Colonialism | international relations | Britannica (original) (raw)
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ancient Greece
In history of Europe: Greeks …expansion through the founding of colonies overseas. The coasts and islands of Anatolia were occupied from south to north by the Dorians, Ionians, and Aeolians, respectively. In addition, individual colonies were strung out around the shores of the Black Sea in the north and across the eastern Mediterranean to Naukratis… Read More
In ancient Greek civilization: Colonization and city-state formation The term colonization, although it may be convenient and widely used, is misleading. When applied to Archaic Greece, it should not necessarily be taken to imply the state-sponsored sending out of definite numbers of settlers, as the later Roman origin of… Read More
In ancient Greek civilization: Organized settlements …of moving people, such as colonization, were also used; at the beginning of the 4th century, Xenophon includes a warm and lyrical description in the Anabasis of a site called Kalpe on the Black Sea, praising its situation, fertility, and relative remoteness from rival and established Greek cities in the… Read More
In Greek language: History and development …different sort, was the great colonization movement that began in the 8th century bce. Each group of emigrants took the speech of its mother city and planted it in the new foundation. Thus, there developed side by side on the shores of southern Italy and Sicily a totally new grouping… Read More
ancient Rome
In ancient Rome: Rome and Italy …Romans being sent to Latin colonies throughout Italy—promoted social and cultural homogeneity. Some of these colonies were set alongside existing settlements; others were founded on new sites. The colonies re-created the physical and social shape of Rome; the town plans and architecture, with forums including temples to Jupiter, were modeled… Read More
Aztecs
In pre-Columbian civilizations: Social and political organization The planting of colonists, combined with such factors as the merchant guild and royal family intermarriage, suggests that the Aztec elite were attempting to integrate more closely the population of the Valley of Mexico as a kind of core nationality for the empire. Other indications that the Aztec… Read More
causes of civil war
In civil war: Political causes of civil war Political deprivation, such as colonial subordination or lack of political rights, provides another plausible motivation for resorting to violence. Many conflicts after 1945 first emerged as groups sought to achieve independence for areas under colonial rule. The Indochina wars (1946–75) and the Algerian War of Independence Read More
In Germany: Rural settlement …usual settlement form, and the colonization of the predominantly Slavic lands beyond the line of the Elbe and Saale rivers. Because this was an organized colonization under the control of the lords and their agents, the haphazard structure of the western Haufendorf could be streamlined into a few well-planned forms.… Read More
In Germany: Colonization of the east The history of Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries is one of ceaseless expansion. A conquering and colonizing movement burst across the river frontiers into the swamps and forests from Holstein to Silesia and overwhelmed the Slavic Wendish tribes between… Read More
Mesopotamia
In history of Mesopotamia: The Seleucid period …was not difficult to persuade colonists to come to the east, especially when they were given plots of land (cleroii) from royal domains that they could pass on to their descendants; if they had no descendants, the land would revert to the king. Theoretically all land belonged to the ruler,… Read More
