Isotope effect | chemistry | Britannica (original) (raw)
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major reference
In reaction mechanism: Kinetic isotope effects Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number (and, hence, generally the same chemistry) but different mass. The difference in mass becomes chemically important in certain instances. For example, when a carbon-hydrogen bond is replaced by a carbon-deuterium bond (deuterium being… Read More
atomic spectra
In spectroscopy: Perturbations of levels These effects are known as isotope shifts and form the basis for laser isotope separation. For light atoms, the isotope shift is primarily due to differences in the finite mass of the nucleus. For heavier atoms, the main contribution comes from the fact that the volume of the nucleus increases… Read More
description and properties
In isotope: Physical properties associated with isotopes …refer to the former as isotope effects and to the latter by a variety of more specialized names. The isotopes of helium afford examples of both kinds. Mass effects are considered first. Read More
hydrogen isotopes and reaction rate
In hydrogen: Isotopes of hydrogen …that the chemical differences between isotopes are negligible. For hydrogen, however, chemical reactions involving the different isotopes proceed at measurably different rates. These kinetic-isotope effects can be utilized in detailed studies of reaction mechanisms. The rates of reactions of compounds containing deuterium or tritium are usually less than those of… Read More
hyperfine structure
In hyperfine structure …is called isotope structure, or isotope shift. These spectral lines are sometimes referred to as hyperfine structure but may be observed in an element with spin-zero isotopes (even atomic and mass numbers). Isotope structure is seldom observed without true HFS accompanying it. Read More
superconductivity
In BCS theory …BCS theory also explains the isotope effect, in which the temperature at which superconductivity appears is reduced if heavier atoms of the elements making up the material are introduced. Read More
