In Scotland: History of Scotland Evidence of human settlement in the area later known as Scotland dates from the 3rd millennium bce. The earliest people, Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) hunters and fishermen who probably reached Scotland via an ancient land bridge from the Read More
Act of Union
In Act of Union union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain. Read More
In history of Europe: Britain The union with Scotland (1707) had created strains; and Jacobitism remained a threat after the defeat of James Edward Stuart’s rising of 1715—until the defeat of his son Charles Edward at Culloden in 1746, it was a focus for the discontented. But investors in government funds had a… Read More
In United Kingdom: Whigs and Tories …did the unexpected union with Scotland in 1707 (see Act of Union). Here again, Godolphin was the dominant figure, calling the Scottish Parliament’s bluff when it announced it would not accept the Hanoverian succession. Godolphin passed the Aliens Act (1705), which would have prohibited all trade between England and Scotland—no… Read More
Bannockburn, Battle of
In Battle of Bannockburn …23–24, 1314), decisive battle in Scottish history whereby the Scots under Robert I (the Bruce) defeated the English under Edward II, expanding Robert’s territory and influence. Read More
Bishops’ Wars
In Bishops’ Wars …between Charles I and the Scots. The wars were the result of Charles’s endeavour to enforce Anglican observances in the Scottish Church and of the determination of the Scots to abolish episcopacy. A riot in Edinburgh in 1637 quickly led to national resistance in Scotland; and, when in November 1638… Read More
devolution
In devolution Many people in Scotland and Wales began demanding greater control over their own affairs, a trend reflected in a rise in support for the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales). In 1979 the Labour Party government, supported by the SNP and Plaid Cymru as… Read More
dukes
In duke: The British Isles In Scotland the title was first bestowed in 1398 by Robert III on his eldest son, David, who was made Duke of Rothesay, and on his brother Robert, Duke of Albany. Read More
interaction with Anglo-Saxon England
In United Kingdom: The invaders and their early settlements …kingdom against the Picts and Scots. A tradition reached Bede that the first mercenaries were from three tribes—the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—which he locates on the Cimbric Peninsula, and by implication the coastlands of northwestern Germany. Archaeology, however, suggests a more complex picture showing many tribal elements, Frankish leadership in… Read More
Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland: English and Scottish plantations …separates northeastern Ulster from southwestern Scotland. Whereas in the early Middle Ages there had been a significant eastward migration of people from Ulster to Scotland, a pronounced westward flow of Scots to Ulster began in the 16th century. The crucial preconditions of Ulster’s transformation were the expansion of English ambitions… Read More
Northumberland
In Northumberland …to defend against invasions from Scotland and Scandinavia. Northumberland’s subsequent history until the union of the Scottish and English crowns (1603) is a continuous record of border warfare. The Roman Catholic north rose in support of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1569. In 1644 the Scots captured Newcastle during the… Read More
Nova Scotia
In Canada: The Company of New France …in 1613, was claimed by Scotland. An attempt at settlement there was made by Sir William Alexander, to whom Nova Scotia (New Scotland) had been granted by the Scottish king James VI (after 1603, James I of England). Read More
physical culture
In physical culture: Humanism and national revivals Activities distinctive to Scottish culture, such as caber tossing, hammer throwing, and the shot (stone) put, along with traditional running, wrestling, and jumping events, constituted the Highland Games that began during the Romantic swell of the 1830s and later led to the sport of track and field. Read More
Roman occupation
In United Kingdom: The conquest …and the advance into northern Scotland by Gnaeus Julius Agricola (78–84), troops were removed from southern Britain, and self-governing civitates, administrative areas based for the most part on the indigenous tribes, took over local administration. This involved a large program of urbanization and also of education, which continued into the… Read More
In United Kingdom: The Jacobite rebellion …(the Young Pretender), landed in Scotland without substantial French aid. In September he and some 2,500 Scottish supporters defeated a British force of the same size at the Battle of Prestonpans. In December, with an army of 5,000 men, he marched into England and got as far south as the… Read More
Reformation
In Reformation In Scotland, John Knox, who spent time in Geneva and was greatly influenced by John Calvin, led the establishment of Presbyterianism, which made possible the eventual union of Scotland with England. For further treatment of the Reformation, see Protestantism, history of. For a discussion of the… Read More
In Gnaeus Julius Agricola …season, he had advanced into Scotland, establishing a temporary frontier of posts between the firths of the Clota and Bodotria (Clyde and Forth) rivers. The Romans crossed the Forth in 83 and defeated the Caledonians in a decisive battle at Mons Graupius. Agricola’s permanent occupation of Scotland reached the fringe… Read More
Cameronians
In Cameronian Scottish Covenanters who followed Richard Cameron in adhering to the perpetual obligation of the two Scottish covenants of 1638 and 1643 as set out in the Queensferry Paper (1680), pledging maintenance of the chosen form of church government and worship. After Cameron’s death, the Cameronians… Read More
Charles I
In Charles I …son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark. He was a sickly child, and, when his father became king of England in March 1603 (see James I), he was temporarily left behind in Scotland because of the risks of the journey. Devoted to his elder brother, Henry, and… Read More
Constantine
In Constantine II …of the greatest of early Scottish kings, his long reign (900–943) being proof of his power during a period of dynastic conflicts and foreign invasions. Read More
Edward I
In United Kingdom: Edward’s wars Edward intervened in Scotland in 1291, when he claimed jurisdiction over a complex succession dispute. King Alexander III had been killed when his horse fell one stormy night in 1286. His heiress was his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, the Maid of Norway. Arrangements were made for her to marry… Read More
Edward III
In United Kingdom: The Hundred Years’ War to 1360 …an unsuccessful campaign against the Scots in 1327; in 1333 the tide turned when he achieved victory at Halidon Hill. Edward gave his support to Edward Balliol as claimant to the Scottish throne, rather than to Robert I’s son David II. But as long as the Scots had the support… Read More
Henry VII
In Henry VII: Foreign policy of Henry VII With Scotland the long tradition of hostility was harder to overcome, but Henry eventually succeeded in concluding in 1499 a treaty of peace, followed in 1502 by a treaty for the marriage of James IV to Henry’s daughter Margaret. James’s consent to the match may have… Read More
Henry VIII
In Henry VIII: Physical and mental decline …again joined the former; the Scots promptly joined the French. The Scots were routed at Solway Moss (1542), and their king died soon after: this opened the possibility of subjugating that country permanently by means of a marriage alliance between the infant heirs to the two thrones. But the Scottish… Read More
House of Stuart
In house of Stuart …of Stuart, royal house of Scotland from 1371 and of England from 1603. It was interrupted in 1649 by the establishment of the Commonwealth but was restored in 1660. It ended in 1714, when the British crown passed to the house of Hanover. Read More
