Nickel processing - Heat-Resistant Alloys | Britannica (original) (raw)
Nickel is resistant to oxidation at high temperatures and to electrical erosion. For these reasons, alloys that are high in nickel, such as the 4 percent manganese alloy, are used for spark plug electrodes in automobiles and for other types of ignitors. The addition of 15–20 percent of chromium to nickel vastly improves oxidation resistance so that such alloys are used for electric resistance heaters. Alloys containing 15–20 percent chromium, plus various amounts of iron, and an alloy containing 35 percent chromium, 20 percent nickel, with the balance iron, find extensive industrial use where high strength and corrosion resistance over a wide range of temperatures are essential. The addition of small amounts of aluminum and titanium permits the alloy that is high in nickel and chromium to be further strengthened by precipitation treatment. Alloys of this general type made the jet-aircraft engine possible. Gas turbines require the same alloys and are growing in importance for industrial power uses.
Stainless steels
A large group of alloy steels ranging from 18 percent chromium, 8 percent nickel, and 25 percent chromium, 20 percent nickel, to 20 percent chromium, 35–40 percent nickel are employed where corrosion resistance is a major requirement. The stainless steels, of which the 18-percent-chromium–8-percent-nickel variety is the best known, are widely employed where stain and corrosion resistance must be coupled with high strength. The largest single use of nickel is in the production of stainless steel.
Chemical compounds
The compound nickel sulfate hexahydrate, NiSO4 · 6H2O, is employed in the electrolytic refining of nickel as well as in most nickel electroplating baths. Nickel chloride hexahydrate, NiCl2 · 6H2O, is often used in conjunction with the sulfate in plating baths; while the nickel sulfamate, Ni(SO3NH2) · 4H2O, and the nickel fluoborate, Ni(BF4)2, are employed in some of the newer types of electroplating baths.
Nickel dimethylglyoxime is an insoluble salt useful in analytical chemistry in precipitating nickel. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4, a liquid at room temperature, is employed in the carbonyl nickel-refining process. Like all other carbonyls, it is poisonous. Nickel subsulfide, Ni3S2, is the nickel component of matte involved in pyrometallurgy. Nickel oxide, NiO, is involved in refining processes and also may be an end product.