Papermaking - Grades, Manufacturing, Processes | Britannica (original) (raw)
Bond paper
Bond is characterized by a degree of stiffness, durability for repeated handling and filing, resistance to the penetration and spreading of ink, bright colour, and cleanliness. There are two groups of bond papers: rag content pulp and chemical wood pulp. Rag content bond may vary from 25 to 100 percent cotton fibre content. The principal uses of bond paper are for letterhead stationery, advertising pieces, announcements, leases, deeds, writs, judgments and other legal documents, currency, certificates, and insurance policies.
Book paper
Most book papers are made of various combinations of chemical wood pulp; for lower-priced grades groundwood, semichemical, and de-inked wastepaper are also used. In addition to pulp, the “furnish” from which book papers are made contains various amounts of sizing, fillers, and dyes.
Uncoated book paper comes in four finishes: (1) antique or eggshell, (2) machine finish, MF, (3) English finish, EF, and (4) supercalendered. Antique has the roughest surface. High bulking pulps, such as soda pulp, are used and only slightly beaten in stock preparation. The sheet is lightly calendered (pressed between rollers) to provide a degree of surface smoothness while preserving the antique or eggshell appearance. Machine finish has a medium-smooth surface obtained for this finish from a calender stack at the dry end of the machine. Machine finish book is a relatively inexpensive general utility paper. It is principally used for books, catalogs, circulars, and other matter using line etchings. Machine finish book may be used for halftones up to a 100-line screen. English finish is a step higher in the book paper scale; this finish is distinguished from machine finish by a higher degree of stack beating, by greater pressure between the rollers of a machine calender, and by calendering at a greater moisture content of the sheet. Supercalendered book is the smoothest surface that can be obtained without coating. The finish is obtained by a special calendering operation after the paper leaves the paper machine. The supercalender presses the paper between successive sets of iron and compressed fibre rolls that make a smooth, compact printing surface. It is used for books, brochures, and magazines where halftone printing in the range of a 100–120 line screen is required.
Coated book papers are produced to create surfaces suitable for the printing of fine-screen halftones. Coated book paper must be uniformly smooth, receptive to printing inks, have high brightness and gloss, and be capable of folding without cracking.
Bible paper, as the name implies, was developed for lightweight, thin, strong, opaque sheets for such books as bibles, dictionaries, and encyclopaedias. Bible papers are pigmented (loaded) with such pigments as titanium dioxide and barium sulfate and contain long fibres and artificial bonding agents to maintain strength.
Bristol
The general term bristol refers to a group of stiff, heavy papers with thicknesses ranging from 0.15 millimetre (0.006 inch) upward. These grades are made from various combinations of chemical wood pulp. The stock is beaten to a medium degree and usually well sized to prevent penetration of moisture. Increasingly important in recent years has been the use of bristols for the punch cards used in tabulating and sorting machines.
Groundwood and newsprint papers
These are printing and converting grades containing varying amounts of groundwood pulp, together with small percentages of chemical wood pulp for strength and durability.
For many years newsprint was virtually the only use for groundwood pulp, but more recently, due to improvements in the pulping process and to the introduction of a bleaching process for this pulp, a class of printing papers of broad utility has been developed. Magazines, paperbound books, catalogs, directories, and general commercial printing consume large quantities of these papers.
Groundwood papers are noted for an even, uniform formation and a high degree of opacity. These papers tend to be bulky and are receptive to printing ink. They do not have high whiteness and tend to turn yellow when exposed to light and after long aging.
Kraft wrapping
Kraft wrapping, a heavy stock used for paper bags, is used in greater volume than all other wrapping papers combined. It is composed of wood pulp in unbleached condition made from softwoods, usually pine. It is distinguished by outstanding tensile and tearing strength. Kraft wrapping is sized to retard wetting when exposed to water. For wrapping of wet materials, the paper may be given wet strength by treatment with special resins. Multiwall sacks of kraft paper are used for shipment of bulk materials.
Paperboards
The term paperboard is a general term that is descriptive of products which are 0.30 millimetre (0.012 inch) or more in thickness, made of fibrous materials on paper machines. Paperboard is commonly made from wood pulp, straw, wastepaper, or a combination of these materials.
There are three main types of paperboard: (1) boxboards, used for such products as food board, food trays, plates, and paper boxes, (2) container boards, for the manufacture of corrugated and solid fibre shipping containers, and (3) paperboard specialties, including such items as binders board, electrical pressboard, and building boards.
Sanitary papers
The group of papers known collectively as the sanitary grades include toilet tissue, toweling, facial tissue, and napkins. These grades are made from various proportions of sulfite and bleached kraft pulps with relatively little refining of the stock to preserve a soft, bulky, absorbent sheet. This sheet is further softened by machine creping, in which the wet sheet is pressed upon a smooth drying roll and subsequently removed by running against a flat stationary metal blade (doctor blade). The sheet is piled up upon itself, thus producing a creped effect. Facial tissue is dry-creped; that is, drying is complete on the drying roll before the creping doctor blade. Toweling is generally of heavier weight than the tissues and is usually creped while still wet. Napkins are of somewhat heavier weight than tissues. The plastic nature of paper fibres when slightly moist permits the reproduction of surface patterns by embossing to a remarkable degree. Paper napkins are an example of this art.
Because of the soft, bulky texture of sanitary papers, they are relatively weak. Since they are often exposed to wetting in use, they are often treated with resins to increase wet strength.