In muwashshaḥ The last AB, called kharjah, or markaz, is usually written in vernacular Arabic or in the Spanish Mozarabic dialect; it is normally rendered in the voice of a girl and expresses her longing for her absent lover. Such verses make it probable that the muwashshaḥ was influenced by some… Read More
Mozarabic language
In Mozarabic language …entirely from refrains, known as _kharjah_s, added to Arabic and Hebrew poems of the 11th century. These refrains are written in Arabic characters that lack most vowel markings and are often rather difficult to decipher. See also Spanish language. Read More
influence on
early Spanish literature
In Spanish literature: The origins of vernacular writing …of the muwashshaḥ was the markaz, or theme stanza, popularly called the kharjah and transcribed in Spanish as jarcha. These jarchas provide evidence of a popular poetry begun perhaps as early as the 10th century, and they are related to traditional Spanish lyric types (e.g., the villancico, “carol”) of the… Read More
Spanish language
In Spanish language: Written Spanish The Mozarabic _kharjah_s are the next oldest surviving texts, but by the middle of the 12th century, the famous epic poem Cantar de mío Cid (“Song of My Cid”) had appeared in a language that is basically Castilian. Literary works in Leonese appear until the 14th century… Read More
