In ethics: Abortion, euthanasia, and the value of human life …with the endpoints of the human life span. The question of whether abortion or the use of human embryos as sources of stem cells can be morally justified was exhaustively discussed in popular contexts, where the answer was often taken to depend directly on the answer to the further question:… Read More
cloning issues
In cloning: Ethical controversy Human reproductive cloning remains universally condemned, primarily for the psychological, social, and physiological risks associated with cloning. A cloned embryo intended for implantation into a womb requires thorough molecular testing to fully determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the cloning process… Read More
death concept
In death: The meaning of death But a conceptual crisis has arisen in modern medicine and biology, a crisis that stems precisely from the realization that the definition of death—taken for granted for millennia—requires reexamination. To approach the subject of death from the biological angle, which is perhaps the most difficult and arguably… Read More
In death: Public attitudes …decisions of physicians concerning the withdrawal of treatment or the determination of death. A wit has remarked that in the modern era, the only sure sign that a man is dead is that he is no longer capable of litigation. Read More
gene therapy
In gene therapy: Ethical and safety concerns …on human subjects, have aroused ethical controversy and safety concerns. Some objections to gene therapy are based on the view that humans should not “play God” and interfere in the natural order. On the other hand, others have argued that genetic engineering may be justified where it is consistent with… Read More
genetic counseling
In genetic counseling: Ethical issues in genetic counseling Persons who are affected by genetic disorders may find the concept of genetic counseling to be confrontational, inappropriate, or part of an eradication process. Societal investment in diagnostic technology and screening programs sends a message that disability is a major… Read More
genetic disease
In human genetic disease: Ethical issues Our genetic constitution contributes to making us not only what we are—tall or short, male or female, healthy or sick—but also who we are, how we think and feel. Furthermore, although we generally like to think of our genomes as being uniquely ours,… Read More
genetic engineering
genetically modified organisms
In genetically modified organism: Sociopolitical relevance of GMOs …and research has produced a debate that is more philosophical in nature. For example, while genetic researchers believe they are working to cure disease and ameliorate suffering, many people worry that current gene therapy approaches may one day be applied to produce “designer” children or to lengthen the natural human… Read More
health law
In health law: Relationship of law and ethics In the 1960s, American legal philosopher Lon Fuller distinguished between “the morality of aspiration” and “the morality of duty.” The former may be denoted ethics, the latter law. Ethics tells people what they should do and embodies the ideals they should strive to attain.… Read More
medical practice
In history of medicine: Hippocrates …Hippocrates is the charter of medical conduct embodied in the so-called Hippocratic oath, which has been adopted as a pattern by physicians throughout the ages: Read More
screening procedures
In medicine: Screening procedures The consideration to be made in screening is whether or not such potential patients should be identified by periodic examinations. To do so is to imply that the subjects should be made aware of their condition and, second, that there are effective measures that can be… Read More
three-parent baby
In three-parent baby: Safety and ethical considerations Ooplasmic transfer was introduced in the mid-1990s at a reproductive medical centre in the United States to treat infertility in women over age 35 who had failed to conceive despite repeated attempts with traditional IVF techniques. At the time, however, data on the… Read More
tissue and organ transplants
In transplant: Ethical considerations Transplantation raises important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death of potential donors, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has experienced sudden cardiac arrest or to restore Read More
Tuskegee syphilis study
In Tuskegee syphilis study The subjects were not told that they had syphilis or that the disease could be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Instead, they were told that they suffered from “bad blood,” a local term used to refer to a range of ills. Treatment was initially part of the study, and some… Read More
