Wood Science Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025, SAJ. Serbian architectural journal

. RCAT constitutes the primary research environment of the Institute of Architecture at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design and focuses on an extensive scope of research activities related to architecture and the built environment that are geared towards the development of a comprehensive approach to performance-oriented architecture. This involves specific ways of integrating architectural education and research, in particular research by design, to support the development of related knowledge, concepts, methods and frequently also the production of reliable empirical data, engaging real-life design problems and seeking interaction with practice. Advanced computational design underpins a lot of the research, as well as scaled and full-scale construction. Research Center for Architecture and Tectonics (RCAT), Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO) original scientific article approval date 01 06 2013

2025

The paper presents the results of experimental research performed on sycamore maple wood (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), burned by a CO2 laser. The influence of speed and lightness for CO2 laser burning of sycamore maple wood have been determined. In order to evaluate the colour modifications, which may occur, the samples were treated at different speeds, the other work parameters were kept constant. To evaluate the aesthetic changes, CIEL*a*b* colour measurements were applied. Results showed that the lightness varies from 0.7 to 55.6. The interval limits of speed variation were defined from 75 to 500mm/s. Moreover, main observed effects near to interval limits are discussed. The wood had serious degradation, which increased lightness, at speeds under 75mm/s. No major lightness differences were observed at speeds near 500mm/s. The regression equation was defined. It was shown that the lightness depends on laser speed. Increasing the burning speed increased the lightness, too. The overall ...

2025, Bosques Latitud Cero

Forest plantations in Venezuela began in the state of Mérida for protective and ornamental purposes.
Given the initial success of these plantations, similar experiences were repeated elsewhere in the
country. In the Mucubají Experimental Station (E.E. Mucubají), the introduction of conifers was
promoted through at Universidad de Los Andes-CORPOANDES project in 1965. The main objectives
of this project were to conserve the watershed and its ecosystems, conduct research on the behavior of
exotic-introduced species, protect soils from erosion, and conserve watersheds. The general objective
of this research was to evaluate the general state of the post-fire stand, within the Pinus radiata D.
Don plantation in the La Corcovada sector of Mérida, Venezuela. Systematic sampling was carried out
using circular plots of 400 m2 (r = 11,28 m), randomly locating the first plot, followed by subsequent
plots every 80 m between plots and every 100 m between transects until the entire affected area was
covered. The sampling intensity was 5 % for a total of 40 plots. The majority of trees, 67.69 %, were
affected by the fire but in good condition. This represented a total affected volume of 669.826 m3
above bark and 506.480 m3 below bark.

2025, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology № 129, 2025: 17-30

Study of selected properties of Turkey oak wood (Quercus cerris L.) from the experimental plot of the forest arboretum in Rogów. Within the framework of the study, selected dendrometric, physical, and mechanical properties and characteristics of the Turkey oak wood from the experimental plot of the forest arboretum in Rogów were investigated. The results were related to the published information on Turkey oak wood from areas of its natural occurrence in southern Europe. Trees of 31 years of age obtained from the experimental plot in Rogów are characterized on average by smaller trunk diameter, lower volume, and narrower annual rings, compared to trees of the same age from southern Europe. Wood in the air-dry state is characterized by a density similar to that of wood from natural sites but with slightly weaker mechanical properties. The tested wood shows typical variation in properties at the cross-section of the trunk, including a marked increase in bending strength and modulus of elasticity with distance from the pith.

2025, Natural Product Communications

Essential oils from the two most representative shrub species from the Iberian Peninsula (namely Cistus ladanifer L. and Erica arborea L.) have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermoanalytical techniques (TG/DTG and DSC). Vibrational spectra have been compared with those of components of the plants, and with those of oils, gums and resins from other species. The different content in terpenoids of C. ladanifer oil (mainly mono- and sesquiterpenoids) and E. arborea oil (mainly triterpenoids) is reflected in the ATR-FTIR by the position of the bands at around 2873 cm−1, 1730 cm−1and 1678 cm−1. As regards their thermal behavior, C. ladanifer-derived oil evinced higher thermal stability than that of obtained from E. arborea: the pyrolysis of the former was sensitized at 210°C, whereas for the later it occurred at 143°C. These temperatures are high enough to state that thermolabile constituents such as terpenoids are conserved in the hydrodistillat...

2025, Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology № 129, 2025: 43-53

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), a valuable coniferous species, demonstrates significant variability in wood density, directly influencing other properties such as mechanical properties and industrial applications. This study investigates the density variations of silver fir wood originating from six different genetic provenances (Goszcz, Nieskurzów, Stary Sącz, Świętokrzyski Park Narodowy, Schwarzwald, and Kobiele Wielkie), all grown under identical environmental conditions at the Rogów LZD experimental area in Poland. Through a controlled experimental setup, samples were sectioned radially (from center to outer regions) and directionally (north and south), and their density was analyzed based on ISO 13061-2 standard. The results reveal distinct radial and directional density patterns, with higher densities consistently observed in the juvenile wood near the center compared to the mature wood in the outer part of the trunk. Wood of silver from the original origin, Schwarzwald, exhibited the highest average density among the other origins, while origins Goszcz and Kobiele Wielkie displayed more significant variability. These findings underscore the dominance of genetic factors over environmental influences in determining wood density in controlled conditions. The study's outcomes have practical implications for forest management, breeding programs, and industrial applications, offering insights into the genetic potential for optimizing wood quality in silver fir.

2025, Drvna Industrija

In this study, the effect of silane on particleboard physical and mechanical properties was investigated. Silane was mixed in particleboards with two different methods. In the first method, silane was mixed with wood chips namely as a pretreatment of wood chips. In the second method, silane was mixed with urea-formaldehid adhesive. The amounts of silane used in both methods were 1 %, 2 % and 3 % of the particles based on the dry weight. Urea formaldehyde with 65 % solid content was used as adhesive. Ammonium sulfate (1 %) was added as a hardener to the used adhesive. The target density of three-layer particleboards manufactured was 550 kg/m 3 . The properties of particleboards evaluated include thickness swelling, bending properties and internal bond strength. Results indicate that particleboards thickness swelling values increase with the use of silane. Overall, pretreatment of the wood particles provided better mechanical properties than the addition of silane to the adhesive solution. Flexure strength and flexure modulus of particleboards were significantly improved by use of silane. Pretreatment of particles with 2 % silane yielded the best improvement of modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. For the particleboards prepared with pretreated wood chips with silane, the highest increase of the flexure modulus and flexure strength was 20 % and 40 %, respectively. Pretreatment of wood particles with 3 % of silane nearly doubled internal bond strength of the particleboards. Silane pretreatment can be an alternative method for the improvement of particleboard mechanical properties.

2025, New Marketing Research Journal

This research aimed to design and validate a model of long-term buyer-seller relationships in free trade zones. From an applied and developmental perspective, this was a cross-sectional survey study. To achieve the objective, an exploratory mixed method was utilized. The qualitative phase involved interviews with 17 experts and senior managers from free trade zones, as well as marketing professors. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation. In the quantitative phase, the survey data were collected from 288 free-trade-zone experts with the sample size determined by effect size and statistical power considerations. A cluster random sampling approach was employed as well. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-developed questionnaire. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Partial Least Squares (PLS) techniques. The results indicated that governmental, managerial, environmental, and structural factors influenced Relationship Marketing (RM) and Marketing Strategy (MS) in free trade zones. In turn, RM and MS affected Customer Orientation (CO), Relationship Personalization (RP), and Co-Creation Value (CCV), ultimately leading to long-term buyer-seller relationships.

2025, Wood and Fiber Science

Changes in vibrational properties of wood can be used to determine changes in the wood cell wall resulting from chemical modification. The dynamic Young's modulus to specific gravity ratio (Ef/y) and internal friction (tan 6) for chemically modified wood compared to those for untreated wood showed major differences in cell-wall modification and lumen filling modification. Increasir~g the moisture content of the cell wall also has a major effect on the vibrational properties of chemically modified wood. In general, treatments that resulted in lowering the moisture content of the cell wall also lowered internal friction within the cell wall. Vapor phase reactions with formaldehyde had the greatest effect in stabilizing the cell wall against changes in dynamic mechanical properties, with increasing moisture content.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

The quantitative compositions of the major constitutive diterpenoids in the rhytidome and secondary phloem of the branch bark of Kuril larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica) were investigated. The eight major diterpenoids were isolated from a diethyl ether extract of the branch bark of L. gmelinii var. japonica and identified as 13-epimanool (1), larixol (2), larixyl acetate (3), 13-epitorulosyl acetate (4), abietic acid (5), neoabietic acid (6), dehydroabietic acid (7), and isopimaric acid (8). The amount of each diterpenoid was subsequently quantified in both the rhytidome and secondary phloem. All of the diterpenoids were present in both bark tissues, but the amounts were significantly higher in the rhytidome than in the secondary phloem. Developed fusiform resin cavities containing oleoresins were commonly observed in dead secondary phloem captured into the rhytidome of a bark transverse section. The accumulation and distribution of these constitutive diterpenoids in the bark tissues can probably be attributed to terpenoid biosynthesis in the living secondary phloem and the rhytidome formation process. From the viewpoint of constitutive chemical defense in conifers, it is suggested that the tree body may be more effectively defended against natural enemies by the higher amount of diterpenoid amount in the outermost and dead bark tissue, the rhytidome, where the potentially poisonous and easily oxidizable diterpenoids can be safely and stably maintained.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

The object of this study was to determine the cause of differences in the improvement in liquid penetration of precompressed wood species. The maximum amount of water uptake by the capillary rise method and changes in the aspirated pits seen with scanning electron microscopy before and after of preextraction and precompression were investigated using heartwood samples of four softwoods. The height of penetration and the weight by the capillary rise method for preextractive wood powders are discussed. Three wood species and Larix Ieptolepis showed marked increases in the amount of solution uptake after precompressed treatment only. Larix leptolepis wood required compression after extraction by boiling in water. These differences among wood species were caused by the accumulation of extractive material. It was also recognized that the accumulative material in Larix wood has plasticity and that in Pseudotsuga is brittle. Based on these results it was found that it is difficult to destroy aspirated pits in the former and easy in the latter. On the other hand, the difference in penetration of each wood species was caused by the quantity and quality of the extraction material in addition to the

2025, Journal of Wood Science

Mechanical property changes due to the moisture content (MC) and/or temperature changes were examined for 15 Indonesian wood species. A static bending test was carried out at 20°C, 65% relative humidity (air-dry), and water-saturated at 20°C (wet-20) and 80°C (wet-80). For individual test conditions, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) increased linearly with specific gravity regardless of wood species; however, maximum deflection did not correlate with specific gravity for any MC or temperature conditions. The relative values of MOE and MOR measured in wet-20 to air-dry conditions were variously affected from slightly to strongly depending on the wood species. However, the relative values always decreased markedly when saturated in water at 80°C, regardless of wood species. The relative MOE, MOR, and maximum deflection values due to the change in MC or MC and temperature combined were independent of specific gravity but may be dependent on wood type: softwood or hardwood.

2025, Slovenská reč

This study explores phraseologized constructions, a specific type of stabilized word combinations in which one or more obligatory components (anchors) are fixed while the remaining slots (fillers) remain variable. The variability of these fillers follows a frequency-based continuum, allowing for semantic classification and pragmatic function determination. The study builds on theoretical frameworks of construction grammar and phraseology. The article examines terminological differences across linguistic traditions, particularly in German-, English- and partially Slovak-, Czach- and Russian-language literature on phraseologized constructions. Our classification system is proposed on the degree of lexicalization and grammaticalization, distinguishing fully petrified, partially petrified, and open constructions. Special attention is given to corpus-based methodologies for extracting and analyzing these constructions, demonstrating that despite hypothetical openness, lexical variability is subject to pragmatic and usage-based restrictions. We propose a distinction and definition of a hierarchical defined sequence of terms phraseologized construction model, phraseologized construction, phraseologized construction pattern and construction phrasem. This research contributes to the broader understanding of phraseological variation and its role in syntactic and semantic structures and the research offers important insights into the functioning of language as a lexical-grammatical continuum.

2025, Biomass & Bioenergy

The objective of this study was to establish multivariate models to estimate gravimetric carbonization yield (GCY), apparent relative density (ARD) and final carbonization temperature (FCT) of Eucalyptus charcoal by NIR spectroscopy. Eucalyptus clones from commercial plantations managed for energy purposes and pulp and paper production were used. Wood prismatic specimens with nominal dimensions of 25 mm x 25 mm x 80 mm were carbonized at final temperatures of 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C. NIR spectra measured directly on 160 charcoal specimens were correlated with GCY and ARD values obtained through conventional laboratory analyzes. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares regression (PLS-R) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were utilized based on spectral and experimental information. The NIRS technique associated with PLS-R was able to predict FCT and GCY presenting cross-validation coefficients (R²cv) between reference and estimated data of 0.96 and 0.85, respectively. It was not possible to predict ARD based on charcoal spectral signature. Cross-and independent validations presented similar statistics, confirming the capacity of NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analyses for monitoring charcoal quality. Specimen classifications into carbonization temperature groups through PLS-DA obtained 100% correct classification, except for the 500°C temperature (97.5%). These models are able to reliably estimate the gravimetric yield and final pyrolysis temperature of charcoal, an important parameter that can be used as a quality criterion for industrial applications. This work will serve as a reference for the development of new studies and applications of the NIR technique in the assessment of charcoal quality.

2025, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology

In this study, we suggested intelligent approach to predict and optimize the cutting parameters when down milling of 45# steel material with cutting tool PTHK-(Ø10*20C*10D*75L) -4F-1.0R under dry condition. The experiments were performed statistically according to four factors with three levels in Taguchi experimental design method. Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy inference system is utilized to establish the relationship between the inputs and output parameter exploiting the Taguchi orthogonal array L27. The Particle Swarm Optimized-Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (PSOANFIS) is suggested to select the best cutting parameters providing the lower surface through from the experimental data using ANFIS models to predict objective functions. The PSOANFIS optimization approach that improves the surface quality from 0.212 to 0.202, as well as the cutting time is also reduced from 7.5 to 4.78 sec according to machining parameters before and after optimization process. From these results, it can be readily achieved that the advanced study is trusted and suitable for solving other problems encountered in metal cutting operations and the same surface roughness.

2025, Bioresources

This study was done to determine the effects of beech sawdust torrefaction on pellets obtained in the laboratory. Torrefied beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) sawdust was used to make pellets. This species was chosen based on the existence of a market for such micro-briquettes. Rigorous comparisons between torrefied and non-torrefied pellets were conducted. It was found that treating the sawdust had both beneficial and non-beneficial effects, but the total effect is positive. Economical elements were also considered, emphasizing the use of wood biomass as fuel. Theoretical and experimental aspects are taken into consideration, the experimental results being used to validate the theoretical model. The experiments performed demonstrate that heat treatment can add value if it meets certain parameters, such as a maximum temperature of 260 °C for 5 min. Heat treatment of beech sawdust in the form of pellets or briquettes was shown to be a simple, viable, effective treatment because the heating process improves the calorific value and other relevant properties of the torrefied sawdust.

2025, Pro Ligno

This paper compares briquettes made of spruce with those made of beech from the perspective of physical, mechanical and energetic features, for the purpose of making the appropriate selection from the market. The main properties being studied are briquettes' density, as a physical feature, resistance to perpendicular compression, as a mechanical feature necessary to determine chips' compression degree and their compression status, and the calorific value as an energetic feature. The research findings show that coniferous tree briquettes are denser and more resistant, but have a lower calorific value. It was also determined that briquettes compression is directly dependent on their density and consequently, briquettes' energy density remains the only property able to collectively characterise the quality of briquettes.

2025

2025, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal

The paper presents a general description of the need to use wooden biomass resulted from Osier willow and beech. This wooden biomass represents a renewable energy source and some new directions in scientific research field could be opened. The paper mainly describes a parallel between the energy resulted from these two types of biomass, namely from Salix viminalis L. and Fagus sylvatica L. species, in order to obtain the best solution between them. Growth crop of this new specie of Osier salix can become a business in the developing countries as Romania. In the extended way there are mentioned some characteristic of these two kind of plants that grows in Romania which direct influence the energetic power. Finally, based on the differences between the two types of species and woody biomass, the best solution is found in favor of energetic willow.

2025

Nanoparticles significantly enhance the properties of wood-based materials, especially particleboards and wood panels. This review analyzes secondary data on nanoparticle integration in board production, aiming to evaluate the relationships among physical (water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS)) and mechanical (modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE); and internal bond (IB) strength) properties and to predict performance using machine learning (ML) algorithms. These algorithms include Pearson correlation, hierarchical clustering, and decision tree (DT) models. Results indicate that nanoparticles such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hydrolysis lignin, and calcium carbonate improve mechanical properties, with MOR values of 27.38-52.65 MPa and MOE of 2591.6-4680 MPa, meeting EN312 loadbearing standards. Zinc oxide nanoparticles yield superior dimensional stability by achieving a low TS of 9.33%. However, according to the American National Standard for Particleboard (ANSI/A208.1-1999), most nanoparticle boards produced met general-purpose standards except for WA and TS, which exceeded the maximum limits of 8% and 3%, respectively. Only crosslinked chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticle panels meet the minimum requirements for TS (17%) and the maximum MOR (11.00 MPa) and MOE (1,800.00 MPa) for general purposes in dry conditions (furniture and interior fitments) according to the Brazilian standard (ABNT NBR). The Pearson correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between board properties (R = 0.94 for WA-TS; R = 0.93 for MOR-MOE), confirming that nanoparticle treatments enhance performance while maintaining inherent material behavior. Hierarchical clustering grouped nanoparticles by performance: zinc oxide and chitosan+UF+epoxy formed a cluster with the lowest WA and TS, indicating optimal dimensional stability, while GO, rGO, and chitosan-based composites clustered with moderate values. For mechanical properties, APTES-modified nanocellulose, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide formed a high-performance cluster (high MOR, MOE, IB). DT algorithms demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R 2 = 0.92 for WA-TS, 0.96 for MOR-MOE, and 0.80 for IB-MOE), identifying critical thresholds: WA below 29.73% corresponded to minimal TS (9.94%), MOR above 38.18 MPa led to MOE above 3598.86 MPa, and IB above 0.88 MPa corresponds to MOE greater than 2,747.99 MPa. This data-driven framework enables targeted nanoparticle selection to fabricate engineered wood products and can be included in industry quality control standards to advance sustainable material development through ML-guided optimization.

2025

1 DOI:10.4067/S0718-221X2018005XXXXXX 1 COLOUR RESPONSES OF Eucalyptus grandis WOOD TO THE BRAZILIAN 2 PROCESS OF THERMAL MODIFICATION 3 Carolina Gomes de Oliveira Griebeler1*, Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos2, Graciela Ines 4 Bolzón de Muniz2, Silvana Nisgoski2, Djeison Cesar Batista3, Carmen Iglesias 5 Rodríguez1 6 1 Department of Agroforestry Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain. 7 2Department of Forest Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil. 8 3Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil. 9 *Corresponding author: cg6@alumnes.udl.cat 10 Received: February 20, 2016 11 Accepted: May 24, 2018 12 Posted online: May 25, 2018 13 ABSTRACT 14

2025, Maderas-ciencia Y Tecnologia

A study of colour assessment, using the CIEL*a*b* system, was conducted with samples of Eucalyptus grandis wood thermally treated by the Brazilian industrial process of thermal modification, VAP HolzSysteme®, at three different temperatures, i.e. 140, 160 and 180 °C. Previous to the treatment, the samples were classified in three groups according to their distance to the wood pith, on the radial direction. All thermally modified samples presented a noticeable colour change, confirmed by high values of ΔE*. As the intensity of the treatment increased, the eucalypt samples presented an increase of red colour tone (a*) (up to 160 oC) and a decrease of colour lightness (L*). Significant colour differences were found among the classified groups, for both untreated and thermally modified samples. The eucalypt samples groups showed different colour responses when thermally treated at 140 and 160 oC. At 180 oC the groups didn’t show a significant colour response variation.

2025

In "Genova rivoluzionaria (1797-1800). Per Stefano Verdino", a cura di Giordano Rodda, Duccio Tongiorgi, Pisa, Edizioni ETS, 2025, pp. 59-76

2025

Background: Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) is a type of forest management that is based on ecological, environmental, and biological principles. Specific definitions of CCF greatly vary and the concept usually includes a number of tenets or criteria. The most important tenet of CCF is the requirement to abandon the practice of largescale clearfelling in favour of selective thinning/harvesting and natural regeneration methods. Methods: CCF is commonly believed to have its main origin in an academic debate that was conducted through publications in a number of European and North American countries towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Our findings are exclusively based on a literature review of the history of CCF and they revealed that the European origins of CCF go much further back to a form of farm forestry that started to be practised in Central Europe in the 17th century. Eventually, this type of farm forestry led to the formation of the single-tree selection system as we know it today. Another influential tradition line contributing to modern CCF is individual-based forest management, which breaks forest stands down into small neighbourhood-based units. The centres of these units are dominant frame trees which form the framework of a forest stand. Consequently, management is only carried out in the local neighbourhood of frame trees. Individual-based forest management also modified inflexible area-control approaches of plantation forest management in favour of the flexible sizecontrol method. Results and conclusions: We found evidence that the three aforementioned tradition lines are equally important and much interacted in shaping modern CCF. Since CCF is an international accomplishment, it is helpful to thoroughly study the drivers and causes of such concepts. Understanding the gradual evolution can give valuable clues for the introduction and adaptation of CCF in countries where the concept is new.

2025

Bagian press pada mesin kertas berperan penting dalam mengurangi kadar air dari lembaran sebelum masuk ke tahap pengeringan. Proses ini tidak hanya mempengaruhi efisiensi energi, tetapi juga kualitas akhir kertas. Dalam praktiknya, beberapa masalah umum masih sering ditemukan, seperti penurunan kinerja felt, munculnya bekas pola (felt marking), serta ketidakstabilan kelembaban lembaran. Tinjauan ini membahas teknologi yang digunakan pada bagian press, faktor-faktor operasional yang berpengaruh, dan upaya pemantauan proses untuk menjaga kestabilan kerja mesin. Selain itu, karakteristik serat dari bahan baku, seperti campuran kayu Acacia dan Eucalyptus, juga dilihat peranannya dalam mempengaruhi perilaku pulp saat mengalami tekanan di bagian press. Dengan mengacu pada beberapa jurnal teknis yang relevan, tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran yang lebih utuh tentang kondisi dan tantangan di bagian press section, serta kemungkinan perbaikannya dalam praktik industri.

2025

Welmoed Out, Kirsti Hänninen, Caroline Vermeeren, Genoveva Dimova, Anne Crone, Dendro-Anthracology International Workshop, 11-13 June 2025, Palma, Pollarding and coppicing as a way of woodland management to improve the wood harvest is... more

2025, BioResources

The plant cell wall exhibits a hierarchical structure, in which the organization of the constituents on different levels strongly affects the mechanical properties and the performance of the material. In this work, the interactions between cellulose and xylan in a model system consisting of a bacterial cellulose/glucuronoxylan (extracted from aspen, Populus tremula) have been studied and compared to that of a delignified aspen fiber material. The properties of the materials were analyzed using Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA) with moisture scans together with dynamic Infra Red -spectroscopy at dry and humid conditions. The results showed that strong interactions existed between the cellulose and the xylan in the aspen holocellulose. The same kinds of interactions were seen in a water-extracted bacterial cellulose/xylan composite, while unextracted material showed the presence of xylan not interacting with the cellulose. Based on these findings for the model system, it was suggest...

2025

The effects of pressurized compressive chip and low dosage sulphite pretreatments were evaluated for production of thermomechanical pulp in mill scale trials using Norway spruce (Picea abies) at the Braviken paper mill (Holmen Paper AB, Sweden). The aim of the study was to provide knowledge leading to the improvement of energy efficiency during the production of mechanical pulps suitable for news and improved new grade papers. Pulps produced in the mill trials were characterized using conventional pulp and paper testing and by advanced methods including image analysis, FTIR with multivariate analysis, Simons staining with statistical analysis, spectral imaging and HCL fibre cleavage. Sulphite pre-treatment gave a linear dose response in tensile index and light scattering with addition of sulphite (≥ 1.2% Na 2 SO 3 ). The maximum in tensile index and light scattering at a sulphur content of 0.2% (as Na 2 SO 3 ) reported previously was not found in this mill study. Low dosage sulphite pre-treatment increased delamination/internal fibrillation of fibres indicating increased fibre flexibility. These fibres produced denser sheets with higher tensile index and slightly reduced light scattering at certain specific energy consumption. The specific energy consumption needed to produce pulp at a certain tensile index was reduced by 320 kWh/BDT (15%) for chips pre-treated with ~1.2% Na 2 SO 3 compared with untreated chips. This gave a reduction in light scattering for sulphite pre-treated pulps when compared at equal tensile index. Image analysis of fibre cross-sections provided information of the composition of the total fibre population, fibre cross-sectional compactness as well as effects of sulphite treatment. Results showed a fairly constant fibre population (40% early-/60% latewood) existing in all samples and for higher energy to cause greater fibre splitting of untreated fibres particularly of latewood fibres. Increasing the amount of sulphite reduced fibre splitting with less severe fibre delamination for pulps refined at 1820 and 1850 KWh/ADT. Sulphite treatment seemed in general to induce more refining of early-than latewood fibres. SEM observation on fibres revealed high degree of deformation along the fibre axis that could also be seen on the fibre crosssections analyzed. FTIR analyses indicated that the highest degree of sulphonation (10 kg/BDT) gave rise to different fibre separation mechanisms during refining compared with the reference unsulphonated pulps providing a different fibre surface and thereby mechanical properties. Multivariate analysis of FTIR spectra suggested the exposed fibre surface to be richer in hemicellulose for sulphonated pulped fibres. This could provide for a better binding surface and higher strength for paper. However, no clear pattern of differences in the distribution images and therefore the microdistribution of xylan were determined. Statistical analysis of the Simons´ staining of fibres indicated that both the energy input and chip pre-treatment significantly induced wall delamination and internal fibrillation (D/IF) of pulp fibres. It was shown that the fibre development of pulp 10(1580) (with lowest SEC) gained via improved wall D/IF was almost similar to that shown for pulp 00(1850) (with highest SEC). This indicates that an energy efficient refining can be obtained with 10 kg/BDT sulfite pre-treatment prior to refining and will produce the most flexible fibres. Spectral imaging showed sulphite treatment of impressarefiner chips to improve the optical properties of pulps with a clear dose-response shown at both higher and lower SEC levels, the former having the largest effect on whiteness. Photochemical effects of sulfonation using reflectance intensities showed complex results regarding lignocellulosic autofluorescence. Unlike wood, impressarefiner chips and pulp fibres showed a clear blue-shifted fluorescence maximum characteristic for a shortened conjugated system indicating that both the chipping and Impressafiner pretreatment induced a minor degradation of the lignocellulosic matrix that can be measured using spectral imaging. Refining however, increased the red edge fluorescence of the sulfonated whole long fibre fraction with a similar effect on the lignin fluorescence of wood. Using the HCL method of fibre analysis no significant trend for the effect of sulphite treatment was noted and only minor differences in fibre length were detected. Contents .

2025

Os métodos dinâmicos constituem-se, atualmente, em importante e usual ferramenta para projeto, controle e garantia de qualidade de fundações profundas constituídas por estacas cravadas. Apresenta-se no trabalho, resumidamente, os fundamentos das principais técnicas de análise dinâmica utilizadas na engenharia de fundações. Será dada ênfase às contribuições pioneiras no assunto, bem como à comparação conceitual entre as chamadas "fórmulas dinâmicas" e as análises baseadas na Equação da Onda.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

The experimental results of orthogonal cutting of maple and the modeling of the cutting mechanics are presented. The tool cutting forces were measured for different feed rates. A set of equations relating the tangential and feed forces to the tool edge width and feed rate (chip thickness) to calculate the chip and edge cutting force coefficients was developed. Then the chip force and edge force coefficients were calculated from experimentally obtained cutting forces and were plotted in a polar-coordinate system with respect to the fiber orientation of the maple disk. The polar-coordinate presentation of the cutting force results and the calculated cutting force coefficients provides an excellent visual appreciation of the relation between the cutting forces and the wood fiber orientation. Chips were also collected from various sectors of the wood disk. This analysis further identified the effects of fiber orientation and cutting forces on the types of chip formed and hence the cutting mechanics involved. By applying the calculated cutting coefficients for each tool orientation (in respect to the grain) it is possible to predict the feed and tangential forces for any feed rates. There is good agreement between the predicted and measured cutting forces.

2025

La preservación de culmos de guadua (Guadua angustifolia) es un proceso fundamental que contribuye a garantizar la calidad de estos cuando luego de ser cosechados son usados en distintas aplicaciones como muebles, artesanías y especialmente estructuras. El uso de boro y ácido bórico, es una de las prácticas más comunes para preparar soluciones preservantes. Para facilitar la absorción de la solución persevante durante la inmersión, el diafragma de los culmos es perforado. En este estudio, mediante un experimento factorial, se evaluó el posible efecto que puede tener la perforación del diafragma en la resistencia al corte y a la compresión de los culmos. Adicionalmente, su madurez fue incluida como otro factor, considerando dos formas de definirla: el método tradicional, a partir de características externas, y otro, mediante la selección de culmos marcados previamente (hace 4 años) al momento de haber emergido del suelo. Los análisis de varianza no mostraron ningún efecto o cambio s...

2025, Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología

Treated wooden utility poles, from trees such as eucalypts, are the most commonly used for telephone and electricity transmission lines in Uganda. In the last decade, however, frequent failure of wooden poles in service has been reported, likely due to the preservative chemical, wood used or the treatment process. The objective of this study was to assess the creosote preservative penetration and retention in eucalypt wood. A total of 126 Eucalyptus grandis poles i.e. 42 poles for each size category, with an average moisture content of below fibre saturation point (28%) were treated in different charges depending on their size. In length, poles used were 9, 11 and 14m. Every charge consisted of poles within the same size category. The Full Cell pressure method was used to treat the different charges with creosote preservative. For all the charges the same treatment schedule was maintained. Creosote penetration was highest in 14m poles (20,5mm) and lowest in 9m poles (18,4mm), Creosote retention was also highest in 14m poles (193kg.m -3 ), but lowest in 11m poles (162kg.m -3 ). Irrespective of differences in level of penetration and retention among the various pole sizes, all the poles acquired more than the required standard minimum level of penetration and retention i.e. 15mm and 115kg.m -3 respectively. However, for all the pole sizes, creosote penetration was less than the sapwood depth. The current treatment schedule seems better suited for the larger poles of 14m than the 9 and 11m. For better treatment, it is recommended that smaller poles i.e. 9m and 11m should be treated for a longer period than 14m poles since they tend to have lager sapwood. The minimum basis of 15mm penetration should be increased to at least cover the entire pole sapwood depth.

2025, Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología

Non-destructive testing for drying defects in Eucalyptus grandis utility poles would be highly advantageous. These defects can negatively affect creosote preservative treatment and in-service performance. The objective of this study was to assess correlations between drying defects such as surface checking, honeycombing, collapse, their parameters and moisture content (MC) gradient in poles, to possibly find a simple and quick but reliable method to assess internal and external drying defects. Defects and moisture content gradients were measured in 39 kiln-dried E. grandis poles. After measuring surface check length, width and depth using a measuring tape, a ruler and a depth gauge, destructive sampling at the theoretical ground line (TGL) was done to measure the MC gradient between the shell and core of poles. Digital image analysis of cross-sections of discs cut at TGL was used to measure honeycomb check width, length and area, as well as counting individual closed surface checks. Collapse was assessed using qualitative methods. Results showed that honeycombing and collapse were positively, and surface checking and MC gradient were negatively correlated. Surface check width, length and depth were also correlated. Honeycomb count, check width, length and area were strongly correlated. It was concluded that measuring any of these surface check and/ or honeycomb parameters may give meaningful deductions about the extent of surface checking and honeycombing respectively.

2025, Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología

This study was done to ascertain the suitability of Uganda's clonal eucalypts for fuelwood. The objectives were to determine: (i) basic density (BD); (ii) calorific value (CV); and (iii) cleavage resistance (CLR) parallel to the grain of widely adopted clones i.e. GU7, GU8, GC540, GC550 and GC796 and to compare these properties with those of their parent materials; i.e. Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus cammaldulensis, and Eucalyptus urophylla. Tests were done according to BS373(1957) and ASTM:E870-82( ) procedures. Clone GC540 showed the highest BD (664kg/m 3 ), GU7 had the highest CV (17800kJ/kg), GU7 and GC540 had higher values for CLR (20N/mm). BD and CLR means were in-between parent material means for GC clones. All clones had lower values of CV compared to parent materials. It was concluded that clonal wood at 6-7 years remains a viable alternative for fuelwood due to high volume increment per unit time and moderate CLR values to allow ease of splitting.

2025, HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

The attenuation coeffi cients of 100-GHz millimeter waves polarized linearly were measured for cross-cut, quarter-sawn, and fl at-sawn boards of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) that were 0.2-2.0 cm thick. This was done to examine the applicability of free-wave propagation theory for applying electromagnetic waves to wood. It was found that the transmittance of a millimeter wave through the specimen boards was lower when the fi ber direction of a board was parallel to the direction of the electric fi eld of the incident wave than when the fi ber direction was perpendicular to the electric fi eld, and there was little difference in the transmittance between the tangential and radial directions for the former case. These fi ndings can be quantitatively explained by using propagation theory and the dielectric properties of wood.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

The use of an effective medium theory is important when accurately measuring wood density using millimeter and terahertz wave techniques. To confirm the applicability of this theory to the evaluation of wood density, the relative permittivity and dielectric loss of oven-dry flat-sawn specimens of 11 different wood species were measured in a frequency range of 0.15-1.2 THz using a transmission measurement system for terahertz timedomain spectroscopy. A mixture model based on the effective medium theory well explained the density dependence of relative permittivity over the entire frequency range, while it did not fully explain that of dielectric loss, especially for higher frequencies. This indicates that wood scatters the terahertz wave with a wavelength close to the transverse sectional dimensions of the pores in wood in the same way as Mie scattering. It was found from the dielectric loss spectrum of wood substance that the frequency around 0.23 THz was preferable for the nondestructive evaluation of wood.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

To evaluate the dielectric anisotropy caused by wood structure at a millimeter wave frequency of 100 GHz, the dielectric parameters for flat-sawn specimens of nine wood species at 0 and 11 % moisture content (MC) were measured using a free space method devised for reducing the multiple reflections under an electric field of millimeter waves parallel to longitudinal and tangential directions of wood, and those in radial direction were estimated using a conventional approximation theory. The dielectric parameters in the tangential and radial directions were almost identical and constantly smaller than those in the longitudinal direction. All the dielectric parameters increased with wood density and were larger at 11 than 0 % MC. The dielectric parameters in the longitudinal and transverse directions and the dielectric anisotropy between them were well fitted to the regression lines based on a dielectric mixture model composed of pores and dielectric isotropic wood substance, and a parallel capacitor and Lichtenecker's exponential formulas were employed to represent the dielectric parameters of the mixture in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. It was concluded that the dielectric anisotropy at 100 GHz is caused by the pore alignment and that the dielectric parameters are almost unaffected by anatomical structures, such as the rays. It was also confirmed that the free space method was effective for the measurement of the dielectric parameters for the flat-sawn specimens.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

The attenuation coefficients of 100 GHz millimeter-wave polarized linearly were measured for cross-cut, quarter-sawn, and flat-sawn boards of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) that were 0.2 to 2.0 cm thick in order to examine the applicability of free-wave propagation theory for applying electro-magnetic waves to wood. It was found that the transmittance of a millimeter wave through the specimen boards was smaller for cases where the fiber direction of a board was parallel to the direction of the electric field of the incident wave than for those where the fiber direction was perpendicular to the electric field, and there was little difference in the transmittance between the tangential and radial directions for the former case. These findings were quantitatively explainable by using the propagation theory and the dielectric properties of wood.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

To clarify the effect of pore conformation on the dielectric anisotropy of wood, the relative permittivity along the longitudinal and tangential axes of flat-sawn oven-dry specimens of 12 different wood species was measured using terahertz time-domain transmission spectroscopy and compared with the values calculated using the eigenvalue problem for two-dimensional photonic crystals. The measured dielectric anisotropy, which is the ratio of the relative permittivity along longitudinal axis to that along the tangential axis, was well explained by the calculated value. It was concluded that the ratio of tangential to radial widths of wood pores affects the relative permittivity along the tangential axis, and that the dielectric anisotropy decreased with an increase in the ratio. This discussion can also be applied to the relative permittivity in frequencies below 0.15 THz. These findings show promise as a new method for evaluating the porous structure of wood.

2025, Journal of Wood Science

2025

There is a great deal of interest involved in investigating and understanding grain angle in trees. The objective of the study presented in this paper has been to identify a joint, three-dimensional model for grain angle in stems of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Five large spruce trees were sampled. Transverse disks were extracted at regular intervals along the stem, split through the pith with a blunt knife, and observed for grain angle and cambial age along the north radius, setting pith observation to zero angle. The overall finding confirmed grain pattern congruent to distance from pith along the stem, a pattern that varies from tree to tree. Models expressing distance from the pith in cambial age performed slightly better than models in spatial distance. Grain pattern changed slightly along the stem, and this change was found to be consistent for the five stems: the left-handed grain angle in the juvenile wood was more pronounced upwards in the stem, and the angle cha...

2025, L'Italia Forestale e Montana

JARNO BONTADI (*) (°) -MARTA BAZZANELLA (**) MAURO BERNABEI (*) -TIZIANA URSO (***) Dieci tregge, 10 slitte simbolo delle utilizzazioni forestali e montane della tradizione sono state indagate nei loro componenti strutturali. Per ogni elemento è stato raccolto un campione destinato al riconoscimento di specie secondo quanto previsto dalla norma UNI 11118:2004. I risultati dell'identificazione sono stati confrontati con la tradizione popolare e valutati dal punto di vista della tecnologia del legno. I manufatti indagati manifestano un impiego diversificato delle varie specie legnose, generalmente coerente con quanto segnalato dalla tradizione, da considerare corretto alla luce delle esigenze meccaniche a carico dei diversi comparti strutturali. Il lavoro vuole essere un contributo per la valorizzazione della cultura e tradizione popolare fornendo elementi conoscitivi su cui impostare futuri interventi di manutenzione e restauro.

2025, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff

Resin pockets, being an important natural characteristic for wood quality and tree physiology, were observed on the surfaces of boards sawn from four large Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees and analysed for size and distribution. Axial length varied between trees and increased from pith to surface and from butt to top; however, three quarters of the variation were random and normally distributed. Also resin pocket frequency varied between trees. Within the stem, the resin pockets remained independent and randomly distributed following the exponential distribution in all three directions: radial, angular and axial, corresponding to a constant probability during the lifespan of the tree. No association between size and frequency was identified. The initiation and the expansion of a resin pocket appear to be controlled by two different physiological processes. The findings should add to the understanding of resin pocket formation in spruce and should be applicable to wood quality modelling. Zusammenfassung Harzgallen sind für die Holzqualität und Baumphysiologie von großer Bedeutung. An Brettern P. Gjerdrum (u) Norsk institutt for skog og landskap,

2025, ENPAC

No estado do Paraná, a madeira é assumida como parte de uma cultura arquitetônica, devido à sua prevalência na paisagem, aplicado especialmente no sistema tábua e matajunta, apropriado por inúmeras culturas que se estabeleceram na região. No caso dos imigrantes eslavos, esse modelo se destaca devido à força expressiva alcançada por seus construtores, demonstrando sua cultura através de elementos construtivos muito simbólicos. Neste contexto, as edificações religiosas se tornam exemplos especiais, pois representam também a cultura imaterial da população. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as características arquitetônicas presentes na Igreja Ortodoxa São Jorge Protetor, localizada na cidade de Ponta Grossa-PR, e apontar a necessidade de inseri-la no contexto patrimonial. Para tanto, os métodos utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e o levantamento de campo. Assim, sua preservação se justifica tanto por suas características estéticas, por ser um dos únicos elementos que retratam a imigração 2º ENPAC-Conhecer para Preservar, Preservar para Conhecer-Belo Horizonte/MG-16 a 18 de novembro de 2021 eslava na região, bem como sua importância como ponto focal da comunidade imigrante.

2025

Archery is seen as one of the most important technological inventions in the history of modern humans. A seemingly simple contrivance, making and using bows and arrows involves the seamless joining of valuable resources, advanced technical knowledge and skills, and dedicated training and practice. The epitome of optimized archery gear is a bow crafted from yew (Taxus spp.), in particular the yew flatbow that was the preferred design for bows in most parts of the world where yew wood was available. All yew species are indigenous to the Northern Hemisphere, and the two species of yew that attract bowyers (T. baccata and T. brevifolia) are found in Eurasia and North America, respectively. Archery was a late development in human history and perfecting bows made of yew was even later, probably about 6,000 years ago in Europe and 3,000 years ago in North America. Scholars have identified social institutions that were impacted by the adoption of archery, including the effects of archery on subsistence strategies, warfare, social stratification, division of labour, craft specialization and trade. By the time archery was adopted in Europe and the Americas, these institutions were already long-established. I argue that a strong preference for yew bows magnified the impact of archery on broader features of culture, but without introducing fundamental changes to those institutions. Instead, archery was quickly and thoroughly accommodated, because although yew flatbows were costly to make and to use skillfully, they were so effective in the hands of hunters and warriors that existing institutions readily absorbed archery with only limited effect on local and regional traditions. The impact of archery on prevailing socioeconomic structures was neither benign nor as profound as some scholars believe.

2025

This work studied fungal bioresistance of combined hydro-thermo-mechanically modified (CHTM) poplar wood. The CHTM technique, introduced by Mohebby et al. (2009), is a combination of two wood modification techniquesehydrothermal wood modification and densification of wood. Blocks of poplar wood were initially treated hydrothermally at temperatures of 120, 150, and 180 C for holding times of 0, 30, and 90 min. Afterwards, the treated blocks were compressed by a hot press (160 and 180 C) for 20 min with a compression set of 60%. After the CHTM-treated blocks were dried, small specimens were cut for soft-rot and brown-rot decay tests according to ENV 807 and EN 113. Mass losses as well as metabolic moisture contents were determined in the decayed samples. Results revealed that the combination of wood modification techniques showed fungal suppression. It was also found that the hydrothermal treatment step could significantly reduce fungal attack in comparison with densification. Reduction of the mass losses was associated with the hydrothermal treatment temperature. Also, the level of metabolic moisture content was correlated with the mass losses for both fungi. Any reduction of the mass loss decreased the moisture content in the wood.

2025

This study examines wood and dendrochronological data from the Lower Rhine region during the Roman period. The Roman period brought many changes to the region, including its integration into a large-scale economy with long-distance transport of goods. Wood was a critical resource in the Roman economy, yet its production and distribution remain poorly understood. Based on the development of dendroprovenance research, three understudied aspects are distinguished: 1) the focus on single objects rather than multiple objects from large regions; 2) methods, measures and visualisations for a big data approach are lacking and; 3) dendroprovenance studies for the Roman period are lacking. This research is mainly based on legacy data. The analyses of data is as open and reproducible as possible, following the Open Science principles. The data used consist mainly of archaeological, dendrochronological and spatial data, in combination with historial, epigraphical and other data. The large volume of data in combination with varying temporal and spatial distributions defines the data as sparse big data. In this study the possible applications of silvicultural systems in the Roman period are discussed. Sufficient knowledge and skills were available in the Roman period for the application of silviculture. Evidence was found for four silvicultural systems: clear cutting, selection, coppice and agroforestry. Based on dendroarchaeological data various patterns are discerned. The study of the dendrochronological material from wood that was used to build a road along the limes in the Netherlands leads to new insight. The wood was felled in a single season (in 124-125 AD) and obtained from a woodland in the region between Rhine and Meuse and transported over 100 kilometres. This road can seen as Hadrians’ Road. Other cases include wood used in several regions in the Netherlands in different periods. A model is presented showing three spheres of wood procurement. Local wood procurement seems to have been most common. For large-scale military infrastructural works wood was procured within the province. For special purposes, wood was obtained beyond the boundaries of a province (imperial sphere). Various new methods were developed for dendroprovenance. The Gleichläufigkeitskoeffizient (GLK) is an often used non-parametric similarity measure and based on growth changes of subsequent tree rings. This measure has some issues, which are solved with the newly developed synchronous (SGC) and semi-synchronous growth changes (SSGC) to replace the GLK. A novel method is presented for the analysis of large datasets of dendrochronological material in relation to the provenance. Networks of tree-ring material are created using relations determined by statistical similarity. A combination of archaeological, network and spatial arguments is used to estimate the provenance of wood, leading to new insights. The network approach is also applied on the dendrochronological measurements from several Roman barges, combining dendrochronology with network science and spatial analysis to determine the provenance of wood from river barges. This made it possible to estimate provenance and to understand building practices. A strong relation between shape and function was attested, probably related to attributes of wood with certain growth conditions. Two barges were probably built in the same shipyard. Wood was locally obtained for shipbuilding, but also in Gallia Belgica and Germania Superior. Complete trees were most likely loaded on barges and transported over the Rhine and Meuse. Wood is only preserved if the right conditions are met. The exceptional conditions in the research region, makes wood the archaeological ‘gold’. Local wood procurement was the rule and long-distance transport the exception in the Roman period. The open science approach by combining network science, data science dendrochronology and archaeology is a powerful way to understand patterns in the Roman timber economy.