Very Large Telescope (original) (raw)
ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) is a flagship facility for European ground-based astronomy. It is one of the world's most advanced optical telescopes, consisting of four Unit Telescopes with main mirrors of 8.2m diameter and four movable 1.8m diameter Auxiliary Telescopes. The telescopes can work together, to form a giant ‘interferometer’, the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer, allowing astronomers to pick up much finer details of the cosmos than would be possible with the ATs or the UTs alone.
The 8.2m diameter Unit Telescopes can also be used individually. With one such telescope, images of celestial objects as faint as magnitude 30 can be obtained in a one-hour exposure. This corresponds to seeing objects that are four billion (four thousand million) times fainter than what can be seen with the unaided eye.
The large telescopes are named Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun.
Paranal map and safety. Credit: ESO
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Latest available image of MELIPAL, also known as UT3 (09 Mar 2017 19:01 CET)
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On extremely clear days the magnificent 6739-metre volcano Llullaillaco is visible in the background of this photograph. It is an amazing 190 kilometres away on the border with Argentina. (09 Mar 2017 19:01 CET)
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A Tour at Paranal Observatory
Click on the image to take a Virtual Tour in and nearby the VLT.
Visit Paranal Observatory
- Journalists, science writers and producers, please see Media Visits
- Tourist, students and lay people, please see Tourists and Students Visits
Telescopes and Instruments
The VLT instrumentation programme is the most ambitious programme ever conceived for a single observatory. It includes large-field imagers, adaptive optics corrected cameras and spectrographs, as well as high-resolution and multi-object spectrographs and covers a broad spectral region, from deep ultraviolet (300 nm) to mid-infrared (24 µm) wavelengths.
The Unit Telescopes
The 8.2m diameter telescopes are housed in compact, thermally controlled buildings, which rotate synchronously with the telescopes. This design minimises any adverse effects on the observing conditions, for instance from air turbulence in the telescope tube, which might otherwise occur due to variations in the temperature and wind flow. The first of the Unit Telescopes, 'Antu', went into routine scientific operations on 1 April 1999. Today, all four Unit Telescopes and all four Auxiliary Telescopes are operational.
VLT Unit Telescope enclosures:
- Height: 2850 cm
- Diameter: 2900 cm
The Auxiliary Telescopes
Although the four 8.2-metre Unit Telescopes can be combined in the VLTI, they are mostly used for individual observations and are only available for interferometric observations for a limited number of nights every year. But four smaller, dedicated 1.8-metre Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs) are available to allow the VLTI to operate every night.
More information is available on this link
Science with the Very Large Telescope
The VLT has made an undisputed impact on observational astronomy. It is the most productive individual ground-based facility, and results from the VLT have led to the publication of an average of more than one peer-reviewed scientific paper per day. VLT contributes greatly to making ESO the most productive ground-based observatory in the world. The VLT has stimulated a new age of discoveries, with several notable scientific firsts, including the first image of an extrasolar planet (eso0428), tracking individual stars moving around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way (eso0846), and observing the afterglow of the furthest known Gamma-Ray Burst.
More about Science with the VLT
- Science with ESO Telescopes
- ESO Top 10 Astronomical Discoveries, n° 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 (also available as presentation)
More about the Very Large Telescope
- More interesting facts are available on the FAQs page
- More images and videos are available in the ESO multimedia archive
- Read more on about this telescope on the VLT Handout in PDF format
- For Scientists: for more detailed information, please see our technical pages
- More detailed background and technical information is provided in the VLT Whitebook
Residencia
The VLT hotel, the Residencia, is an award-winning building, and served as a backdrop for part of the James Bond movie Quantum of Solace.
The VLT Trailer
Download the VLT trailer in the video archive.
VLT
| Name: | Very Large Telescope |
|---|---|
| Site: | Cerro Paranal |
| Altitude: | 2635 m |
| Enclosure: | Compact optimised cylindrical enclosure |
| Type: | Optical/infrared, with interferometry |
| Optical design: | Ritchey-Chrétien reflector |
| Diameter. Primary M1: | 8.20 m |
| Material. Primary M1: | ZeroDur |
| Diameter. Secondary M2: | 0.94 m |
| Material. Secondary M2: | Beryllium |
| Diameter. Tertiary M3: | 1.242 x 0.866 m (elliptical flat) |
| Mount: | Alt-Azimuth mount |
| First Light date: | UT1, Antu: 25 May 1998 UT2, Kueyen: 1 March 1999 UT3, Melipal: 26 Jan 2000 UT4, Yepun: 4 September 2000 |
| Active Optics: | Yes |
| Adaptive Optics: | UT4: Laser Guide Star + SINFONIUT1: NACOUT3: SPHERE |
| Interferometry: | UT maximum 130 m baseline. UT + AT maximum 140 m baseline. |
| Images taken with the VLT: | Link |
| Images of the VLT: | Link |
| Videos of the VLT: | Link |
| Press Releases with the VLT: | Link |
Did you know?
The smallest detail distinguishable with the VLT's adaptive optics system is smaller than the size of a DVD on the International Space Station, as seen from the ground (about 50 milliarcseconds).
Did you know?
The smallest detail distinguishable with the VLTI is about the size of a sesame seed on the International Space Station, as seen from the ground (about 2 milliarcseconds).
Did you know?
Stars form in dense clouds of the interstellar medium, but even in these densest regions the pressure is comparable to the most tenuous vacuum created in a laboratory on Earth. In these clouds, the temperatures are below -200 degrees Celsius.
Did you know?
When astronomers combine the light waves from two telescopes using the principle of interferometry, they can very precisely determine the direction of an object in space. Your ears work in a similar way to localise sounds, by comparing the sound received at the left and right ears.
Did you know?
The skies over the ESO sites in Chile are so dark that on a clear moonless night it is possible to see your shadow cast by the light of the Milky Way alone.
Did you know?
The VLT 8.2-metre diameter primary mirrors were polished so precisely that if they were scaled up to the diameter of the Earth, the largest imperfection on them would still be no larger than a pebble.
Did you know?
The VLT mirrors are 8.2 metres in diameter, but only 17.5 cm thick — very thin relative to their size. If you scaled the mirror down to the size of a CD, its thickness would be equivalent to just two discs placed on top of each other. Despite being very thin, the large diameter means the glass weighs 23 tonnes.
Did you know?
The movable structure of each VLT Unit Telescopes weighs about the same as a fully loaded jumbo jet. However, it is so perfectly balanced, resting on hydrostatic oil-film bearings, that the giant telescopes can be moved by hand.
Did you know?
The Paranal observatory site is so remote that everything needed must be brought in specially. The 60 000 litres of water that are used per day are delivered by truck from Antofagasta.