Xray Diffraction Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The X Rays Fluorescence Experiment covers theory, x-rays detectors, measurement of the photon energy, data analysis, determination of the energy calibration, interpretation of the lines seen in the energy spectra, Moseley’s Law, statistical methods, covariance ellipse and the maximum likelihood method. The Compton Experiment covers theory, Klein Nishina formula, Experiment, Calibration and data analysis, Measurements of the Energy of Compton Scattered Photons, Compton edge and the Compton Scattering Cross Section. Planck wrote in a letter about the research of the energy of the electrons at the cavity of the blackbody: “I knew that the problem of the equilibrium between matter and radiation is of high importance for the Physics. Besides, I knew the right formula for the distribution of the energy spectrum at the cavity. It was very important to find a theoretical interpretation”. After 10 years of research, finally Planck accepted and proposed the quantum theory as explanation to the radiation of the blackbody. The introduction of the Planck constant h was fundamental for the quantization of the energy. The main argument to accept the quantum theory was the concordance with the entropy concept and the statistics thermodynamic. The Einstein research about the quantization of the light radiation at the Photoelectric Effect was also a support for the Planck research of the cavity of the blackbody. Millikan mentioned about the Photoelectric Effect: “The Photoelectric Effect is a proof independent of the quantum theory for the radiation of the blackbody as discrete and discontinue emission of energy absorbed by the electronic components of the atoms….”. The Photoelectric Effect supports the constant h discovered by Planck at the research of the blackbody and that the Planck research corresponds to the reality”. Bohr proposed a revolutionary concept for the behavior of the electron during the atom transition from one stationary level to other. In an article research, Bohr mentioned: “The correspondence principle has as consequence the comparison between the atom reaction due a radiation field with the reaction of the atom due a field from the mechanic classic point of view: which is due to a group of virtual harmonic oscillators with frequency equal to the determined for the possible transitions between stationary levels: hv=E-E´”. The correspondence principle of Bohr postulated that for high quantum numbers the quantization approach is in correspondence with the classic theory. Therefore, Bohr postulated the quantization of the energy transition for the electrons at the atom (E-E´=hf) and the quantization of the angular momentum L=nh/2π. Bohr could explain the atom stability (the no radiation for the electrons at the atom) with those postulates and obtain a formula for the quantization of the energy, velocity, radius, angular momentum, frequency and wavelength of the radiation emitted or absorbed. Later, the modern quantum physics could explain the postulates of Bohr and obtain the quantization formula for the energy and angular momentum at the stationary levels by applying the Schröndiger Equation (wave probabilistic theory) and Heisenberg Theory (matrix theory). The stationary states or levels correspond to those functions which satisfy the Schröndiger Equation. The electron in an atom no excited is at rest. Thus, it cannot radiate energy because it corresponds to a stationary level of the atom.
For other hand, Albert Einstein wrote in a research article: “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” (Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seimen Energienhalt abhängig?): “If a body emits energy E in the form of radiation, its mass decreases by E/c2”. The fact that the energy that leaves from the body is converted into radiation energy makes no difference, so the more general conclusion is reached that the mass of a body is a measure of the content of its energy ... It is not impossible that with bodies whose content of energy is highly variable (for example radio salts) the theory can be successfully tested. If the theory corresponds to the fact, radiation conducts inertia between the bodies that emit and absorb it1”. This is true for any type of radiation emitted (gravitational or electromagnetic energy) which produce a decrease in the mass of the body. Respect to the gravitational energy emission, it is demonstrated by theory, experiment and result the discovery formula which describe exactly the variant mass of a particle which emits gravitational energy which was demonstrated by myself at the article: The Fundament of the Mass and Effects of the Gravitation on a Particle and Light in the mass, time, distance, velocity, frequency, wavelength: Variant Mass for a Particle which emits Gravitational Energy for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star and Variant Frequency for the Light passing close a Gravitational Field from a Massive Object (Sun). The results of the mass formula are of great relevance for Gravitational Interactions. It is in accordance with the classic result for the emission of the total gravitational energy (bond total energy) for a particle orbiting a large Planet or Sun and for a Binary Star. At the atom, the electron only radiates this energy when it jumps from one orbit to another orbit at the atom. It is in accordance with the experimental results from the spectral lines of the atom. The difference is that in a gravitational field the particle or a planet around the sun can take any position at the space and any radius. But, the electron at the atom only can take restricted positions which are explained by quantum mechanics, and the electrons don´t emit radiation when they orbit around the nucleus.
In this article, it is demonstrated the development formula for the variant mass of the electron at the atom which describe exactly the variant mass of the electron (charged particle) at the atom which emits electromagnetic energy from one stationary level to other. The results of the formula are compared with the ionization energy emission for the electron at the atom and the bound energy for the diatomic molecules. The results are in agreement with high accuracy. Besides, Maxwell's theory shows that electromagnetic waves are radiated whenever charges accelerate as for example for the electrón. Then, this electromagnetic radiation (photons) produces a decrease in the mass of the electron which is given by the formula of the Variant Mass for an Accelerated Charged Particle which was demonstrated by me at this research. Therefore, an additional objective of this article is to demonstrate by theory, calculations and results the discovered formula which describe exactly the variant mass of an accelerated charged particle. This charged particle emits electromagnetic radiation which is called the Maxwell Radiation. Also, the article analyzes and establishes about the effects of the variant mass on the particle. In addition, the formula is tested with the electromagnetic radiation emitted for an electron when leaves from the atom. Finally, it is obtained the formula for the power energy emitted for an Accelerated Charged Particle.