Zero Tillage Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

2025

Agricultural farming is a complicated system that involves continuous interactions among its multiple components over a period of time. The series of activities involved in farming practices have enormous contributions to ensure food security for the humanity. With the passage of time, agriculture sector faces diversified challenges like high food demand of rapidly growing population, scarcity of available resources and adverse effect of climate change. In developing countries like Bangladesh, food sufficiency is mostly achieved through intensive farming which has detrimental effects on natural resources, surrounding environment, and the whole ecosystem. The review attempts to discover the potentials of conservation agriculture practices for sustainable crop productivity and economic profitability of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh. This study revealed that conservation farm management practice is a cost-effective modernized technique that has the ability to accelerate crop productivity and farmers income t hrough minimum utilization of agricultural inputs. Although the concept of conservation agriculture is widely practiced in other parts of the world, Bangladesh is experiencing a slow rate of adoption during the last few years. The policy implication of the study suggests that the government should take coordinated and combined initiatives involving both public and private sector organizations to incorporate this concept into the mainstream agricultural system of Bangladesh.

2025, Soil and Tillage Research

Agriculture and the plow originated 10-13 millennia ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East, mostly along the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Indus and Yangtze River valleys, and were introduced into Greece and southeastern Europe $8000 years ago. The wooden plow, called an ard, evolved into the ''Roman plow'', with an iron plowshare, described by Virgil around 1 AD and was used in Europe until the fifth century. It further evolved into a soil inverting plow during the 8th to 10th century. In the U.S., a moldboard plow was designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1784, patented by Charles Newfold in 1796, and marketed in the 1830s as a cast iron plow by a blacksmith named John Deere. Use of the plow expanded rapidly with the introduction of the ''steam horse'' in 1910 that led to widespread severe soil erosion and environmental degradation culminating in the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. A transition from moldboard plow to various forms of conservation tillage began with the development of 2,4-D after World War II. No-till is presently practiced on about 95 million hectares globally. No-till technologies are very effective in minimizing soil and crop residue disturbance, controlling soil evaporation, minimizing erosion losses, sequestering C in soil and reducing energy needs. However, no-till is effective only with the use of crop residue as mulch, which has numerous competing uses. No-till farming can reduce yield in poorly drained, clayey soils when springtime is cold and wet. Soil-specific research is needed to enhance applicability of no-till farming by alleviating biophysical, economic, social and cultural constraints. There is a strong need to enhance sustainability of production systems while improving the environmental quality.

2025

3 Meteorologista, Pesquisador Doutor, Embrapa Meio A mbiente, Jaguariúna-SP 4 Engenheiro Aeronáutico, Prof. Doutor , Depto. de C iências Atmosféricas, USP/ São Paulo – SP. 5 Meteorologista, Doutorando, Ecologia Aplicada Pr ograma de Pós Graduação Interunidades ESALQ/CENA, U SP. Piracicaba – SP. 6 Ecólogo, Pesquisador Doutor, Embrapa Meio Ambiente , Jaguariúna-SP 7 Egenheiro Mecatrônico, Especialista de Laboratório , Depto. de Ciências Atmosféricas, USP/ São Paulo – SP.

2025

2004). Possui Especialização em Metodologia do Ensino Superior pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Pós-Graduação e Extensão -IBPEX (2005) e Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná -UNIOESTE (2015), sob orientação do professor Dr. Eduardo Godoy de Souza. Desde 2010, é docente do Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR) -Campus Foz do Iguaçu. vi DEDICATÓRIA A todos aqueles que, por meio de atividades de ensino, pesquisa e extensão dedicam parte importante de suas vidas ao objetivo de tornar o mundo um lugar melhor para todos. vii AGRADECIMENTOS À minha esposa, Sílvia Taís Betat, pelo companheirismo, paciência e compreensão ao longo dessa jornada. Ao meu orientador, Eduardo Godoy de Souza, pelas riquíssimas orientações ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho, pela sua enorme disponibilidade e dedicação, bem como pela possibilidade de aprender com sua experiência e profissionalismo. Aos meus co-orientadores, Claudio Leones Bazzi e Lúcia Helena Pereira Nóbrega, por suas contribuições para o aprimoramento deste trabalho. À UNIOESTE, por meio do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, pela oportunidade de qualificação. A todos os professores do PGEAGRI, pelas inúmeras oportunidades de aprendizado. A todos os colegas do PGEAGRI, pela troca de experiências e companheirismo ao longo desses anos. Aos proprietários das áreas experimentais utilizadas (Sr. Aldo Tasca, do município de Céu Azul-PR, e Sr. Wanderlei Schenatto, do município de Serranópolis do Iguaçu), pela gentileza de ceder as áreas para coleta dos dados utilizados nesta pesquisa. Ao Instituto Federal do Paraná -IFPR, por viabilizar minha participação no programa de doutorado, por meio do edital de afastamento para qualificação. viii MÓDULO COMPUTACIONAL PARA CÁLCULO DA NECESSIDADE DE NITROGÊNIO, FÓSFORO E POTÁSSIO A PARTIR DE SUAS DISPONIBILIDADES NO SOLO RESUMO A variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo, proveniente de vários fatores, afeta diretamente o rendimento das culturas. O principal objetivo da agricultura de precisão é prover tecnologias para possibilitar o correto gerenciamento dessa variabilidade, contribuindo para a elevação da produção agrícola. Para tanto, é necessário o emprego de ferramentas computacionais capazes de estimar, de maneira adequada, a demanda das culturas em cada ponto das áreas produtivas, considerando as variáveis envolvidas e recomendando a aplicação adequada para cada ponto. A plataforma AgDataBox é uma iniciativa conjunta do LAMAP (UNIOESTE, Campus Cascavel) e do AgriLab (UTFPR, Campus Medianeira), que visa desenvolver um ambiente completo, o qual permita o gerenciamento dos dados agrícolas. Essa plataforma já possui diversas funcionalidades implementadas, porém, ainda não possuía um módulo para recomendação de fertilizantes. Nesse sentido, o foco deste trabalho foi desenvolver o módulo computacional AgDataBox-Map-AplicNutrient e integrá-lo à plataforma web AgDataBox de integração de dados, softwares, procedimentos e metodologias para agricultura digital. A tese foi dividida em três artigos: (i) ARTIGO 1 -ESTUDO SISTEMÁTICO DE LITERATURA: identificou 12 métodos de recomendação de N; oito para recomendação de P e sete de K, além de cinco programas de computador para agricultura de precisão, que realizam a recomendação de fertilizantes a taxas variadas; (ii) ARTIGO 2 -MÓDULO AGDATABOX-MAP-APLICNUTRIENT: apresenta o aplicativo, que possibilita ao usuário importar os dados de análise química do solo, fazer a recomendação dos nutrientes N, P e K, gerar mapas temáticos de recomendação e exportar os mapas. Os resultados, obtidos pelo app, foram equivalentes aos obtidos pelos cálculos realizados em planilha eletrônica, porém, de forma mais rápida e facilitada, sobretudo, por sua integração à plataforma AgDataBox. (iii) ARTIGO 3 -COMPARAÇÃO DE MAPAS DE RECOMENDAÇÃO DE FERTILIZANTES: este trabalho avaliou e comparou quatro tipos de construção de mapas de aplicação de nutrientes: mapas temáticos tradicionais com divisão de intervalo igual (TTM-EI) e quantil (TTM-QT), mapas de zona de aplicação (AZ) e zonas de aplicação retificada (AZr). Os AZs foram avaliados, usando os seguintes índices: Redução de Variância (VR%), Índice de Desempenho Fuzziness (FPI), Entropia de Partição Modificada (MPE), Índice de Validação de Cluster Aprimorado (ICVI), Índice de Suavidade (SI%), Índice de Fragmentação (FI%), e Índice Global de Qualidade (GQI); e a comparação dos mapas foi realizada pelo índice Kappa (Kp). O melhor delineamento para as AZs foi obtido com duas classes. Os resultados mostraram que, na criação de TMs, a divisão de classes por quantis é mais eficiente do que a divisão em intervalos iguais, na maioria dos casos, e pode ser uma alternativa à criação de AZs, quando os dados apresentam normalidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agricultura de precisão. Recomendação de fertilizantes. Recomendação de nutrientes. Manejo localizado. Aplicação a taxas variadas.

2025, Journal of Kolkata Society for Asian Studies

Woven into this volume on the pan Asian context of the Bengal Basin is an insistent plea for positive interaction in terms of cooperation rather than competition in the Bay of Bengal Interaction Sphere. The plea is backed up by an analysis of the history, cultural amalgam, commercial exchange, migration and geopolitics of the bay. The analysis demonstrates the positive and dynamic role which India is poised to play for ensuring this interaction. Need for Cooperation, Intrinsic to the Hydrography of the Bay The need for India to awaken to this task is substantiated by the growing importance of the Bay of Bengal, with its transformation, from an international migration highway till late 20th century, into an area of migration and trade in the 21st century, thanks to a sea bridge, connecting South and South East Asia, and a long coastline, with deep inland penetration. The largest Bay in the world, fed by large rivers, dotted by ports, its economic and geo political importance as a source of water, salt, energy, fish, minerals, transport, business, naval mission, scientific research and power politics, has grown exponentially. A focus has been placed on the Bay providing the main shipping channel through the Malacca strait between the Indian and Pacific Ocean. The growing need of Sino Indian cooperation over land and sea has been stressed, to dredge oil and natural gas deposits, as also the cooperation of Sri Lanka and India for harvesting hydrocarbon, titanium, rare earth, mineral sands and gems, in the Bay. The importance of cooperation among the littoral countries has grown over the years, for linking Indian and Pacific Ocean countries by shipping through the Malacca strait, and, for using the Andaman and Nicobar Islands near the Malacca strait, for coastal radar surveillance, trans shipments, ship repair, shore bunkering, regulation of piracy, drug traffic and gun running. India has entered naval cooperation agreements, to resolve disputes over oil and gas block rights and maritime boundaries with its South East Asian neighbours, and, with USA, Japan and Australia in Andaman, for dealing with the strategic encirclement, created by China through port and naval bases, in a maritime silk route, euphemistically called a string of pearls, around India's coastline. Sino Indian cooperation rather than competition will obviate the need for such strategic challenges and responses. Such cooperation across the Bay will also facilitate overland transit, for both India and China, to their less developed regions, through Myanmar for India to its North East, and for China to Yunnan. Multipolar Indo Pacific cooperation is also vitally required for dealing with climate change, natural disaster, terrorism, refugees, drugs, piracy, specially in low lying regions like Bangladesh, threatened by submergence, under sea surge. The need for cooperation rather than conflict is substantiated by the way the hydrographic limits of the bay have been defined in the Christian era by different regional powers in India, by calling it the Chola lake, Kalinga Sagar, Ganga Sagar, and, by the international trading community, as Sinus Gangeticus (Sujan Ghosh).

2025, Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, volume 40 issue 1 (march 2025)

Stubble burning in Northern India has emerged as a critical environmental and health crisis, driven by agricultural practices from the Green Revolution. Factors such as labour shortages, increased mechanization with combine harvesters, limited time for crop preparation and low utilization of crop residues as animal feed contribute to this widespread practice. Annually, approximately 178 million tons of crop residues remain unutilized, causing soil degradation and severe air pollution, impacting both agricultural productivity and public health. This study reviewed the factors contributing to stubble burning by farmers and techno-economic feasibility of innovative stubble management technologies, including the happy seeder, super seeder and bio-decomposers, which show promise in alleviating the adverse impacts of burning. However, challenges such as financial constraints, lack of awareness and insufficient policy support hinder their adoption. This review identified key barriers to effective implementation and outlines strategies to overcome these challenges. By synthesizing existing research and empirical data, this study aims to provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, highlighting the need for integrated approaches to promote sustainable agricultural practices. Collaborative efforts and informed actions are crucial to facilitating the transition toward sustainable stubble management, yielding benefits for both farmers and the environment.

2025

A busca por altas produtividades de milho requer investimento na construção da fertilidade do solo, principalmente nas condições edafoclimáticas da região do Cerrado. Dada a forte evolução agrícola observada na região, com elevado investimento em fertilizantes, a pesquisa moderna deve viabilizar formas de otimização do manejo da adubação. Essa meta é válida, sobretudo, em se tratando do nitrogênio (N), um dos nutrientes mais limitantes a produtividade e que apresenta maior custo e menor eficiência de aproveitamento nas lavouras. Nesse sentido, aplicações diferenciadas de N, ponderadas pela existência da variabilidade espacial na capacidade de suprimento pelo solo dentro dos talhões de cultivo, podem trazer benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Esta publicação discorre sobre aspectos relacionados ao manejo da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho, com ênfase na estimativa da disponibilidade e recomendação do N em sistemas de produção tecnificados, vinculadas ao uso de técnicas de agricultura de precisão.

2025

Wheat crops are the most important staple grain crops in the world in general and the Iraqi table in particular, as the achievement of food security for any country depends on the production and provision of grains, which are the main source of food for the population, and must be provided under all conditions and seek self-sufficiency from them. From this point of view, the Ministry of Agriculture has established the national wheat growing development program in Iraq as one of the development projects aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in the wheat crop in Iraq, which led to the introduction and implementation of a range of modern agricultural technologies that are supposed to contribute to improving crop production and reaching the development goals set. The study aimed to analyze farmers' adoption of the package of modern agricultural technologies provided by the program and their long-term acceptability and spread. The results showed that the adoption of the program's t...

2025, Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal

The knowledge of soil hydraulic properties and processes leads to better predictions of both agricultural and environment impact. The objectives of this research are to determine, predict and compare the relationship between measured and estimated soil hydraulic properties and also spatially characterize these properties using geostatistics. Mini disc infiltrometer at a suction rate of 2 cm per second was used for the determination of soil hydraulic properties at different points of an alfisol in Nigeria. Soil samples (100, 200 and 300 mm depths) were also analyzed to determine soil bulk density (BD), total porosity (PT) and water holding capacity (WHC). The coefficients of variation (CV) of the textural classes indicate a non-considerable variability of the sand (CV=6%), silt (CV=20%) and clay (CV=3%) contents. From the statistical and spatial analysis for the different parameters, the variability of hydraulic conductivity (48%>33%>31%), cumulative infiltration (40%>26%&gt...

2025

Soil aggregation may be affected by soil tillage and crop rotation in dryland areas. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different combinations of tillage and straw application on soil aggregation in the soil aggregate fractions after fifteen years of spring wheat–field pea rotation. Experimental work included the following treatments: conventional tillage with straw removed (T), no–till with straw removed (NT), no?till with straw retention on the soil surface (NTS) and conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS). Soil samples were collected to depths of 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–30 cm from five points in each plot after harvest of the crop in 2015. Wet–sieving method was used to separate four classes of aggregates, named as large macroaggregate (>2000 ?m), small macroaggregate (250–2000 ?m), microaggregate (53–250?m) and silt and clay (<53 ?m). The results showed that compare with T treatment, all conservation tillage methods significantly reduced s...

2025

An on-farm trial was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at farmers' field on pre-selected ten locations of Muzaffarpur district in North Bihar, considering farmers as replication, in order to assess the fertilizer application based on soil testing for the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in North Bihar, India. The experimental field having average soil pH of 8.60, EC

2025

Assessing the quality of agricultural soils is important for defining and adopting management practices that ensure socioeconomic and environmental sustainability. The methods for indexation of quality indicators called the Integrated Quality Index (IQI) and the Nemoro Quality Index (NQI) were used in this study to evaluate soil quality in experimental plots planted to eucalyptus. The selection of these indicators was made based on nine soil quality indicators: geometric mean diameter, water permeability, organic matter, macro- and microporosity, total porosity, bulk density, penetration resistance, and flocculation index, which are related to water erosion. Treatments consisted of eucalyptus planted on level land, with and without maintenance of residues on the soil surface, planted on a downslope, and planted on bare soil in two distinct biomes, whose native vegetation are Cerrado (Brazilian tropical savanna) and Forest. The soil quality indices (SQI) were highly correlated with erosion. Among the management systems, Eucalyptus with maintenance of the residues had higher values in both indices, highlighting the importance of plant cover and organic matter for soil and water conservation in forest systems. The SQI had a high inverse correlation coefficient with soil and water losses. Places with the highest rates of water erosion also had the lowest IQI and NQI values. Thus, the indices tested allowed efficient evaluation of the effects of the management practices adopted on soil quality in relation to water erosion.

2025, Soil and Tillage Research

Farmers are increasingly using zero tillage in Central Argentina to replace other tillage systems. Intensive tillage decreases soil organic matter content and causes physical degradation. The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in some soil biological properties induced by different tillage systems. A 6 year experiment in which continuous maize (Zea mays L.) was grown using three tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage and zero tillage) was carried out at C6rdoba Province, Argentina, on a Typic Argiudoll. Variations in total organic C content, microbial biomass C, metabolic quotient (qC0,) and the proportion of the organic C present in the microbial biomass were evaluated at two sampling depths (O-5 and 5-15 cm). Additional samples from a nearby site (undisturbed grassland) were also taken and considered as a control. Concentrations of soil organic C and microbial biomass C were higher under zero tillage as compared with conventional tillage, at the O-5 cm soil depth. Differences were not evident among tillage systems at the 5-15 cm soil depth. An analysis of the microbial biomass C content, in relation to the organic C, revealed higher values at the O-5 cm soil depth only for those systems which provoke less disturbance of the soil (i.e. reduced tillage and zero tillage). Significantly greater amounts of CO,-C were released from zero tillage and reduced tillage soils than from conventionally tilled soils. This release was positively correlated with microbial biomass C. qC0, values were not significantly different between tillage systems. Zero tillage proved to be more

2025

Temporal and spatial availability of K can infl uence soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity. This study quantifi ed the impact of initial soil K concentrations, soil-water content, and soybean K uptake on soil K pools (water-extractable solution-phase K [K sol ], 1 mol L -1 NH 4 OAc-extractable K, referred to as exchangeable K (K exch ), and 5-min sodium tetraphenylboron [NaTPB] extractable K [K TPB ]) and compared predictions of plant K availability using the NaTPB vs. NH 4 OAc tests. Soil and soybean samples were collected fi ve times between the VE and R6 development stages in 2003 and 2004 from fallow and cropped notill Toronto-Millbrook silt loam Alfi sols at the Throckmorton Purdue Agricultural Center. Gravimetric soil water content was measured weekly during the growing season. Low-, medium-, and high-K fertility plots were replicated four times. Initial K exch levels ranged from 60 to 290 and from 50 to 90 mg kg -1 at the 0-to 10-and 10-to 20-cm depths, respectively. Medium-and high-fertility soils had the highest grain yields. The 0-to 5-cm soil layer had the highest K exch levels, water availability, and soybean K uptake. Compared with K exch, K sol levels were less stratifi ed and the surface layer was less dynamic. The NaTPB extraction was a better predictor of soybean K uptake in 1 yr, but across both years, NH 4 OAc was superior. Potassium measurements in the 0-to 10-cm soil layer provided slightly better estimates of plant K uptake than those in the 0-to 20-cm layer. Greater water availability and K uptake in the 0-to 5-cm soil layer suggest that under evenly distributed, intermittent rainfall conditions in somewhat poorly drained soils, vertical soil K stratifi cation might not be a concern for no-till soybean production. Abbreviations: ET, evapotranspiration; K exch , exchangeable potassium; K fi x , fi xed potassium; K sol , solution-phase potassium; K TPB , 5-min sodium tetraphenylboron extractable potassium; NaTPB, sodium tetraphenylboron.

2025

Soil water diffusivity (D) is an important hydraulic property that is fundamental to characterize unsaturated watertransport. Its determination is complex, time-consuming and requires expensive instruments. The objectives of this workwere: to propose a simple and low-cost laboratory methodology to determine D function; and to analyze the influence of soilmanagement systems on D and Sorptivity (S). The studied soil was classified as a vertic Paleudol. The first 10 cm of the soilunder three different management systems (T1: Natural grassland, T2: direct drilling, and T3: Polyphitic Pasture) was sampled.The samples were sieved and packed into horizontal columns. The columns were analyzed under horizontal infiltration and Dwas determined by variations of water content as a function of time for fixed positions, obtained from low-cost soil moisturecapacitance sensors. The results showed that the proposed methodology is valid in the studied soils. Soil management systemsignificantly affect...

2025

Factores que influyen en el establecimiento y producción de las pasturas .

2025

espanolEl estudio tuvo como finalidad caracterizar el sistema poroso en diferentes usos del suelo y determinar si los indicadores fisico-hidricos bajo el planteo mixto de rotacion (cultivos anuales-pasturas), se aproximan a los niveles de los indicadores bajo el uso con pastura permanente de graminea (linea de base) para suelos francos de la Region Semiarida Pampeana. Sobre Paleustoles petrocalcicos, se seleccionaron 3 usos diferentes, correspondientes a ensayos de larga duracion: pastura permanente de Pasto Lloron (LL) considerado como suelo linea de base, pasturas perennes de Festuca+Agropiro (F+A) y Alfalfa+Agropiro (A+A) y uso agricola (Ag). Sobre estos usos se determino materia organica, densidad aparente, densidad aparente maxima, compactacion relativa, humedad critica, porosidad total, macroporosidad, resistencia a la penetracion, infiltracion y cantidad de raices. Los valores de los indicadores evaluados en las dos pasturas perennes (F+A y A+A), se encontraron mas proximos a...

2025, Ciencia del …

In the semiarid and subhumid pampa region rainfall does not cover the crops' consumptive use and normally limits yields and fertilizer response. A substantial part of rain falls during the fallow period and a high proportion cannot be used by crops. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of a) fallow duration, b) variation in the water retention capacity (CRA), c) soil cover and d) tillage systems on: water contents, temperature, soil resistance (RP), nitrate N (N). The longest summer fallow period resulted in highest water storage (149 mm) and N contents (81 kg ha -1 ) with respect to intermediate fallow (112 mm water storage, 56 kg N ha -1 ) and short fallow (96 mm water storage, 34 kg N ha -1 ). In Hapludoll soils fallow length mostly affected N availability and no effect on water storage and RP were found, while in entic Haplustolls with calcium carbonate hardpans the most significant effects were on water storage, N and RP. En soils with low CRA (42 mm) no difference between fallow and no-fallow treatments were observed, while in soils with high CRA (90 to 210 mm) significant differences in water and nitrate content were found. Low soil cover levels caused a lower water storage and N availability efficiency during fallow. We also encountered significant differences in summer fallow water storage between zero tillage (163 mm) and conventional tillage (118 mm). Due to the higher water content in zero tillage, this treatment also showed lower values of RP. It can be concluded that management practices, and in particular zero tillage can increase the efficiency of summer fallow. The importance of their effects is conditioned by soil water storage capacity and rainfall.

2025, Journal of Applied and Natural Science

Irrigation experiments were conducted during November to April under wheat crop in the winter season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 in the farmerâ€™s field at Galibkhedi village located in Karnal District, Haryana State, India. In the study, collapsible multi-outlet pipe (MOP) along with single outlets pipe (SOP) was tested in farmerâ€™s field under wheat cultivation. Irrigation was carried out in five treatments including tillage (T) with SOP and MOP; zero-tillage (ZT) with SOP and MOP, and furrow irrigation with raised bed (FIRB). Iso-time profile of waterfront spreading and advance indicated that irrigation water distribution was uniform under the plot irrigated using MOP as compared to plot irrigated using SOP. In addition, water distribution was uniform under zero tilled plots as compared to tilled plot. Results implied that MOP has several advantages over SOP in terms of application efficiency (AE) and uniformity of water distribution. Average application efficiency for the first stud...

2025, Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture

Spot blotch disease, caused by the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana, is one of the most important foliar blight limiting wheat production in the world’s warmer regions. The field experiment was conducted to determine the response to spot... more

2025

espanolEl proceso de compactacion en general es descripto usando metodos que no distinguen tipos y tamanos de poros que son afectados. El ajuste de las curvas de contraccion (CC) usando el modelo XP permite diferenciar los manejos de suelos con relacion a la porosidad. Este metodo esta en consonancia con las determinaciones micromorfologicas y micromorfometricas de cortes delgados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar el potencial del analisis de las CC de los suelos para describir la degradacion fisica de los mismos bajo distintos manejos de la region pampeana de la Argentina: agricultura continua (AC), rotacion agricola-ganadera (AG), respecto de una situacion cuasi-pristina (CP), en dos suelos: Hapludol Tipico y Argiudol Tipico. Desde dos aproximaciones de analisis de CC y analisis micromorfologico en suelos limosos de baja capacidad de expansion/contraccion. EnglishCompaction processes are generally described using methods that do not distinguish volume changes of different ...

2024, International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research

The experiment was conducted in Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2012-2013 to investigate the integrated effect of fertilizer and compost on water transmission behavior and yield of wheat under different tillage systems. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three tillage treatments in the main plots and fertilizer with compost treatments in the sub-plots. The treatments were replicated thrice. The tillage treatments include one passing of a power tiller (T1), two passing of a power tiller (T2) and three passing of a power tiller (T3). Fertilizer and compost treatments were recommended dose of fertilizers (NPKSZn)(F) and 70% of F + compost at 6 t ha -1 (FC). The results demonstrate that the yield components of wheat except 1000-grain weight was maximum in T3 and it also recordedthe highest grain yield (4.3 t ha -1 ). The lowest grain yield of 3.6 t ha -1 was obtained in T1. The effect on cumulative infiltration and the rate of soil water infiltration was found due to the tillage intensity, fertilizer and compost application. It can be concluded that fertilizer and compost treatments along with three passing of power tiller can be practiced to maximize the wheat yield.

2024

se evalúo el efecto del uso del suelo con sistemas de bosque; guadua (Guadua angustifolia K.); cultivo de café (Coffea arabiga var. Caturra) a plena exposición, con sombra de guamo (Inga sp.) y sombra de nogal (Cordia alliodora); y pastura de brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens) sobre diferentes formas de la materia orgánica (M.O.). Para el efecto en Cauca se tomaron muestras de un Typic Melanudand localizado a 1740 m.s.n.m. utilizado con los cinco primeros sistemas de cultivos, y en Sevilla de un Typic Haplustand en 1660 m.s.n.m en pasturas de brachiaria. Los suelos de ambos sitios fueron caracterizados por sus propiedades físicas (humedad higroscópica, densidad aparente, distribución de partículas, estabilidad de agregados y tamaño de arenas), y químicas (capacidad de intercambio catiónico, pH, % carbono orgánico). Las sustancias húmicas se obtuvieron con extracción secuencial en soluciones (0.1 N) de tetraborato, pirofosfato e hidróxido de sodio, previa separación granulométrica por tamizado en húmedo; igualmente se purificaron y caracterizaron los ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos por diferentes técnicas analíticas y espectroscópicas. En ambos suelos, se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.05) en las propiedades tanto físicas como químicas por efecto del uso y tipo de suelo. La mayor acidez se presentó en el Typic Melanudand (pH < 5.5); mientras que en el Typic Haplustand se observaron cambios bruscos en pH por el uso del suelo pasando de ligeramente ácidos (6.2) a fuertemente ácidos (≤ 5.5). El Typic Melanudand presentó mayores contenidos de carbono orgánico. En ambos suelos, el contenido de M.O. humificada fue mayor que el de M.O. fresca. Los rendimientos en extracción de las sustancias húmicas variaron con el uso del suelo, con predominio de huminas sobre sustancias húmicas extraíbles. Las relaciones E4/E6 mostraron diferencias por uso y tipo de suelo para ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos. Los índices de hidrofobicidad fueron > 1 en ácidos húmicos y < 1 en fúlvicos. Los ácidos húmicos con mejor grado de condensación se encontraron en el Typic Melanudand.

2024

Pakistan faces water shortage problem, in last 20 years with low per capita water availability which will decline further with population growth and with no new water sources to develop. Furthermore, the irrigation system in Pakistan is supply based that's unable to fulfill the demand of crops, this situation exaggerate the issue of water shortage within the area wherever high delta crops being grown. The objective of this research addresses these challenges by developing an integrated hydrological modeling framework to optimize water resource allocation in Rechna Doab. Using eWater Source software, the study assesses water availability and demand within command canals, incorporating climate and flow data. Climate change, in the form of reduced rainfall and high temperatures, increased canal water demand, mainly in 2018, and thus changed the supply-demand balance in Marala Ravi, Upper Chenab, and BRBD regions. Seasonal crops, especially rice, increase a huge amount of demand in canals such as Havali, Upper Gugera, and Lower Gugera. The 2020 forecast sees consistent water shortages in canals such as MR Link, Havali, and Burala Branch, though some surplus occurred in instances like UCC and BRBD.The Rechna Doab b case study yielded unsatisfactory results due to missing data, though the model has enough scope for improvement if more continuous data is applied. These results provide the basis for the need for better management of water resources, accurate data collection, and. smart agriculture for to solve water shortage problem, enhancing canal delivery efficiency, and ensuring sustainable irrigation in the face of climate change.

2024, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science

In Nigeria, information is lacking regarding the most suitable tillage method in extensive yam production. Hence, five tillage methods were compared at two sites in 2008-2010 with reference to their effects on soil physical and chemical properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and tuber yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) on Alfisols at Owo (site A) and Akure (site B), south-west Nigeria. The tillage methods were: zero tillage (ZT), manual ridging (MR), manual mounding (MM), ploughing þ harrowing had lower soil bulk density than other tillage methods and resulted in higher leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg and yam tuber yield. In ZT, bulk density, soil moisture content, soil organic C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg were significantly higher and temperature lower than other tillage methods. Results of multiple regressions revealed that bulk density significantly influenced the yield of yam rather than soil chemical properties. Compared with MR, MM, P þ H and ZT, and averaged across years, P þ H þ R increased yam tuber yield by 12.3, 12.8, 34.9 and 50.7%, respectively, in site A and 12.9, 13.5, 25.2 and 44.5%, respectively, in site B. P þ H þ R was found to be most advantageous and is therefore recommended for yam cultivation.

2024

Risques et benefices relatifs des alternatives aux produits phytopharmaceutiques comportant des neonicotinoides. Tome 1 – Rapport du groupe de travail Identification des alternatives aux usages autorises des neonicotinoides

2024

The impacts of soil moisture on trace gas emissions from grassland were investigated by an in situ measurement conducted over two sampling periods from 2008-2009 in a typical agricultural ecosystem of Northern Ireland. Gas samples were taken with the closed chamber technique and analysed for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ). Wet soil conditions led to high emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O and a loss of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer. These results are valuable toward the development of practical measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.

2024, Hortscience

The effects of two cover crops [cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.)], four tillage systems [no tillage (NT), strip tillage (ST), conventional tillage with cover crops incorporated (CTC), and conventional tillage without cover crop (CTN)], and three pre-emergence herbicide rates (full rate, half rate, and no herbicide) on pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth and production, weed populations, and the incidence of pythium fruit rot were studied. Weed infestations, cucumber establishment, and cucumber leaf chlorophyll content were similar between the rye and oat treatments. However, the oat treatment had higher cucumber fruit number and weight and a lower percentage of cucumber fruit infected with Pythium spp. compared with the rye treatment. The NT and CTC systems reduced cucumber stand and leaf chlorophyll content, but had equivalent cucumber fruit number and weight compared with CTN. The NT and ST had lower weed biomass and weed density than CTN and CTC. The NT also reduced the percentage of cucumber fruit affected with pythium compared with CTN and CTC. Reducing the pre-emergence herbicide rate by half did not affect weed control or cucumber fruit yield compared with the full rate. However, weeds escaping herbicide application were larger in the half-rate treatment. The experiments indicate that with the integration of cover crops and conservation tillage, it is possible to maintain cucumber yield while reducing both herbicide inputs (by 50%) and the incidence of fruit rot caused by Pythium spp. (by 32% to 60%).

2024, Indian journal of experimental biology

Isoproturon resistant biotype of P. minor germinates early, shows higher germination percentage and faster rate of growth as compared to the susceptible biotype. Higher amylase activity is observed in the initial hours of imbibition in... more

2024, Indian Journal of …

The extensive use of isoproturon for the control of weeds in wheat fields for the past 20 years has lead to the formation of isoproturon resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor. This problem was first identified in Haryana and later in Panjab and some parts of Uttar Pradesh. PCR based RAPD technique, which can detect variability at DNA level was used to assess the variability among the two isoproturon susceptible and two resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor. Nine oligonucleotides (10 base) were screened for their ability to produce polymorphic bands. Three primers did not amplify DNA of one or the other biotypes. Three more did not show any polymorphism amongst the biotypes. The rest three indicated 20% polymorphism level. The size of amplified DNA segments ranged from 105 to 1020 base pair (bp). The mean dissimilarity value of these biotypes was 0.19. Highest dissimilarity (0.21) could be observed between the two resistant biotypes. Cluster analysis of the RAPDs generated separated one of the resistant biotypes from rest of the populations. Primer 20 A0 showed maximum polymorphic value of 1.0 between the susceptible biotype from Karnal and the resistant biotype from Kalwehri. This suggests that the technique could be utilized in the assessment of genetic diversity of the populations existing in other states and developing markers for the resistant trait.

2024

O trigo é uma importante commodity mundial e o Brasil como um dos maiores países importadores deve investir muito no seu melhoramento com o intuito de inverter essa situação. Dentre as características a serem melhoradas está à resistência à germinação na espiga que afeta qualidade de farinha, rendimento de grãos e produção de sementes. Os cultivares de trigo CEP 24-Industrial, EMBRAPA 16, EMBRAPA 40, FEPAGRO RS 15, Frontana e IAPAR 53, dos quais os dois primeiros são suscetíveis e os quatros últimos resistentes à germinação na espiga, foram cruzados em um sistema dialélico para a análise da capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação. Os indivíduos F1 dos cruzamentos foram semeados em parcelas e as suas espigas foram analisadas quanto à germinação, após um tratamento a 10°C seguido por imersão em água por 16 horas e 085 incubação em câmara de germinação (90 ± 3% de umidade relativa e 25 ± 2°C de temperatura) durante seis dias. A análise dialélica usou o modelo fixo, método 2 de Griffing, sendo feita através do programa GENES. A menor porcentagem de germinação na espiga foi observada para os híbridos oriundos de cruzamentos com os cultivares FEPAGRO RS 15 e Frontana. Esses genótipos destacaram-se para a CGC, podendo ser recomendados como genitores em programas de melhoramento para o aumento da resistência à germinação na espiga em trigo. (CNPq).

2024, Outlook on agriculture

Despite demonstrated environmental and economic benefits, the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) often remains lower than expected. Adoption of a complex and composite technology such as CA requires a thorough understanding of site-specific determinants of and constraints in the adoption process. In this paper, we investigate the adoption of CA among medium-scale farmers in the Mexican Bajío using farm survey data. We differentiate between full and partial adoption of composite technology, and disentangle the different steps in the adoption process, including awareness, using Heckman selection models. The results indicate that institutional factors and farmers' education affect awareness of CA but not adoption itself. Farm size is not an important determinant in the adoption process but farmers' tenancy position does affect both awareness and adoption. A main constraint for full but not for partial adoption is livestock ownership, which complicates residue retention o...

2024

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of tillage on growth and yield of two wheat cultivars sown after rice at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, and Faisalabad during the winter season 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement having three replications with a net plot size of 3.0 m × 7.0 m. The experiment comprised of two wheat cultivars with four tillage treatments viz. Zero tillage, reduced tillage (only one cultivation+hand drilling), conventional method (3 cultivation followed by planking +hand drilling) and deep ploughing (one deep ploughing with chisel plough and one cultivation followed by planking+hand drilling). Maximum grain yield was obtained in Zero tillage treatment in both cultivars as compared to all other three tillage treatments. Similarly, the spike length number of tillers, number of grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, and harvest index wer...

2024

Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants. Glyphosate, applied pre-plant, Atrazine applied pre-emergence and 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, applied post-emergence, residues were analysed in harvested grains and stems using standard methods, the effects on nutritional composition of the maize grains were studied. The herbicide residues were found in amount below tolerate daily intake but the long-time effect of such cannot be undermined. Herbicide application has minimal effects on nutritional status of the harvested grains. The long term effects of the pesticide residues in food commodity cannot be undermined, therefore closer look and attention to reduce intake as much as possible could safe guide the health of consumers of agricultural products. Total estimation of residues in diet contributed from various ingredients could give actual amount of the residues consumed per meal.

2024

Base sur des cas d'etude au Senegal, ce chapitre dresse le bilan de 15 annees de recherches sur le fonctionnement des sols d'agrosystemes associant plantes cultivees (milarachide) et arbustes natifs au Sahel. Les travaux, publies pour la plupart, ont montre que Guiera senegalensis et Piliostigma reticulatum redistribuent l'eau dans le sol, stimulent les microorganismes du sol et generent des ilots de fertilite au benefice de la culture associee. Ainsi, les rendements des cultures sont augmentes, y compris en absence de fertilisants : jusqu'a +137 % pour le mil en presence de P. reticulatum a Nioro-du-Rip. Cela justifie l'interet de maintenir ces arbustes dans les champs en appliquant une gestion agroecologique.

2024, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences

Soil biological health is one of the best indicators for soil fertility thus plays a significant role in sustainability of cropping systems. In this regard, s oil enzymes activities and microbial biomass have an important influence on nutrient cycling to sustain the soil fertility index. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cropping systems and seasonal variations on soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in arid soils. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from the soils under wheat (Triticum aestivum)-maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat-mungbean (Vigna radiata) cropping systems. The data showed that the soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), phosphorus (MBP) and soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase (DH) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities varied in all seasons. Overall, summer showed more soil MBC, MBN and MBP contents and relatively more DH and AP activities as compared to the other seasons. The soil MBC contents were higher under w...

2024

La ganadería ha tenido una influencia significativa sobre los paisajes, ecosistemas y sociedades de Colombia durante casi cinco siglos y juega un papel importante en la cultura, la producción de alimentos, la economía y los medios de vida. Colombia tiene un inventario de ganado de aproximadamente 22,689.420 cabezas distribuidas en 494,402 granjas, la mayoría de las cuales (80%) son granjas medianas y pequeñas (ICA, 2016). Estas últimas son típicamente empresas familiares de subsistencia caracterizadas por un manejo deficiente de los animales y los ecosistemas y de un uso ineficiente de las pasturas.

2024, International Journal of Chemical Studies

The formation of aggregates plays a key role in shaping soil microenvironment, which in turn influences microbial community structure and organic carbon (C) dynamics in soil. Carbon in large macro-aggregates (>2 mm), small macro-aggregates (0.25–2 mm), and free organic matter (>0.053 mm) was significantly positively correlated with C, lignin, and polyphenols. Carbon in micro-aggregates and fine particles (

2024

2024, Sustainability

Over the years, cultivation using sustainable tillage practices has gained significant importance, but the impact of tillage on soil water infiltration is still a concern for landowners due to the possible effects on crop yield. This study investigates the impact of different tillage managements on the infiltration rate of sandy clay loam soil under a semiarid environment. Field experiments were conducted in Chott Mariem Sousse, Tunisia. The tillage practices consisted of three treatments, including a tine cultivator (TC, 16 cm), moldboard plows (MP, 36 cm) and no-tillage (NT). Three infiltration models, Kostiakov, Philip and Horton, were applied to adjust the observed data and evaluate the infiltration characteristics of the studied soils. Comparison criteria, including the coefficient of determination (R2), along with the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), were used to investigate the best-fit model. The results showed that moldboard plowing enhanced soil...

2024, Soil Science Society of America Journal

No‐till (NT) is a recommended best management practice for reducing erosion in agricultural production. Because of potential increases in infiltration with NT, a better understanding of tillage effects on NO−3–N leaching is required. An experiment was conducted in central Pennsylvania on a Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalf) to study NO−3–N leaching under chisel‐till and NT and to compare results from zero‐tension pan and passive capillary fiberglass wick lysimeters from May 1995 to April 2001. Pan lysimeters collected greater leachate volumes from NT than from tilled treatments during the growing season, likely due to greater macropore flow in NT soil. When leachate collection efficiency corrected values were used, pan and wick lysimeters collected equivalent masses of NO−3–N. Flow weighted NO−3–N concentrations in leachate in both lysimeter types were also similar. Tillage had no effect on total leachate collected during the 6‐yr experiment by eit...

2024, Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research

Increasing soil salinity, late harvest of Aman rice, shorter cool weather duration, difficulties in crop
establishment, shortage of fresh irrigation water and other factors contribute to low crop productivity
in the coastal saline zone of Bangladesh during the Rabi season. An innovative technique for the saline
regions is zero tillage potato cultivation using mulching. The low potato yield is still a disadvantage
to the farmers in salty regions not using the best agronomic procedures for growing potatoes without
tilling the soil. When growing zero tillage potatoes, proper spacing is crucial for both yield and quality.
In order to find out the appropriate spacing at which the potato varieties should be planted in salty soil
using the zero tillage technique, a field experiment was carried out in Tildanga, Dacope Upazila, Khulna
in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, following the harvest of transplanted Aman rice. The experiment was
designed using a factorial randomized complete block layout with three replications. The combination
effect of 25 cm x 15 cm spacing with BARI Alu 41 produced the highest emergence (98.34%), crop
growth rate (20.24 g m-2 d-1), maximum yield (20.30 t ha-1) and highest A size (28-40 mm) tubers (8.56
t ha-1) according to results from two years of experimentation. The maximum BCR (2.56) were was
observed in the interaction effect of 25 cm x 15 cm spacing with BARI Alu 41. Therefore, in regions with
high levels of salt, the zero tillage method may be suggested using close spacing (25 cm x 15 cm) and
salt tolarent variety BARI Alu 41 for a higher potato production, economic considerations and to meet
farmers’ demands for agriculture.

2024

In Pakistan major cost of production is intensive tillage result in wasting resources, disturbing soil physical properties through clean cultivation worsening the situation. To decrease cost of production, it is the need of time to search alternative crop production systems. Conservation agriculture (CA) is an emerging technology, which serves as an alternate system has been successfully adopted worldwide for sustainable agriculture, to improve soil properties, mitigate climate change, enhance crop yield an d reduce input cost. Conservation agriculture, including continuous soil cover, minimal soil disturbance, diverse crop rotations and integrated weed management. Conservation agriculture includes the zero tillage technology, laser land leveling and many other included in it. In the field of sowing, developed models of seed drill was manufactured and tested in the field demonstration to check ability of its working and to compare the yield.

2024, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology

Fil: Silvestro, Luciana Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnolologico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnologia. Laboratorio de Biologia Funcional y... more

2024, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research

The Fusarium species are widely distributed in different soil types commonly associated with plant debris and roots. Fusarium spp. also exhibits a saprophytic activity in the soil, which can be attributed to the capacity of Fusarium species to grow on a wide range of substrates and their efficient dispersion mechanisms (Burgess, 1981). It is also cited the endophyte condition of this fungus (Pitt & Hocking, 1999). In agricultural systems, the importance of this fungus is strongly associated with several diseases that cause losses on crop yields and mycotoxin contamination of grains.