Durand Line | Geography, History, Geopolitics, & Facts | Britannica (original) (raw)
Durand Line, international land border that stretches for about 1,600 miles (2,600 km) between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It culminates at its western end at the border with Iran and at its eastern end at the border with China. It was established in 1893 as the border between British India and the Emirate of Afghanistan, marking their respective spheres of influence. It is named for Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of the colonial government of India, who induced Abdur Rahman Khan, the emir of Afghanistan, to agree to an international boundary.
The Durand Line lies in a region of varying elevation. Its eastern end lies in the high-altitudeKarakoram Range. It also passes through the Spīn Ghar (White Mountains), which include the Khyber Pass. The western end lies in the Registan Desert, at a much lower altitude. Twelve Afghan provinces are located along the Durand Line, as are three provinces of Pakistan.
In the early 19th century, Afghanistan became a pawn in the so-called Great Game—a geopolitical struggle between Russia and the British Empire for control of Central Asia. To prevent further Russian expansion toward the south, the British invaded Afghanistan in 1839, sparking the First Anglo-Afghan War, in which the British were defeated by Pashtun forces. After the British conquered the Punjab in 1849, they took over the ill-defined Sikh frontier to the west of the Indus River, leaving a belt of territory between them and the Afghans that was inhabited by various Pashtun tribes. Questions of administration and defense made this area, from the British perspective, a problem. Some of the British, members of the so-called stationary school, wanted to retire to the Indus, while others, of the forward school, wanted to advance to a line from Kabul through Ghaznī to Kandahār.
The British invaded Afghanistan again in 1878, leading to the Second Anglo-Afghan War. The British succeeded this time, installing Abdur Rahman Khan as the new emir. In 1880 he reaffirmed the Treaty of Gandamak, which had been signed in 1879 by his predecessor, Yaʿqūb Khan, and which gave the British control over Afghanistan’s foreign policy in return for protection and a promise not to interfere in Afghanistan’s internal affairs. The British then withdrew from Afghanistan.
In 1893 Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, as foreign secretary, negotiated on behalf of the British government with Abdur Rahman. Durand’s goal was demarcating their respective spheres of influence. The resulting Durand Line Agreement delineated the frontier between Afghanistan and British India. The agreement was only a page long, and the Durand Line itself was defined by a joint Afghan-British survey between 1894 and 1896. The new border divided the Pashtun areas in two, setting the region up for future tensions due to tribal allegiances spanning both sides of the border. It also gave Balochistan to British India and defined the Wakhan Corridor, a thin strip of land running to the Chinese border (and separating present-day Tajikistan from the northern portion of Kashmir) as a buffer zone between the Russian and British empires.
The emir’s death in 1901 was followed by a gradual deterioration in relations between the British and the Afghans that continued with the 1919 assassination of Abdur Rahman’s successor, the pro-British Ḥabībullāh, which resulted in the accession of Amānullāh, an anti-British ruler, and, soon after, the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The war ended in 1919 with the Treaty of Rawalpindi, which enabled Afghanistan to regain control from Britain over its foreign policy and which reaffirmed the Durand Line as the official border between itself and the British Empire.
After the partition of British India in 1947, the newly created country of Pakistan inherited the Durand agreement. But the area on both sides of the line became the subject of a movement for Pashtun independence and establishment of an independent state of Pashtunistan. In addition, Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand Line, declaring the border and the agreements defining it as void because they had been imposed on them by the British. When the new country of Pakistan joined the United Nations in 1947, Afghanistan was the only UN member to vote against its membership.
With the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the question of the Durand Line became secondary to the larger Cold War conflict, especially as Pakistan aligned itself with the United States. Mujahideen groups were recruited in Pakistan, largely from the Pashtun tribes on the Pakistan side of the border, to fight the Soviet government in Afghanistan. This insurgency continued until the Soviets withdrew in 1989 and resulted in localized armed groups that played a role in the eventual Afghan civil war (see Afghan War), which, in turn, led to the rise of the Taliban. But no matter who has been in power in Afghanistan, its government has maintained that the Durand Line is void. Afghanistan continues to seek the return of Pashtun territories as well as Balochistan, which would provide it with access to the Arabian Sea. The Durand Line remains a matter of contention between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the latter’s construction of a fence at the border, starting in 2017, led to increased hostilities.