině se nachází otvor, přičemž ve sledo-vaném souboru nebyly pozorovány výrazné stopy po jeho opotřebení. Výška celých závaží se pohybuje v rozmezí 15-18 cm, jejich hmotnost mezi 1-1,7 kg. Pouze čtyři závaží nejsou v horní partii zdobena, v ostatních případech se objevuje důlkování/otisky prstů (v počtu 1-13; obr. 3), mělký žlábek nebo nehtovité vrypy (počet 14). Nelze jednoznačně říci, zda se jedná o " podpis tvůrce " , výzdobu nebo znač-ku určující umístění v rámci stavu. Na základě výše uvedených skutečností lze uvažovat o uceleném souboru závaží, který prošel jednorázovou zánikovou transformací. Je evidentní, že výplně žlabovitých objektů jsou jak po stránce artefaktuální, tak i z hlediska zastoupení rostlinných makrozbytků značně variabilní. O jejich možné interpretaci jako pozůstatků tkalcovských stavů lze uvažovat především v případě objektů 1/05 a 12/06 se záměrně deponovanými kumulacemi závaží. Je ovšem nutné si uvědomit, že výplně těchto objektů nemusejí odrážet jejich primární funkce. Přesto se minimálně u obou výše uvedených žlabů jeví jejich spojitost s tkalcovskými stavy jako nej-pravděpodobnější.

- by Petr Menšík and +1
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- Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Bronze Age Archaeology, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology)

Textile production is usually found in domestic circumstances. But at Kirbeth al-Mudayna in Moab weaving was undertaken in and on two pillared buildings. Indicating weaving in public space, pointing to the possibility of weaving as a communal activity. Loom weights, textile fragments and indications for dyeing were found within the tempel complex together with different kinds of altars and basins with inscriptions. Raising the question what the relationship was between textile production and cult.

- by Jeannette Boertien
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- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Hebrew Bible, Jordan