Welding Technology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering

It is challenging to obtain defect free welded joints of Aluminum Alloys with the help of fusion welding processes. In fusion welding, oxide layer of aluminum alloys penetrate inside, which has the tendency to thicken at higher temperatures, which in turn results in the defects like porosity and cracks in the weld joint. In contrast, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is proved to be a very good solid state welding technique, which has got a worldwide attraction, especially in aerospace industry. FSW doesn’t involve actual melting of the materials, rather the welding is done at visco-plastic state of the materials, which helps to reduce the heat affected zone in the weld joint and original characteristics of material are protected from getting changed, as far as possible. Combination of 2xxx series and 6xxx series of aluminum alloys are highly used in aerospace and automobile industry due to their good-strength to weight ratio, mechanical properties and anti-corrosion properties. The work ...

2025, Springer

Wire arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) of titanium alloys represents a cutting-edge and versatile additive manufacturing process that has garnered attention for its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to large-scale production. In comparison to traditional subtractive manufacturing methods, WA-DED's layer-by-layer additive process significantly reduces lead times. Titanium alloys are particularly well-suited for WADED due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and suitability for aerospace and biomedical applications. However, adopting conventional WADED methods has faced challenges due to the increasing demand for intricate, high-quality products. The hybridization of the WADED approach combines traditional additive manufacturing methods with specialized techniques to address these challenges and optimize the production of components. Hence, this article explores the hybridization methods utilized in WADED for titanium alloys. Hybridization techniques contribute to the production of high-quality titanium alloy components with enhanced properties and functionality. Processes such as laser shock peening and ultrasonic impact treatment refine the microstructure, leading to improved mechanical properties and heightened performance in titanium alloy components. Precision control is achieved through techniques like CNC machining, ensuring that the deposited material adheres precisely to specified specifications. Laser shock peening aids in managing residual stresses within the manufactured components, a critical aspect of preventing deformation and cracking in titanium alloys. Hybridization facilitates more efficient material usage by incorporating methods like inter-pass cold rolling and hot wire, optimizing material deposition, minimizing waste, and reducing costs. Finally, the future scope of

2025

Specified the manufacture of two product levels (PSL1 and PSL2) of seamless and welded steel pipe for the use of a pipeline in the transportation of petroleum and natural gas. For material use in a Sour service application refer to Annex... more

2025, Jurnal Kompetensi Teknik

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai kekerasan dan struktur mikro hasil lasan sambungan las TIG pada stainless steel AISI 304 dengan penggunaan variasi jenis filler. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental untuk membuktikan adanya perbedaan nilai kekerasan dan struktur mikro, yang dihasilkan dari pengelasan TIG dengan memvariasikan penggunaan jenis filler ER 309 L dan ER 316 L pada penelitian stainless steel AISI 304. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik. Hasil penelitian membuktikan ada perbedaan nilai kekerasan dan struktur mikro yang dihasilkan oleh variasi filler. Nilai kekerasan maksimal dihasilkan pada penggunaan filler ER 309 L dengan nilai kekerasan rata-rata 410,32 kgf/mm2. Nilai kekerasan terendah dihasilkan pada penggunaan filler ER 316 L dengan nilai kekerasan rata-rata 397,78 kgf/mm2. Spesimen dengan filler ER 309 L struktur mikro logam lasan memiliki butiran karbida cr yang kecil mengakib...

2025, Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry

Friction and wear losses can be reduced by arc welding, tempering and other methods. One of these technologies is vibro-arc surface processing. By using this technology surface can be carbonized through the formation of extra layers with supplementary materials. The present work is an investigation of an opportunity to increase abrasive wear resistance of steel surfaces by carbonizing them by vibro-arc (80 and 120 A current) layering with a graphite electrode and by dip-transfer surfacing welded through layers that create paste-like coatings that consist of materials increasing resistance to wear. The investigations have been performed according to the standards of ASTM G65-94 -Dry Sand Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test, and ASTM G132 -Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing. Studies have shown that through surface carbonization layers are produced with a higher wear resistance than surfaces formed with the wear resistant powder PG-10N-01. When using carbonization, the wear resistance of steel surfaces increases by forming austenite synthetic (Fe 0,94 C 0,06 ), cementite (Fe 3 C), iron oxide (Fe 3,71 O 4 ) structures. Even with the wear resistance increased up to 39-41%, the carbonization creates just thin layers of 0.1-0.15 mm. Surface welding with current pulses by using additional materials generates high temperature gradients. This deteriorates coating quality resulting in uneven thickness, formed cracks, voids. The formation of austenite synthetic (Fe 0,94 C 0,06 ), cementite (Fe 3 C), chromium nickel (Cr 2 Ni 3 ), chromium iron carbide (Cr 21,34 Fe 1,66 C 6 ), carbon iron (C 0,09 Fe 1,91 ) structures in a layer increases hardness (average 6145-6310MPa). Although the strengthened layer is much harder than steel Hardox 400, under abrasive wear conditions it has only 20-23% less wear resistance than Hardox 400. Due to surface defects, significant increases in hardness have almost no influence on the wear resistance. Surface quality is increased by welding at a lower current. Because just a thin layer is formed, the carbonization process is not an efficient technology to increase the abrasive wear resistance.

2025, Advanced Joining Processes

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2025, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes

Resistance welding of crossed wires, e.g. used in the electronics industry or in fabrication of wire meshes, is analyzed by both experiments and numerical modeling using an electro-thermo-mechanical finite element formulation. Welding machine characteristics are discussed and the necessary requirements to the type of welding machine are concluded. Cross-wire welding of stainless steel, structural steel and aluminum are presented, and differences in the welding process and flash formation are discussed. It is shown that the joints are primarily due to solid-state bonding and local melting. The simulations compare well to the experiments at low weld settings, while remaining challenges for simulation of high weld settings are identified in terms of requirements to the mesh and detailed description of the machine follow up of the electrode force and movement.

2025, AIP Conference Proceedings

A cold roll bonding (CRB) process for the symmetrical bonding of two sheets of the steel DX-51 (1.0226) with a galvanized zinc coating is presented. The coating was applied to form an intermediate layer between the two steel substrates during the bonding. The study is divided in two sections describing the role of the heat treatment prior to the CRB process (heat pre-treatment) as well as after the CRB process (heat post-treatment). The filming theory supposes that for establishing a firm bond, the superficial layers should feature an increased hardness in comparison to the substrate to overcome the oxide film on the surface. Since zinc is more ductile than iron, a bonding of galvanized steel sheets according to this mechanism is rather unlikely. By applying a heat pre-treatment prior to the roll bonding, the formation of brittle intermetallic Fe and Zn phases can be facilitated. These brittle phases fracture during rolling, and thus, allow for a contact of the juvenile formed steel layers. Within this study, steel sheets were heat pre-treated in an oxygen-free atmosphere in the temperature range from 450 °C to 550 °C. Additionally, the influence of the coating's thickness was investigated. A heat post-treatment was performed to strengthen the bond by increased diffusion activity. The influence of the zinc diffusivity was analyzed by heat treatment of the bonded samples in the relevant temperature range for zinc diffusion at 180 °C. The bonds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and tensile shear tests.

2025, Welding Technology Review

In this article results of tribological and structural properties comparison of flame sprayed, by SupJet-S-Eutalloy® multipurpose system, two self-fluxing alloys of Ni-B-Si type in the form of powder for spraying with remelting are presented. Layers were produced on EN-GJL-250 grade grey cast iron with flake graphite in an austenitic matrix. Abrasive wear resistance examination acc. to ASTM G65-00 and erosive wear resistance examination acc. to ASTM G76-2 were performed. Obtained results were compared with abrasion-resistant steel Hardox® 400. Macro- and microscopic examination were carried enabling layer quality evaluation and structure of examined layer and base material determination. X-ray microanalysis was performed to obtain qualitative and quantitative data about microareas chemical composition. The Eutalloy® BronzoChrom 10185 powder flame sprayed layer with higher Boron and Silicon content was characterized by 13% lower wear intensity under mineral abrasive conditions and ab...

2025, Journal of Engineering Researcher and Lecturer

This article discusses students' regional potential-based project for vocational education in engineering field as a strategy to strengthen the quality of project-based learning implementation, covering project-based learning, a project task based on potential of student's region, the seven standard elements of a project task based on potential of student's region, the stages of the implementation, and its effectiveness. It was driven by the existence of enormous potentials in Indonesia which have not been optimally developed. Most of universities here are located in urban areas, while most of the students come from rural regions. The previous research discloses students' positive perceptions toward this learning implementation. It helps them develop their soft skills, fosters better engagement with the learning process, and improves their 4C skills (Critical Thinking, Communication, Collaboration, and Creativity). The approach is able to serve as a model for vocational education learning, particularly in the field of engineering. It not only provides students with the opportunity to acquire knowledge, technology, and soft skills, but also contributes to students' regional development. This article is highly beneficial for learning implementation in Indonesia, particularly in vocational education, as well as a reference for further studies.

2025, Kauçuk'ta Dolgu Maddeleri

Bu bölümde kauçuk endüstrisinin önemi, dolgu maddelerinin kullanım amacı ve bu tezin hedefi açıklanır. Dolgu maddelerinin sadece maliyet düşürücü değil, aynı zamanda performans artırıcı bileşenler olduğu vurgulanır. KAUÇUK MALZEMELERİN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ Kauçuğun elastikiyet, dayanıklılık, işlenebilirlik gibi temel fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri tanıtılır. Doğal ve sentetik kauçuk türlerine değinilir.

2025, Dyna-colombia

This paper studies the influence of zinc coating of galvanized DP600 steel (DP600G) on nugget development and on the mechanical properties of dissimilar DP600 -AISI304 welded joints obtained by resistance spot welding process (RSW). RSW evaluations consisted of determining, from the dynamic resistance curves, the different stages involved in nugget formation. The experimental results showed that zinc coating on the DP600G steel has a significant influence on the time needed for the start of nugget formation, producing a two times longer delay for nongalvanized steel. Expulsion time was delayed by 1.12 times. The presence of Zn in DP600G/AISI304 welded joints produced smaller nugget diameters as compared to the DP600/AISI304 joints for the same experimental conditions; however, higher peak failure load values were obtained for the former. The causes of this unusual behavior are also analyzed in this paper.

2025

This paper researches the effect of zinc coating of galvanized DP600 steel on the dynamic resistance and the delayed nugget formation of dissimilar DP600 - AISI304 welded joints, obtained with resistance spot welding process (RSW). The RSW evaluations consisted of determining, from the dynamic resistance curves, the time involved in the different stages of the process, particularly the beginning of nugget formation. The experimental results showed that, from the dynamic resistance curves, it is possible to identify 8 distinct stages during the welding of galvanized DP600 steel and AISI304 stainless steel. In the case of the welding of uncoated DP600 steel with AISI304, only 6 stages are identified (except for stages 2 and 3), which are directly related to the heating, softening and melting of the galvanic coating. The energy used in stages 2 and 3, causes a delay in the beginning of nugget formation for welded joints obtained with galvanized DP600 steel compared to uncoated DP600 - ...

2025, Structural Welding Code - Steel

Under the Direction of the A WS Technical Activities Committee Approved by the A WS Board of Directors This code covers the welding requirements for any type of welded st:mcture made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy constmctional steels. Clauses 1 through 11 constitute a body of mies for the regulation of welding in steel constmction. There are eight normative and eleven infonnative annexes in this code. A Commentary of the code is included with the document.

2025

Automated and robotic welding have become standard practices in manufacturing, requiring precise control to maintain weld quality without relying on skilled welders. In Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding, monitoring the weld pool is crucial for ensuring the necessary weld penetration, which is vital for maintaining weld integrity. Real-time observation is essential to prevent defects and improve weld quality. Various sensing technologies have been developed to address this need, with vision-based systems showing particular effectiveness in enhancing welding quality and productivity within the framework of Industry 4.0. This review looks at the latest technologies for monitoring weld pools and bead shapes. It covers methods like using Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS) to take clear images of the melt pool for better process identification, Active Appearance Model (AAM) to capture 3D images of the weld pool for accurate penetration measurement, and Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to analyze plasma spectra and create material composition graphs.

2025

This investigation explores the application of supervised machine learning regression approaches to predict various responses, including penetration, bead width, bead height, hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and percentage elongation in autogenous TIG-, A-TIG-, and TIG-welded joints of SS304H, which is considered as an advanced hightemperature resistant material. The machine learning (ML) models were constructed based on the data gathered from 50 experimental runs, considering eight key input variables: gas flow rate, torch angle, filler material, welding pass, flux application, root gap, arc gap, and heat input. A total of 80% of the collected dataset was used for training the models, while the remaining 20% was reserved for testing their performance. Six ML algorithms-Artificial Neural Network (ANN), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)-were implemented to assess their predictive accuracy. Among these, the XGBoost model has demonstrated the highest predictive capability, achieving R 2 scores of 0.886 for penetration, 0.926 for width, 0.915 for weld bead height, 0.868 for hardness, 0.906 for ultimate tensile strength, and 0.926 for percentage elongation, along with the lowest values of RMSE, MAE, and MSE across all responses. The outcomes establish that machine learning models, particularly XGBoost, can accurately predict welding characteristics, marking a significant advancement in the optimization of TIG welding parameters. Consequently, integrating such predictive models can substantially enhance the precision, reliability, and overall efficiency of welding processes.

2025, Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Redaktor naczelny -Paweł Nowak Ewa Kowalczyk Rada naukowa  Dorota Dobija -profesor i rachunkowości i zarządzania na uniwersytecie Koźmińskiego  Jemielniak Dariusz -profesor dyrektor centrum naukowo-badawczego w zakresie organizacji i miejsc pracy, kierownik katedry zarządzania Międzynarodowego w Ku.  Mateusz Jabłoński -politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki.  Henryka Danuta Stryczewska -profesor, dziekan wydziału elektrotechniki i informatyki Politechniki Lubelskiej.  Bulakh Iryna Valerievna -profesor nadzwyczajny w katedrze projektowania środowiska architektonicznego, Kijowski narodowy Uniwersytet budownictwa i architektury.  Leontiev Rudolf Georgievich -doktor nauk ekonomicznych, profesor wyższej komisji atestacyjnej, główny naukowiec federalnego centrum badawczego chabarowska, dalekowschodni oddział rosyjskiej akademii nauk  Serebrennikova Anna Valerievna -doktor prawa, profesor wydziału prawa karnego i kryminologii uniwersytetu Moskiewskiego M.V. Lomonosova, Rosja  Skopa Vitaliy Aleksandrovich -doktor nauk historycznych, kierownik katedry filozofii i kulturoznawstwa  Pogrebnaya Yana Vsevolodovna -doktor filologii, profesor nadzwyczajny, stawropolski państwowy Instytut pedagogiczny  Fanil Timeryanowicz Kuzbekov -kandydat nauk historycznych, doktor nauk filologicznych. profesor, wydział Dziennikarstwa, Bashgosuniversitet  Kanivets Alexander Vasilievich -kandydat nauk technicznych, docent wydziału dyscypliny inżynierii ogólnej wydziału inżynierii i technologii państwowej akademii rolniczej w Połtawie  Yavorska-Vіtkovska Monika -doktor edukacji , szkoła Kuyavsky-Pomorsk w bidgoszczu, dziekan nauk o filozofii i biologii; doktor edukacji, profesor  Chernyak Lev Pavlovich -doktor nauk technicznych, profesor, katedra technologii chemicznej materiałów kompozytowych narodowy uniwersytet techniczny ukrainy "Politechnika w Kijowie"  Vorona-Slivinskaya Lyubov Grigoryevna -doktor nauk ekonomicznych, profesor, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologia i ekonomia  Voskresenskaya Elena Vladimirovna doktor prawa, kierownik Katedry Prawa Cywilnego i Ochrony Własności Intelektualnej w dziedzinie techniki, Politechnika im. Piotra Wielkiego w Sankt Petersburgu  Tengiz Magradze -doktor filozofii w dziedzinie energetyki i elektrotechniki,

2025

AISI 1045 steel is included in the category of carbon steel with carbon content of 0.42-0.50% which is often used in machining components. The application requires materials with characters that meet the requirements to get the maximum functionality in their use. Proper heat treatment is a benefit derived from the desired mechanical properties. In this study, AISI 1045 steel was heated to 840℃ for 30 minutes, then quenching with SAE 20W-40 oil in an open container. This study discusses microstructure, Rockwell scale C, and tensile strength of samples before heat treatment and after heat treatment. The results obtained in the micro test before heat treatment consisted of pearlite and ferrite phases, after heat treatment into martensite, pearlite and ferrite, while hardness testing the value increased by 44.

2025, Rodriko Atthaariq

Flash Seam Welding is a resistance welding process used to join two metals continuously by generating heat through an electric shock (flash) between the two metal surfaces to be joined. This process utilizes high pressure and electric current to create a strong and homogeneous connection, and is very suitable to be applied to materials in the form of metal plates or coils. Flash Seam Welding has advantages in terms of production speed, energy efficiency, and precise joints that are resistant to mechanical loads. Research and development in this field generally includes optimization of welding parameters such as current, pressure, and welding speed to produce the best joint quality. This method is widely used in the automotive industry, pipe manufacturing, and the production of fuel tanks and other structural components. This abstract presents an overview of the working principles, advantages, applications, and technical challenges of the Flash Seam Welding process as an efficient and reliable modern welding technology.

2025

In the field of plastic welding few research works is done in last few decades but now a days repairing of plastic become very important and its finding surprising use in manufacturing of plastic goods. So in this sequence we have done some work in the same field. The present work is done to observe the effect of mass flow rate of hot air, welding speed and welding current on stiffness of the welded PVC joint. For design of experiment full factorial technique has been used. The effect of input parameter been evaluated on the output response stiffness of weld bead. The analysis and empirical modeling is done by ANOVA i.e. analysis of variance. MINITAB 15 is being used to determine the best fit relation between response and input parameter. In statistical analysis 95% level of confidence is used.

2025, Modares Mechanical Engineering

2025

Resistance spot welding is a process of joining two or more metal sheets by fusion at discrete spots at the sheets interface. Resistance to current flow through the metal sheets generates heat. Temperature rises at the sheet interface... more

2025

Some of the most frequently used processes in heavy industry are the cutting and joining of thick metal parts, together with handling and assembling of sub components such as sections into a container vessel. Besides material costs, these processes constitute a major part of the production costs in this particular industry. Plasma cutting is one of the most frequently used cutting methods for thick metal parts, and joining of metal parts is usually performed by different arc

2025, SZTE TTIK

A fizika jelenkori kutatási területei között kitüntetett helyet foglal el a felületi plazmon polaritonok kutatása. A felületi plazmonok elősegíthetik az optoelektronikai eszközök fejlesztését és jelentős szerepet játszanak a felületi spektroszkópiai módszerek érzékenyebbé tételében.
Dolgozatomban azt mutatom be, hogy miként tudtam egy diffrakciós ráccsal ellátott aranymintán plazmonokat vizsgálni pumpa-próba módszerrel. Ehhez az ELI-ALPS kutatóintézetben működő, Ultragyors Nanotudomány kutatócsoport által épített ultragyors ellipszométert használtam. A mérések alapelve az, hogy egy kettéosztott lézernyaláb egyik részével plazmonhullámokat gerjesztünk a minta felületén kialakított rács segítségével. A nyaláb másik feléből különböző optikai elemekkel ismert polarizációjú fényt hozunk létre. Ezzel a rács környezetének reflexiós tulajdonságát vizsgáltuk femtoszekundumos időbeli felbontással. Ehhez a visszavert fényt egy spektrométerbe vezettük, és a spektrum változásaiból vontunk le következtetéseket.
Dolgozatomban bemutatom az ellipszometria alapjait, kitérek a plazmonok elméleti tárgyalására, részletesen bemutatom a berendezést, illetve a mérések menetét is. Méréseimből következtetéseket vonok le a plazmon terjedési sebességét és a lecsengési idejét illetően, valamint meghatározom azt a térbeli tartományt, ahol a plazmonterjedés az arany optikai tulajdonságait befolyásolja

2025

The dissimilar butt welding of nickel 201 and AISI 316 was investigated using 4 kW CO2 laser welding machine. The effects of laser power (2580 3420 W), welding speed (450 1150 mm/min), focal position (-1 to 0 mm), beam angle (84 96 degrees) and Beam offset (0 0.2 mm) on the weld geometry i.e, depth of penetration (DP), bead width (BW) and Fusion Zone Area (FZ)were investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The central composite design was used for this experimental plan. Mathematical equations were developed to predict the required weld profile responses dissimilar butt welding process. The sequential Ftest, lack of fit test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where used to test the adequacy of the developed models. Output responses reflect the results for the mathematical models within the limits of the input process parameters that were used. Numerical optimization technique was used to identify the optimal condition region of all this laser welding process. Las...

2025

Surfacing techniques are developed to impart desirable properties like corrosion and wear resistance to low cost substrates like low carbon steels. Weld surfacing is capable of processing prefabricated and worn-out components. The various welding parameters influence the heat input, bead geometry and occurrence of weld defects. This paper briefly looks into various methods adapted to model, regulate and control weld surfacing techniques. The knowledge on effects of welding process parameters, percentage of overlap, inter-pass temperature, pulse characteristics, oscillation methods and control techniques is helpful to tailor the properties of the deposits. This review is mainly focused on selected welding techniques that can be readily and economically adopted for surfacing process.

2025

Streszczenie: W artykule przedstawiono stanowisko eksperymentalne pozycjonowania serwonapędu elektropneumatycznego z bezpośrednim pomiarem przemieszczenia i prędkości tłoka siłownika za pomocą regulatora rozmytego. Analizowano wpływ zastosowanego przetwornika przemieszczenia i prędkości tłoka siłownika na dokładność regulacji serwonapędu elektropneumatycznego.

2025, Industrial Management Journal

Objective Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) are integrated workstations that utilize computer-controlled equipment components for production. These systems are managed by a central computer, which significantly enhances the efficiency... more

2025, DergiPark (Istanbul University)

Son yıllarda Termokimyasal Isı Depolama (THS) sistemleri ve bu sistemlerin gelişimi açısından büyük öneme sahip olan depolama malzemeleriyle ilgili çalışmalar ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışma için, sorbent tuzların (MgCl2, LiNO3) gözenekli doğal bir kayaç olan vermikülit (V) içerisine emdirilmesiyle iki farklı kompozit malzeme hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen kompozit yapıların döngüsel ısı depolama davranışları laboratuvar ortamında oluşturulan termokimyasal ısı değiştirici prototip test düzeneği ile gerçekleştirilen ölçümlerle incelenmiştir. Buna göre, V+MgCl2 kompozitinin tekrar eden döngüler sırasında stabilitesinin ve prototipte gerçekleştirilen ölçümler sonucunda hesaplanan enerji depolama yoğunluğu (Ed) değerinin, DSC analizinden elde edilen sonuçlarla uyumlu olarak, V+LiNO3 kompozitine göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. In recent years, Thermochemical Heat Storage (THS) systems and storage materials are important for the development of these systems have attracted a great interest. In this study, composite materials were prepared by impregnating sorbent salts (MgCl2, LiNO3) into vermiculite (V). The cyclical heat storage behaviors of the obtained composite structures were investigated with the laboratory scale thermochemical heat exchanger prototype system. Accordingly, the stability of the V+MgCl2 composite during repeated cycles and the energy storage density (Ed) value calculated as a result of the measurements in the prototype were found to be higher than the V+LiNO3 composite, as in the DSC analysis results. Anahtar kelimeler: Termal enerji depolama, Termokimyasal ısı depolama, Kompozit malzeme.

2025, Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics

An explosion on the elevated structures caused by terrorist activities or manmade events can induce significant deformations in the Civil Engineering structures. Therefore, it is necessary to review the response of the structural behavior such as reinforced concrete slab, reinforced concrete beams, and columns. On the basis of this objective, a detailed literature review is conducted to understand the scope for protecting such structures and the structural behavior under blast loading. Based on the detailed literature survey, the investigations about the behavior of conventional reinforced concrete columns and slab initiated in 2005 however, the behavior of reinforced concrete beam was focused since the year 2010. Also, the literature reveals that the investigations on structural elements using analytical techniques are limited in comparison to experiments and simulations. In addition to that, the response of the structural elements was predicted and the trend was calibrated and fitted logarithmically with the experimental results. The predicted spall diameter in the reinforced concrete slab is 0.95 m corresponding charge weight of 100 kg however the influence of spalling was found to be negligible after the 100 kg of charge weight. The predicted spall length in the reinforced concrete beam is 1.6 m corresponding charge weight of 100 kg and the effect may be negligible after 100 kg of charge weight. The predicted deflection in the reinforced concrete columns is 30 mm corresponding to a peak reflected impulse of 1000 MPa-ms, whereas the deflection was found to be negligible after the 1000 MPa-ms of peak reflected impulse.

2025

Pipe welding procedures I by Hoobasar Rampaul.••2nd ed. p. cm. ISBN 0•8311•3141•1 1. Pipe--Weldinge. I. Title.

2025

Firma ZBR AGRO działająca w branży projektowania i produkcji wozów asenizacyjnych dla rolnictwa. W ramach swojej działalności firma zaprojektowała i wprowadziła do produkcji serię wozów asenizacyjnych REXAGER, które charakteryzują się... more

2025

This paper is procured in the field of polymer joining (welding) to assist relation between process parameter and quality of welded structure of hard PVC. Effect of different parameters during welding, such as air medium, filler rod, weld force, pressure of hot air gas etc. has been studied and also various outlines and applications are also being discussed.

2025, MÜHENDİS VE MAKİNA

Stiffeners are used in the construction of beams used in crane systems. The negative effect of thermal effect is increased by joining these reinforcements with welded manufacturing methods continuously along the beam. Due to the thermal deformation effect, distortion and related beam distortions occur. Within the scope of this study, SYSWELD Visual Assembly welded manufacturing simulation programme was used to eliminate the thermal deformation effects that occur in welded manufacturing processes before production. Finite element simulations and analyses were performed to minimise distortions and distortions caused by welding of reinforcements.
Increasing raw material, material, labour and energy costs in welded manufacturing processes in industrial applications day by day necessitate optimisation in operational welded jointing methods. In crane beams, the direction and magnitude of deformations and distortions that may occur within the distortion tolerances in welded manufacturing operations, and the negative effects of welded manufacturing stress concentration can be determined before production as a result of finite element analysis studies carried out through the SYSWELD Visual Assembly welded manufacturing simulation program. In this study, the necessity of using intermittent discontinuous welding method along the beam of the welding seams of the reinforcements in the constructions in the crane industry was determined as a result of the analyses carried out in this context. In addition, it has been concluded that in crane steel constructions; if TS EN 1993-1-8 standard is directly applied in welded manufacturing processes, constructions will be more economical; if the Regulation on Design, Calculation and Construction Principles of Steel Structures is used, a safer and safer crane system will be manufactured.

2025

Dressing of grinding wheels using Q-switched pulsed laser is quite effective. • SEM micrographs indicate the nature of bond and grit damage. • Bearing area curves were drawn for the 3D images captured using confocal microscope. • Peak height, core roughness, valley depths indicate the topography on wheel surface. • Dressing leads of 0.016 mm/rev and 0.032 mm/rev were effective for laser dressing. • G-ratio, roughness, form accuracy on parts confirm the suitability of laser dressing. • Laser dressing results in reduced loss of wheel which increases the wheel life.

2025

This is the welding strength test using penetration test. Using cross cut, grinding and polishing and acid nitric. % of penetration will be depending on OEM and function of parts. This part is for car seat.

2025, PENGARUH HEAT INPUT TERHADAP …

2025, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi

Bu çalışmada, genel yapı çeliği (Ç1020) ve paslanmaz çelik (AISI 316) malzemelerin yüzeyine sıcak daldırma yöntemiyle alüminyum (Al) kaplama uygulanmıştır. Yüzeyde oluşan Al kaplamanın mikroyapısı incelenerek, yüksek sıcaklık oksitlenmesine karşı gösterdiği direnç incelenmiştir. Numuneler 750 °C'deki sıvı Al içinde 10 dakika süreyle bekletilerek yüzeyleri Al ile kaplanmıştır. Daha sonra bu numunelere 800 °C sıcaklıkta 1 ve 6 saat süre ile nötr ortamda difüzyon tavlaması uygulanmıştır. Elementlerin difüzyonu, difüzyon tabakası kalınlığı ve oksitlenmeye karşı gösterdiği direnç incelenmiştir. Al kaplama yapılan ve yapılmayan numuneler 900 °C sıcaklıkta ve farklı sürelerde yüksek sıcaklık oksidasyonuna maruz bırakılarak yüzeyde oluşan ağırlık değişimleri ölçülmüştür. Al kaplanmış çelik numunelerde önemli miktarda ağırlık değişimi olmaması, Al kaplamanın çeliği oksitlenmeden koruduğunu göstermiştir. Malzemelerin bileşimindeki Fe, C, Al, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin Al kaplama ve difüzyon tabakasındaki değişimleri mikroprob analizi ile incelenmiştir. In this study, the surface of SAE 1020 and AISI 316 were applied to aluminium (Al) coating by hot deep method. The oxidation resistance and microstructures were investigated of Al coating applied to the surface of different steels. Sample surfaces were coated with Al at the temperature of 750 °C in 10 minutes durations. Experimental samples were subjected to at the 800 °C temperature and diffusion tempering with 1 and 6 hours durations. The changes in the thickness of diffusion layer and microstructure of the surface, as a result of the processes applied, were examined. Weight variations in the samples oxidized in atmospheric conditions under the temperature of 900 °C with varying durations have also been measured. It was found that steel material which changes of little weight of the samples coated with Al resisted more than without coated Al for oxidation. It was indicated that coated with Al surface of steel protected from oxidation The changes of elements Fe, C, Al, Ni and Cr were investigated by microprobe analyses in surface region.

2025

Bu calismada, genel yapi celigi (C1020) ve paslanmaz celik (AISI 316) malzemelerin yuzeyine sicak daldirma yontemiyle aluminyum (Al) kaplama uygulanmistir. Yuzeyde olusan Al kaplamanin mikroyapisi incelenerek, yuksek sicaklik oksitlenmesine karsi gosterdigi direnc incelenmistir. Numuneler 750 °C’deki sivi Al icinde 10 dakika sureyle bekletilerek yuzeyleri Al ile kaplanmistir. Daha sonra bu numunelere 800 °C sicaklikta 1 ve 6 saat sure ile notr ortamda difuzyon tavlamasi uygulanmistir. Elementlerin difuzyonu, difuzyon tabakasi kalinligi ve oksitlenmeye karsi gosterdigi direnc incelenmistir. Al kaplama yapilan ve yapilmayan numuneler 900 °C sicaklikta ve farkli surelerde yuksek sicaklik oksidasyonuna maruz birakilarak yuzeyde olusan agirlik degisimleri olculmustur. Al kaplanmis celik numunelerde onemli miktarda agirlik degisimi olmamasi, Al kaplamanin celigi oksitlenmeden korudugunu gostermistir. Malzemelerin bilesimindeki Fe, C, Al, Ni ve Cr elementlerinin Al kaplama ve difuzyon taba...

2025, Journal of achievements in materials and manufacturing engineering

Purpose: In the automotive industry, more and more it is compulsory to develop new grades of stainless steels, such as high resistant Martensitic Stainless Steels (MA-SS) and Ferritic Stainless Steels (FSS) in order to realise certain or many complex deep drawn pieces. For these grades, resistance spot welding (RSW) is the most widespread process used largely for many parts of the car body in the automotive industry. This paper aims to characterise mechanical behaviour (toughness) of the different steel grades under dynamic test conditions. Design/methodology/approach: A special crash test device is used in different temperatures and the simulated crash tests are performed at a constant speed of 5.52 m/s. Findings: The specimen is submitted to impact tensile test at different temperatures. According to testing temperature, fracture mode varies: At low temperatures, brittle fracture occurs: due to stress concentration, fracture always occurs in the notched section. At high temperatur...

2025

This publication is designed to provide a better understanding of the problems and hazards encountered when installing hot tap connections on piping, vessels or tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids or gases. The essential elements of this publication are based on accumulated knowledge and experience of the petroleum industry, current industry safe operating practices, and existing consensus standards. The practices described in this publication are designed to protect the safety of personnel and the facilities for the work involved. It shall be noted, however, that special problems beyond the scope of this publication are possible. Also, federal, state and local regulations or laws may contain additional requirements that must be taken into account when a hot tap program is developed for a specific facility. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict.

2025

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a critical issue affecting the structural integrity of materials, including welded joints, used in hydrogen storage and transportation. In this study, the influence of HE on the fatigue behavior of 316L austenitic stainless-steel welded joints was investigated. Tensile and fatigue tests were performed on base material, welded joints, and hydrogen-charged welded joints to assess the degradation in their mechanical properties. The results revealed that welding significantly reduced the fatigue strength of the material, and the presence of hydrogen further intensified this effect. Microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of austenitic-ferritic duplex microstructures in the weld bead, with delta ferrite improving resistance to hot cracking but increasing susceptibility to HE. Fractographic examination of weld beads exposed to hydrogen charging showed characteristic hydrogen-induced cracking.