Commonwealth Games | Definition, History, Trivia, & Facts | Britannica (original) (raw)
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Commonwealth Games, quadrennial international multisport event contested by athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth Games are managed by the Commonwealth Games Federation, based in London, England.
Australian-born Astley Cooper first broached the idea of such games in 1891, calling for sports competitions to be held so as to demonstrate the unity of the British Empire. In 1911 a “Festival of the Empire” was organized, celebrating the coronation of King George V. Teams from the United Kingdom, Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Canada, and South Africa participated in a series of events that included athletics, boxing, wrestling, and swimming. The inaugural British Empire Games were held at Hamilton, Canada, in 1930. Eleven countries sent 400 athletes for a program of athletics, lawn bowls, boxing, rowing, swimming, and wrestling, and the English team emerged with the largest share of medals. Women competed in only the swimming events. It was agreed that the Games would be held in varying Commonwealth cities at four-year intervals, preferably midway between the Olympic Games. The second British Empire Games, in 1934, were originally scheduled for Johannesburg, South Africa. However, due to concerns over South Africa’s apartheid policy and related concerns about prejudice against athletes of colour, the Games were moved to London. Sixteen countries participated, with women making their Games debut in athletics. Following the third Games, held in Sydney in 1938, there was a 12-year hiatus on account of World War II. The Games resumed in 1950 in Auckland, New Zealand.
The 1954 event, in Vancouver, marked the first time the Games were contested by countries that were no longer part of the British Empire. The new name “British Empire and Commonwealth Games” reflects this legacy. Twenty-four countries participated, with live telecasts for the first time in Games history. The one-mile-run event was called the “Miracle Mile,” as the gold medalist Roger Bannister of England and the silver medalist John Landy of Australia each ran a sub-four-minute mile, the first time two runners did so in the same race. The 1958 event in Cardiff, Wales, marked the debut of the Queen’s Baton Relay, wherein the Queen’s Baton is handed over in a relay starting from Buckingham Palace in London and ending at the Games venue. In 1966 the Games were held in Kingston, Jamaica, with badminton and shooting introduced as events for the first time.
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Forty-two countries competed in the 1970 Games in Edinburgh, Scotland. The event name was changed to the “British Commonwealth Games,” and metric units were used instead of imperial units for events for the first time. This was also the first Games attended by Queen Elizabeth II in her capacity as head of the Commonwealth. The 1978 Games, the first to be called the “Commonwealth Games,” were held in Edmonton, Canada, and were boycotted by Nigeria to protest New Zealand’s sporting relations with apartheid-era South Africa. The Games continued to be beset by political boycotts. The 1986 Games, in Edinburgh, were boycotted by 32 African, Asian, and Caribbean countries in response to the U.K. government’s refusal to impose sanctions on apartheid South Africa, and consequently only 26 countries competed. The 1990 Auckland Games, however, saw a resurgence, with 55 countries participating. The 1994 Games in Victoria, Canada, saw South Africa return to the Commonwealth Games after the end of apartheid, and Hong Kong participated for the last time before its transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China in 1997.
The 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia—the first Games to be hosted in Asia—saw further milestones, with the introduction of team sports; 70 countries competed for a share of the medals. Even though cricket is strongly associated with the British Commonwealth, the sport was included in the Games for the first time only in 1998. (It was, however, not included in 2002 and subsequent Games, though the 2022 Games are set to feature women’s T20 cricket.) India—the biggest TV market for cricket—and Pakistan sent weakened squads to the 1998 Games in order to focus on the Sahara Cup, a bilateral series played between the two countries. South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, all of whom sported strong teams, took home the cricket medals. The 2010 Games were held in Delhi, India, the first time the Games were held in a Commonwealth republic. The 2018 Games in Gold Coast, Australia, showed how far the event had come in terms of gender inclusivity, with an equal number of events (and medals) for men and women for the first time. Birmingham, England, was chosen as the site of the 2022 Games.
Akin to the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games also begin with an opening ceremony. It typically starts with hoisting the host country’s flag and a performance of its national anthem. After an artistic performance, athletes parade into the stadium, starting with those from the country that hosted the previous Games and then the other countries, grouped first by region and then in alphabetical order. The Queen’s Baton is brought into the stadium and handed over to the representative of the head of the Commonwealth. Likewise, the closing ceremony, as in the Olympics, has all athletes enter the stadium together irrespective of nationality. The Commonwealth Games flag is then handed over to the mayor of the next host city before the Games are declared closed.
The Commonwealth Paraplegic Games were a separate competition organized from 1962 to 1974, preceding the main Commonwealth Games. They were discontinued after 1974, but in 1994 they were included in the main Games as demonstration sports. Since 2002 the para events have been fully included in the main Commonwealth Games, allowing para athletes to participate as part of the main national teams. Australia leads the medals tally across all editions of the Games through 2018, with a total of 2,416 medals including 932 golds, followed by England, Canada, and India. Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, and Wales remain the only countries to have attended every edition of the Games.
The identity of the Games has evolved over time, from an event for colonies of the British Empire to a venue in which an increasing number of independent countries could compete and express their own identities outside of the empire. A review of the Games over time thus serves as a mirror to events in world history over the 20th century and beyond.